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Le Canada est un joueur majeur dans l’industrie de l’aluminium. Pour demeurer compétitif mondialement, le coût de production de l’aluminium doit constamment être réduit. Les cellules d’électrolyse requièrent une grande quantité d’énergie (~13 kWh/kg) pour produire l’aluminium. De plus, l’efficacité du procédé Hall-Héroult est diminuée par la présence de dépôts à l’interface entre l’aluminium et le bloc cathodique. Ces dépôts causent une restriction pour le passage du courant engendrant une augmentation de la perte de potentiel. Les dépôts à la surface du bloc cathodique se divisent en différentes catégories. Il y a le pied de talus qui est situé sous le talus et sur le bloc cathodique. La partie du pied de talus près de la paroi de la cellule d’électrolyse possède une composition chimique similaire au talus. La partie à l’extrémité du pied de talus possède un ratio de cryolite plus élevé que le talus et elle est davantage sursaturée en alumine. L’extrémité du pied de talus peut atteindre jusqu’à 85 % d’Al[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 3]. Le pied de talus se forme par les pertes de chaleur situées au niveau de la paroi et au fond de la cellule. Il prend de l’expansion lorsque la température locale est inférieure à la température de solidification de la phase Na[indice inférieur 3]AlF[indice inférieur 6] (944 °C à un ratio de cryolite de 2,5). Le ratio de cryolite de l’extrémité du pied de talus augmente puisqu’il y a migration des cations Na[indice supérieur +] vers la cathode. La boue est composée d’un mélange d’Al[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 3] solide en suspension dans le bain électrolytique liquide. Elle est située, en général, au centre de la cellule d’électrolyse et sur le bloc cathodique. De plus, un film de bain sursaturé en alumine peut se retrouver entre le pied de talus et la boue au centre. Le ratio de cryolite de la boue se situe entre 2,2 et 2,5 et la concentration d’Al[indice inférieur 2]O[indice inférieur 3] varie entre 20 % et 50 %. La température de solidification de la phase Na[indice inférieur 3]AlF[indice inférieur 6] est fortement influencée par l’excès d’AlF[indice inférieur 3] et par la concentration en CaF[indice inférieur 2]. De plus, il y a présence d’une fraction liquide dans les dépôts dès 730 °C compte tenu de la présence de Na[indice inférieur 5]Al[indice inférieur 3]F[indice inférieur 14], Na[indice inférieur 2]Ca[indice inférieur 3]Al[indice inférieur 2]F[indice inférieur 14] et NaCaAlF[indice inférieur 6]. La fraction liquide augmente lorsque le ratio de cryolite diminue. Il y a évaporation de bain acide à partir d’environ 730 °C. Les dépôts dans la cellule d’électrolyse sont donc à l’état solide-liquide dès que la température atteint environ 730 °C.

Clubfoot is one of the most common pathologies of the foot affecting 1 in 1000 newborn babies according to statistics. The first treatment approach is by using conventional procedures, such as plaster and cast, and, the literature reports a range of failures causing relapse. Patients with severe or relapsed cases or patients that are treated later in life may require unconventional procedures to provide correction. In order to increase the success rate after the correction, it is necessary to: a)perform analyses to improve the current treatments and b) investigate the tissues involved in this pathology in order to have a better understanding of clubfoot to develop future treatments. The Ilizarov fixator has been shown to be a good alternative for complex and relapsed cases. However, there are no numerical nor experimental studies to: a) improve the efficiency of the frame deployment for clubfoot, b) provide guidance on the right adjustment procedures, and c) understand the mechanical behaviour of the frame applied to clubfoot. This makes the adjustments fully dependent on the surgeon's experience instead of systematic guidelines/procedures. This results in configurations that induce stresses in the fixator that are transferred to the tissues and leading to a reduction in the success rate. Furthermore, the literature on the correction of clubfoot in babies and the role of the tissues in babies' feet during the correction is limited. Therefore, the aim of the thesis is to analyse the relationship between the adjustments of the connectors and the displacements of the fixator rods, on the one hand, and the stress-strain induced in the rods and fixator, on the other hand. This is achieved by means of a finite element analysis of the stress-strain distributions in the fixator components. The predicted stresses are used for the identification of the components that should be adjusted in the fixator to prevent them from failure. The findings and results in the thesis will enable surgeons to understand better the mechanical behaviour of the Ilizarov frame in clubfoot, and they will facilitate the establishment of a functional range of the fixator in order to improve the current procedures. Another aim is to investigate the mechanical behaviour of one of the most affected bones during the correction of clubfoot in babies, namely the talus. The literature reports a change of shape in the talus during clubfoot correction using conventional procedures. This can result in a change of the stress distribution in the foot tissues during gait in latter stages of life leading to different pathologies. This clearly shows the importance of investigating the mechanical behaviour of the talus. This is the first numerical study to investigate the right adjustment procedures of the frame for clubfoot. It is expected that the findings of this research contribute to the improvement of the current corrective procedures based on the use of the Ilizarov frame and to improve the understanding of clubfoot in babies.

The structure of the ankle joint complex creates an ideal balance between mobility and stability, which enables gait. If a lesion emerges in the ankle joint complex, the anatomical structure is altered, which may disturb mobility and stability and cause intense pain. A lesion in the articular cartilage on the talus bone, or a lesion in the subchondral bone of the talar dome, is referred to as an Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus (OLT). Replacing the damaged cartilage or bone with an implant is one of the methods that can be applied to treat OLTs. Episurf Medical develops and produces patient-specific implants (Episealers) along with the necessary associated surgical instruments by, inter alia, creating a corresponding 3D model of the ankle (talus, tibial, and fibula bones) based on either a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan or a Computed Tomography (CT) scan. Presently, the3D models based on MRI scans can be created automatically, but the 3Dmodels based on CT scans must be created manually, which can be very time-demanding. In this thesis project, a U-net based Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was trained to automatically segment 3D models of ankles based on CT images. Furthermore, in order to optimize the quality of the incoming CT images, this thesis project also consisted of an evaluation of the specified parameters in the Episurf CT talus protocol that is being sent out to the clinics. The performance of the CNN was evaluated using the Dice Coefficient (DC) with five-fold cross-validation. The CNN achieved a mean DC of 0.978±0.009 for the talus bone, 0.779±0.174 for the tibial bone, and 0.938±0.091 for the fibula bone. The values for the talus and fibula bones were satisfactory and comparable to results presented in previous researches; however, due to background artefacts in the images, the DC achieved by the network for the segmentation of the tibial bone was lower than the results presented in previous researches. To correct this, a noise-reducing filter will be implemented. / Fotledens komplexa anatomi ger upphov till en ideal balans mellan rörlighetoch stabilitet, vilket i sin tur möjliggör gång. Fotledens anatomi förändras när en skada uppstår, vilket kan påverka rörligheten och stabiliteten samt orsaka intensiv smärta. En skada i talusbenets ledbrosk eller i det subkondrala benet på talusdomen benämns som en Osteochondral Lesion of the Talus(OLT). En metod att behandla OLTs är att ersätta den del brosk eller bensom är skadat med ett implantat. Episurf Medical utvecklar och producerar individanpassade implantat (Episealers) och tillhörande nödvändiga kirurgiska instrument genom att, bland annat, skapa en motsvarande 3D-modell av fotleden (talus-, tibia- och fibula-benen) baserat på en skanning med antingen magnetisk resonanstomografi (MRI) eller datortomografi (CT). I dagsläget kan de 3D-modeller som baseras på MRI-skanningar skapas automatiskt, medan de 3D-modeller som baseras på CT-skanningar måste skapas manuellt - det senare ofta tidskrävande. I detta examensarbete har ett U-net-baserat Convolutional Neuralt Nätverk (CNN) tränats för att automatiskt kunna segmentera 3D-modeller av fotleder baserat på CT-bilder. Vidare har de speciferade parametrarna i Episurfs CT-protokoll för fotleden som skickas ut till klinikerna utvärderats, detta för att optimera bildkvaliteten på de CT-bilder som används för implantatspositionering och design. Det tränade nätverkets prestanda utvärderades med hjälp av Dicekoefficienten (DC) med en fem-delad korsvalidering. Nätverket åstadkom engenomsnittlig DC på 0.978±0.009 för talusbenet, 0.779±0.174 för tibiabenet, och 0.938±0.091 för fibulabenet. Värdena för talus och fibula var adekvata och jämförbara med resultaten presenterade i tidigare forskning. På grund av bakgrundsartefakter i bilderna blev den DC som nätverket åstadkom för sin segmentering av tibiabenet lägre än tidigiare forskningsresultat. För att korrigera för bakgrundsartefakterna kommer ett brusreduceringsfilter implementeras

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:37:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3958_1.pdf: 1858605 bytes, checksum: 010b7efbaa0ac4aef2becd712d518c7a (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo principal propor um procedimento para resolução de problemas de controle ótimo com a utilização do Princípio do Máximo de Pontryagin e algoritmos probabilísticos, principalmente o Talus, visando melhoria da acurácia e aumento de eficiência deste processo. Para tanto, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento histórico da teoria do controle ótimo e resumem-se as principais características dos algoritmos utilizados. Além disso, uma vez definido o método, resolveram-se alguns exemplos com a finalidade de comparação de desempenho com a programação dinâmica interativa e a parametrização de controle, formas mais usuais de solução. Para completar a abordagem, sugeriram-se algumas possibilidades para utilizar o Talus na resolução de equações diferenciais. A partir disso, foi possível garantir a efetividade do objetivo inicial e propor temas para estudos futuros

Les talus d'éboulis du massif de la Grande Chartreuse retenus par la Directive « Habitats, faune et flore » comme des sites d'intérêt communautaire, abritent de nombreuses espèces rupicoles considérées comme prioritaires. La diversité spécifique de ces talus d'éboulis semble inféodée à leur structure paysagère en mosaïque, dont la dynamique est régie par l'interaction de facteurs topo-climatiques, édaphiques, géomorphologiques, géodynamiques et biologiques, agissant à plusieurs échelles spatio-temporelles. La colonisation végétale constatée, sur certains talus d'éboulis au cours des trente dernières années, pourrait être à l'origine d'une modification de la phytodiversité. Sur des talus d'éboulis sujets dans le passé, à une pression anthropique réduite, ce phénomène semble être une conséquence du ralentissement de la fréquence et de l'intensité des processus nivéo-périglaciaires, lié au réchauffement climatique. Cette étude repose sur une approche géo-écologique des talus d'éboulis. La méthodologie mise en œuvre permet de caractériser la structure et le fonctionnement des mosaïques mais aussi de cerner leur évolution depuis le début du siècle dernier. De plus, elle révèle la richesse de ces habitats qui pourraient constituer des observatoires privilégiés, pour le suivi à long terme de la phytodiversité sous l'effet des changements environnementaux en cours.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Universität Zürich, 2007. / Added thesis t.p. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 155-167).

Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLTs) are the third most common type of osteochondral lesion and can cause pain and instability of the ankle joint. Episurf Medical AB is a medical technology company that develops individualized implants for patients who are suffering from focal cartilage lesions. Episurf have recently started a project that aims to implement their implantation technique in the treatment of OLTs. This master thesis was a part of Episurf’s talus project and the main goal of the thesis was to find the optimal implantation angle of the Episurf implant when treating OLTs. The optimal implantation angle was defined as the angle that minimized the maximum equivalent (von Mises) strain acting on the implant shaft during the stance phase of a normal gait cycle. It is desirable to minimize the strain acting on the implant shaft, since a reduction of the strain can improve the longevity of the implant. To find the optimal implantation angle a finite element model of an ankle joint treated with the Episurf implant was developed. In the model an implant with a diameter of 12 millimeters was placed in the middle part of the medial side of the talar dome. An optimization algorithm was designed to find the implantation angle, which minimized the maximum equivalent strain acting on the implant shaft. The optimal implantation angle was found to be a sagittal angle of 12.5 degrees and a coronal angle of 0 degrees. Both the magnitude and the direction of the force applied to the ankle joint in the simulated stance phase seemed to influence the maximum equivalent strain acting on the implant shaft. A number of simplifications have been done in the simulation of this project, which might affect the accuracy of the results. Therefore it is recommended that further, more detailed, simulations based on this project are performed in order to improve the result accuracy. / Fokala broskskador på talusbenet är den tredje vanligaste typen av fokala broskskador och kan ge upphov till smärta och instabilitet av fotleden. Episurf Medical AB är ett medicintekniskt företag som utvecklar individanpassade implantat för patienter med fokala broskskador. Episurf har nyligen påbörjat ett projekt där deras teknik ska användas i behandlingen av fokala broskskador på talusbenet. Den här masteruppsatsen var en del i Episurfs talusprojekt och dess huvudmål var att finna den optimala implantationsvinkeln av Episurfs implantat i behandlingen av fokala broskskador på talusbenet. Den optimala implanteringsvinkeln definierades som den vinkel som minimerade den effektiva von Mises-töjningen som verkade på implantatskaftet under stance-fasen i en normal gångcykel. Det är eftersträvansvärt att minimera belastningen på implantatskaftet eftersom en reducering av belastningen kan förbättra implantatets livslängd. En finita element-modell av en fotled behandlad med Episurfs implantat utvecklades för att för att finna den optimala implantationsvinkeln. I modellen placerades ett implantat med en diameter på 12 millimeter på mittendelen av talus mediala sida. En optimeringsalgoritm utformades för att finna implantationsvinkeln som minimerade den effektiva von Mises-töjningen på implantatskaftet. Den funna optimala implantationsvinkeln bestod av en vinkel på 12.5 grader i sagittalplan och en vinkel på 0 grader i koronalplan. Både storleken och riktningen på kraften som applicerats på fotleden under den simulerade stance-fasen av gångcykeln verkade påverka belastningen på implantatskaftet. Ett antal förenklingar har gjorts i projektets simuleringar, vilket kan påverka noggrannheten i resultatet. Därför rekommenderas att ytterligare, mer detaljerade simuleringar baserade på det här projektet görs för att förbättra resultatets noggrannhet.

Background: Fresh osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation represents a biologic restoration technique as an alternative treatment option for larger osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT). The purpose of this study was to evaluate midterm outcomes after OCA transplantation for the treatment of OLT. Methods: Nineteen patients (20 ankles) received partial unipolar OCA transplant for symptomatic OLT between January 1998 and October 2014. The mean age was 34.7 years, and 53% were male. The average graft size was 3.8 cm2. All patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Outcomes included the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Foot and Ankle Module (AAOS-FAM), the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS), and pain and satisfaction questionnaires. Failure of OCA was defined as conversion to arthrodesis or revision OCA transplantation. Results: Five of 20 ankles (25%) required further surgery, of which 3 (5%) were considered OCA failures (2 arthrodesis and 1 OCA revision). The mean time to failure was 3.5 (range, 0.9 to 6.7) years. Survivorship was 88.7% at 5 years and 81.3% at 10 years. The median follow-up of the 17 patients with grafts in situ was 9.7 years. The mean OMAS improved significantly from 40 points preoperatively to 71 points postoperatively (P < .05; range, 5 to 55). The mean postoperative AAOS-FAM core score was 81.5 ± 15 (range, 40.5 to 96.6). Fifteen of 17 patients responded to follow-up questions regarding their ankle; 14 patients reported less pain and better function, and 13 patients were satisfied with the results of the procedure. Conclusion: Our study of midterm results after OCA transplantations showed that this procedure was a reasonable treatment option for large OLT. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

When analyzing skeletal remains in bioarchaeology, the pelvis and skull provide the most accurate results for sex estimation; however, these are not always present or sufficiently preserved to provide quality data for this purpose. In addition, the amount of time spent analyzing human remains in field or museum collection contexts may be constrained. Therefore, alternate methods of sex estimation that also increase efficiency should be explored. This study aims to establish the minimum number of key measurements of the talus necessary to estimate biological sex with a level of accuracy comparable to published studies that are more time intensive in their data collection. Measures of talus width, length, height, and volume were collected on individuals from two ancient Egyptian (N=162) and three ancient Maya (N=98) archaeological populations. Set points and allocation ranges for these four measures were applied to individuals of known sex and indeterminate sex from these populations to test their accuracy and then compared with the accuracies achieved in existing research using the talus in sex estimation. The four measures used in this study resulted in comparably high accuracy in sex estimation when compared with prior research based on more extensive methods using the talus. The most significant limitation of this study was the small number of individuals available for data collection from three of the smaller site populations. Nevertheless, the method used in this study directly addresses logistical and ethical concerns surrounding the analysis of human remains as it requires less time spent handling the remains and less time spent on analysis out of the field while still providing comparable accuracy. This study also contributes population data for ancient Egyptians and ancient Maya which will facilitate further investigations of sexual dimorphism and sex estimation in these populations.