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Evidence points to that the prevalence of teenage pregnancies is higher within refugee camps than elsewhere. Yet little research attention has been given the subject of teenage pregnancy within refugee situations where the numbers are steadily increasing, an area that therefore needs to be explored further. This thesis is based on a qualitative field study conducted within two Burundian refugee camps in Tanzania, Nduta and Kanembwa. Semi structured interviews were conducted with both teen mothers and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Bloc leader with knowledge in the area in order to investigate the reasons for and implications of teenage pregnancy within a refugee setting. The research question is why the prevalence of teenage pregnancy is higher within a refugee context. And what can be done to empower young mothers with the knowledge and skills to protect themselves and to successfully claim their reproductive and sexual rights? The findings of the study points to that similar factors contributing to teenage pregnancy such as education, culture, poverty and unstable family relations are also applicable in a refugee situation. Conditions within refugee camps are however more extreme and the prevalence are therefore higher than in other settings. Taking a Liberal feminist standpoint based on the ideas of Amartyra Sen (1999) it is argued that the empowerment of women’s free agency and wellbeing is the key to a decline in fertility rate amongst teen mothers in refugee camps. Thus it follows that if women are to successfully claim their sexual and reproductive rights more efforts needs to be made in promoting the inclusion of women into educational and vocational activities.

No / This paper draws on ethnographic research in Tanzania to question ideas inherent to mainstream development policy that building social capital can be readily created, used, or substituted for other missing assets, and thereby overcome poverty. The poorest experience clusters of interlocking disadvantage that make it highly unlikely that they can draw on social capital to ameliorate their poverty, or that increased association and participation at community level is necessarily beneficial to them. Moreover, social relationships, collective action, and local institutions may structurally reproduce the exclusion of the poorest. As such, a politically neutral and undersocialized policy focus on strengthening associational life and public participation of the poor is unlikely to lead to their greater inclusion, nor to significant poverty alleviation.

Mobile phones are transforming many aspects of rural areas in the developing world. Much of the early research on phones and related information and communication technologies (ICTs) in developing countries has focused on social networking and economic benefits in primarily urban or agricultural settings. Few studies, however, have examined the implications of mobile technologies on pastoralist livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. To build on this opportunity, this study examines the impact of mobile phone technology on four Maasai communities near Tarangire National Park in northern Tanzania. I asked the questions: (1) How do phones affect human-wildlife interactions?; and (2) What are the effects of mobile phone use on measures of human-wildlife conflict (HWC)? This research uses a mixed methods approach to address these two questions and test the hypothesis that mobile phone use reduces HWC. Qualitative group interviews revealed that households use phones to manage wildlife interactions in every aspect of their lives - especially when the interactions relate to pastoralism and crop-based agriculture. Maasai use mobile phones as tools of information distribution to mitigate and reduce the severity of effects of HWC. Multivariate analyses of survey measures of phone use and exposure to conflict (i.e., crop and livestock predation and human attacks) offer mixed evidence that mobile phone use is correlated with a perception of less recent HWC events. These findings provide an indication that the expansion of mobile digital technologies may be able to support livelihoods and biodiversity simultaneously. / Master of Science

No / This study questions the idea that appropriate mechanisms can be designed to ensure optimum resource use, beneficial collective action and hence to build social capital. I argue here that the school of ‘institutional crafting’ in natural resource management is based on concepts which are inadequately socially informed and which ill-reflect the complexity , diversity and ad hoc nature of institutional formation. Three aspects of institutional bricolage are illustrated here: the multiple identities of the bricoleurs; the frequency of cross-cultural borrowing and of multi-purpose institutions; and the prevalence of arrangements and norms which foster co-operation, respect and non-direct reciprocity over lifecourses. In elaborating the concept of bricolage, I raise questions about whether local institutions are amenable to design, the scope for negotiating the norms which underlie institutional arrangements and the extent to which different institutions may be emancipatory or exclusionary. I conclude that development interventions aimed at institution building should be based on a socially informed analysis of the content and effects of institutional arrangements, rather than on their form alone.

Yes / This paper challenges ideas that it is possible to `get the institutions right¿ in the management of natural resources. It engages with the literature and policy specifying `design principles¿ for robust institutions and uses data from a river basin management project in Usangu, Tanzania, to illustrate the complexity of institutional evolution. The paper draws on emerging `post-institutionalist¿ perspectives to reject over-formalised managerial approaches in favour of those that accept the dynamic nature of institutional formation, and accommodate a variety of partial and contingent solutions. Data from Usangu suggests that external `crafting¿ is inevitably problematic because, to a certain extent, institutions elude design.

Yes / The importance of trade as an engine of growth is well established. Empirical literature shows that the growth impact of exports is much stronger when the export basket is vertically and horizontally diversified. This paper aims to assess the role of the real exchange rate in enhancing export supply and promoting export diversification in Ethiopia and Tanzania. The empirical results suggest that, while overvaluation is harmful to exports, undervaluation of the real exchange rate boosts export supply as well as export diversification. A high rate of growth in exports is associated with periods of undervalued currencies. A major share of the difference in export performance between the two countries can be explained by differences in real exchange rate policy. Tanzania has maintained an undervalued real exchange rate for a long time and as a result, performs better in terms of export supply and diversification. However, export expansion achieved through undervaluation raises the rate of inflation for Tanzania. Tanzania managed to maintain an undervalued real exchange rate through the accumulation of reserves and a high rate of inflation.

Hominins habitually moved across landscapes to forage for resources, which can be investigated by the probabilistic attribution of stone tools to raw material sources. The sources that were available to Pleistocene hominins at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania) have been studied for over a half-century. However, limited reference collections have prevented detailed investigations on the degree to which hominins transported stone tools. The primary goal of this dissertation was to identify the locations and distances over which Oldowan and Acheulean hominins transported raw materials at Oldupai Gorge and interpret the results in the context of the human evolutionary record. Fieldwork consisted of sampling metamorphic and volcanic outcrops to supplement an existing reference collection. An equally important fieldwork component consisted of conducting excavations at four occupation sites, including, from oldest to youngest, Ewass Oldupa (Oldowan), Elang’ata Oljurusi (Acheulean), Engaji Nanyori (Acheulean), and Emurutoto (Acheulean). Laboratory work consisted of studying artefact collections to obtain general information about toolmaking practices, and characterising geological samples and stone tools at the macroscopic and geochemical levels for comparative analyses using computational statistics. The overarching aim of this dissertation was to investigate whether the shift from Oldowan to Acheulean toolmaking was accompanied by equally more complex landuse strategies amidst progressive aridification. Informed by probabilistic sourcing results, the evidence presented herein indicates that the Oldowan to Acheulean transition in the Oldupai basin was accompanied by more focalised landuse. Yet, both Oldowan and Acheulean hominins altered their mobility to variable environments ranging from woodlands to steppe deserts. These behavioural responses represent possible explanations for the adaptive radiation of hominin populations across, and out of, Eastern Africa during the Early and Middle Pleistocene. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Hominins habitually moved across landscapes to forage for resources, which can be investigated by sourcing the raw materials that were fashioned into stone tools. The raw material sources at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Oldupai Gorge (Tanzania) have been studied for over a half-century. However, limited reference collections have prevented thorough investigations on the degree to which hominins transported tools during the Pleistocene. Informed by the systematic sampling of metamorphic and volcanic outcrops, macroscopic and geochemical data were used to source Oldowan and Acheulean artefacts excavated from four occupation sites across the Oldupai Gorge study area. The evidence presented herein indicates that the shift from Oldowan to Acheulean toolmaking was accompanied by more focalised landuse amidst growing aridity. Yet, both Oldowan and Acheulean hominins altered their mobility to variable environments. This represents a plausible explanation for the adaptive radiation of hominin populations into increasingly diverse biogeographic zones through time.

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No / The case study describes large-scale environmental change related to, and recent responses associated with, growing water scarcity in the Usangu Plains, a catchment of the Great Ruaha River in south-west Tanzania. The analysis uses outputs from two recent projects to critically examine various theories of environmental change and the `fit¿ of new river basin management strategies to the problems found, arguing that various perspectives are worryingly at odds with each other. We find that the investigators of the two projects presented a reasonable and sufficient case of the causes of water scarcity. Yet despite efforts to disseminate scientific findings, different stakeholder groups did not agree with this case. This, we believe, was due to three combined factors; firstly highly entrenched views existed that were also based on quasi-scientific reasoning; secondly, the projects¿ deliberations to date, in acknowledging their own uncertainty, were not assertive enough in ascribing causation to the various processes of change; thirdly, policy-uptake was not sufficiently managed by the scientists involved. We conclude that this complexity of the science¿policy interface is a feature of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and that the norms of scientific uncertainty in the face of competing theories (held by their protagonists with greater certainty) obliges scientists to take a more active role in sensitively managing the advice-to-policy process in order to improve management of water within river basins. Thus, the paper argues, the nature of integrated water resources management is one of `action research¿ to move towards an improved understanding of change, and of `action policy-advising¿ to draw policy-makers into a cycle of considered decision-making.