Background: Insertion of a peripheral intravenous catheter (PVC) is a common procedure performed by nurses. The practical skill is a complex act, which not only requires theoretical and practical knowledge, but also nursing care adjusted to each patient's history and needs. Aim: The aim was to explore the procedure of inserting a peripheral intravenous catheter at a local hospital in Tanzania with focus on nursing care and patient safety. Method: The study was performed as a non-participating observational study and was preceded by a pilot study performed in Sweden. Eight observations were made, which were analysed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: The categories “Execution” and “Respecting patients” with associated sub-categories constituted the results. “Execution” describes how the procedure is performed, while “Respecting patients,” explains the performed nursing care during the practical skill. Conclusion: The Model of Practical Skill Performance was used for interpreting and discussing the result. The model clarified that some components were not fulfilled and the performance can therefore not be considered as well proceeded. One can discuss whether it depends on lack of knowledge, resources and/or culture. Keywords: Peripheral intravenous catheter, nursing care, patient safety, Tanzania, low-income country. / Bakgrund: Insättning av perifer venkateter (PVK) är en vanligt förekommande uppgift för sjuksköterskor. Denna praktiska färdighet kan anses vara komplex, då den inte bara kräver teoretisk och praktisk kunskap, utan också omvårdnad anpassad efter varje patients behov och tidigare erfarenheter. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka tillvägagångssättet vid insättning av perifer venkateter på ett lokalt sjukhus i Tanzania, med fokus på omvårdnad och patientsäkerhet. Metod: Studien utfördes som en icke-deltagande observationsstudie och föregicks av en pilotstudie utförd i Sverige. Åtta observationer genomfördes som sedan analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Kategorierna “Utförande” och “Respektera patienter” med tillhörande underkategorier utgjorde resultatet. ”Utförande” beskriver tillvägagångssättet vid insättnig av PVK, samt förberedelser och slutförande. “Respektera patienter” beskriver den givna omvårdnaden under det det praktiska utförandet. Konklusion: Modellen för praktisk färdighetsutövande användes för att tolka och diskutera resultatet. Modellen klargjorde att några komponenter inte uppfylldes och utförandet kan därmed inte anses som väl utfört. Det kan diskuteras om detta beror på bristande kunskap, resurser och/eller kultur. Nyckelord: Perifer venkateter, omvårdnad, patientsäkerhet, Tanzania, låginkomstland.

Gender-based violence is a widespread health problem all over the world and in Tanzania, domestic violence and rape within marriage are widely spread. Since nursing students are likely to meet abused women within their future profession, it is important to explore their attitudes towards the subject. The aim with the study was to describe nursing students' attitudes towards domestic violence. The method used was descriptive, quantitative and the instrument used was a questionnaire containing questions from Domestic Violence Blame Scale (DVBS) and Domestic Violence Myths Acceptance Scale (DVMAS), two selfconstructed questions were also added. The respondents (n=30) were nursing students at KCM College, in Moshi Tanzania. The result shows that the general opinion among the students was that the likeliness of domestic violence to occur was affected by situational factors, such as family living conditions. Almost half of the respondents strongly agreed that the Tanzanian society was male-dominated, and that it contributes to the occurrence of domestic violence and many of the students thought that women instigate domestic violence and that they have themselves to blame. Since the result shows that many of the students seem not to fully understand the mechanisms of domestic violence and that they tend to blame the victim for the crime it is essential with more education on the subject. / Våld mot kvinnor är ett omfattande hälsoproblem över hela världen och i Tanzania är våld mot kvinnor, såsom våld i nära relationer och våldtäkt inom äktenskapet, vida spritt. Eftersom sjuksköterskestudenter troligtvis kommer att möta våldsutsatta kvinnor i sitt framtida yrke är det viktigt att undersöka deras attityder kring ämnet. Syftet med studien var att beskriva sjuksköterskestudenters attityder till våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer. Metoden för studien var deskriptiv, kvantitativ och instrumentet som använts är ett frågeformulär med frågor från Domestic Violence Blame Scale (DVBS) och Domestic Violence Myths Acceptance Scale (DVMAS), samt två frågor tillagda av författaren till studien. Respondenterna (n=30) var sjuksköterskestudenter på KCM College, I Moshi Tanzania. Resultatet visar att den generella åsikten bland studenterna var att situationen, som till exempel familjeförhållanden påverkar sannolikheten för att våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer ska uppstå. Knappt hälften av respondenterna höll med om att samhället är mansdominerat, vilket bidrar till förekomsten av våld mot kvinnor och många av studenterna tyckte att våld i nära relationer är en konsekvens av kvinnans eget beteende och att hon får skylla sig själv. Eftersom resultatet visar att många av studenterna inte fullt förstod mekanismerna kring våld mot kvinnor i nära relationer, och att de tenderade till att skuldbelägga kvinnan för brottet, är mer utbildning i ämnet av högsta vikt.

Fecal samples were obtained from guenons in Gombe National Park utilizing noninvasive, opportunistic sampling techniques. Samples were then examined for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites using chlorazol black stain, Lugol’s iodine staining, as well as concentration via fecal flotation with Sheather’s sugar solution. Results were analyzed using SPSS (IBM corp), and compared to other forested regions in Africa to determine whether hybridization influences parasite prevalence of these guenons living in Gombe; and if these guenons differ from similar guenons in other regions of Africa. The null hypothesis was unable to be rejected in all cases; hybridization could not be stated as a contributing factor for differences found in parasitic prevalence rates. Furthermore, no statistical difference was found between Gombe’s guenons, and those living in other regions of Africa in most cases. The author suspects that the abundance of parasitic generalists discovered, small sample size, and opportunistic sampling protocol contribute to these finding. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2017. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This dissertation examines the realities from the receiving end of short-term volunteer mission projects among the Sukuma people of Tanzania by assessing their outcomes. The work also offers implications for future STM initiatives to assist participants in avoiding pitfalls and implementing an effective strategy for STM. Chapter 1 defines the short-term missions explosion and current issues facing volunteerism in missions. The chapter also provides a definition of church health used in the study. Chapter 2 begins with an overview of theological issues facing short-term missions. Next, the chapter addresses specific missiological and anthropological issues pertinent to the effectiveness of short-term missions in an East African context. Chapter 3 offers a brief historical overview of short-term missions in general as well as to Tanzania specifically. It looks at the practices and perceptions of short-term volunteers involved in Shinyanga, Tanzania. Chapter 4 surveys the components of New Testament church life and practice evidenced among the believers and churches in Shinyanga, Tanzania based on the results of a survey. The chapter examines both the biblical proximity and the indigenousness of the churches in each of the areas of New Testament church life and practice. Chapter 5 presents the outcomes of the STM projects among the receiving churches. The chapter evaluates four specific assumptions made by volunteers concerning the results of their endeavors. It also draws implications for avoiding pitfalls and championing successful methodology in future STM initiatives. These recommendations are made to assist STM to engage the receiving culture effectively. This work contends that short-term volunteers do not always accomplish what is reported. That cultural and anthropological understanding and theological precision is of utmost importance to the preparation of short-term missionaries is made evident. The study seeks to support short-term missions; the conclusions, though critical at times, are intended to construct a more effective short-term missions philosophy and methodology. This dissertation serves as a wake-up call to volunteers, sending organizations, missionary personnel, and national churches alike that more harm than health can result if a biblical, culturally adept approach to the involvement is not embraced and implemented.

The aim of the study was to investigate the knowledge, management and self-perception of oral health among stundents attending the University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. The study consisted of 273 students attending the teacher programme and a questionnaire was used to collect the data. The result showed that 153 (58%) of the participants stated that the purpose of using fluoride was prevention of caries. The majority answered that bacteria and sugar in relation to caries was significant. The dominant source of oral health training was school. Toothbrush was the dominant cleaning aid and the usage of fluoride toothpaste was fairly high among the students. One hundred and forty nine (55%) respondents stated that they were in need of dental treatment and ninety-two (34%) students felt that life in general was less satisfying due to oral heath problems. The conclusion of the study was that the students show rather good knowledge concerning oral disease and its prevention but gaps in knowledge concerning underlying factors. The management of oral health seemed to be good among the students. Although, a significant number of students stated that they were in need of dental treatment, felt that life was less satisfying due to oral problems and had oral problems interfering with daily life. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka kunskapen om, skötseln av och självuppfattningen om den orala hälsan bland studenter på University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. I studien ingick 273 studenter som studerade till lärare, en enkät användes för att samla in data. Resultatet visade att 153 (58%) av studenterna uppgav att syftet med fluor var att förebygga karies. Majoriteten svarade att bakteriers och sockers relation till bildandet av karies var betydelsefull. Studenterna uppgav att skolan var den största källan till träning i oral hälsa. Tandborste användes som främsta hjälpmedel för att rengöra tänderna och användning av fluortandkräm var ganska hög bland studenterna. Etthundrafyrtionio (55%) av deltagarna uppgav att de var i behov av tandvård och nittiotvå (34%) att den orala hälsan gav upphov till att livet i allmänhet var mindre tillfredställande. Studiens slutsats är att studenterna hade ganska god kunskap om sjukdomar i munhålan och dess prevention men det fanns kunskapsbrister kring bakomliggande faktorer. Skötseln av den oral hälsa tros vara god. Trots detta uppgav ganska många av de studerande att de hade behov av tandvård, hade känt att livet var mindre tillfredsställande på grund av problem i munhålan och hade orala problem som påverkade det dagliga livet.

Haji Gora Haji (1933) is a Swahili poet from Tumbatu. Some people in Zanzibar call him `The Old Hurricane´ after the title and the first poem of his anthology Kimbunga (1994 Dar es Salaam: Taasisi ya Uchunguzi wa Kiswahili) that made him well-known all over Taniania. While making a living from the sea, as a fisherman, porter in the harbour, sailor and transporter of cloves, he has been composing, since 1955, a large amount of ngoma and taarab songs, riddles, tenzi and mashairi, short stories and, recently, a short novel. This paper discusses metaphors and images that are characteristic of Haji Gora`s work, the way in which they reveal his identity and how they have been put in terms of contradictions and oppositions.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Catholic Theological Union at Chicago, 2003. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-174).

Lack of affordable feeds is one of the major constraints facing small-scale fish farmers in Tanzania. This study evaluated the suitability of moringa leaf meal (MLM), cassava leaf meal (CLM) and cassava root meal (CRM) as novel ingredients in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus diets. Each of the ingredients was processed in an attempt to remove the most significant antinutritional factor. A series of five experiments was conducted in a recirculation system using juvenile O. niloticus. The fish were fed isonitrogenous (30g 100g-1), isolipidic (10g 100g-1) and isoenergetic (18 kJ g-1) diets containing graded levels of the processed ingredients to their apparent appetite but not exceeding 10% of their body weight for a period of 8 weeks. Processing led to the removal of 0.3% of saponin from MLM and 60% and 90% of hydrogen cyanide from CLM and CRM respectively. The contents of other inherent antinutritional factors such as phenols, tannins and phytic acid were little affected. Processed MLM, CLM and CRM had 31.1/29.0/1.5g 100g-1 of crude protein, 5.9/10.2/2.4g 100g-1 of crude fibre and 20.1/19.7/15.8k Jg-1 of gross energy. The content of sulphur amino acids was higher in CLM (0.47%) than in MLM (0.23%). Digestibe protein and digestible energy was higher in MLM (25.71g 100g-1/15.44kJ g-1) than in CLM (12.71g 100-1/9.16kJ g-1). CRM had a digestible energy content of 13.5kJ g-1. Inclusion of either of the leaf meals, even at the lowest level of 15g 100g-1 of total dietary protein, led to a significant reduction in feed intake, growth and feed utilisation. Liver and small intestine did not show any histopathological changes which could be linked to dietary treatment. Conversely, cassava root meal could replace up to 75% of wheat meal in the diet without significantly affecting performance. The performance of leaf meals was marginally improved by a combination of blending and feeding stimulants, whereby a blend containing 1 part MLM and 2 parts CLM could provide up to 20g 100g-1 of dietary protein without significantly reducing performance. Biological and economic performance of practical diets containing 30-50g 100g-1 of dietary protein from moringa and cassava blends (LMB) with feeding stimulants was significantly lower than a fishmeal-meal based diet (FM) but comparable to a soybean meal-based diet (SBM). The suitability of MLM and CLM as novel protein sources in O. niloticus diets will depend on 1) improving reduction/removal of inherent antinutritional factors in MLM and CLM as well as improving digestibility of CLM. On the other hand, the suitability of CRM as a carbohydrate energy source will depend on the availability of cost effective protein sources due to its low protein content.

This thesis contends that Christian conversion in the African context has been authentic because of the translatability of the event of Christ. The event of Christ is defined as the incarnation, the suffering and death on the cross and the sending of the Holy Spirit. Through these events God made the calling of all humanity including Africans, for transformation unto salvation. God is perceived as the originator and the initiator of Christian conversion while human beings and their culture are perceived as the recipients and channels of God's mission. The combination of the concepts of preparation evangelical, the translatability of the event of Christ and the theology of the cross are the basis of the theological deliberations of this thesis. The thesis contends further that the proclamation of the gospel hence, Christianisation moved together with the wave of modernization. Due to the continuity of translation, Christianity strengthened its influence and became the Word of God in the Hehe vernacular. In that way Christianity was naturally indigenised and continually contextualised in the Hehe culture and belief thus being deeply entrenched in their daily life and could be rightly described as renewed Hehe (African) Religion. Therefore, the Hehe accepted Christianity because God appeared in the human (Hehe) nature through Jesus Christ and dwelt in the Hehe community and shared everything with them. God through Jesus Christ participated in the daily suffering. He was humiliated and became vulnerable and weak. Through the translation of the Word God was no longer the ineffable beyond. Through the manifestations of the spiritual gifts God remained among the Hehe; instructing, comforting and reminding them of the benevolent love and the call of God for the universal salvation through which the Church builds its response to God's mission. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005

Traditionally, the history of Christianity has been written from a white, missionary perspective and in many ways it has portrayed them as the heroes of Africa. Such information has neglected the hard work of their African counterparts, many of who interpreted and organized evangelistic meetings among the indigenous people. Its history has primarily reflected the opinions and interests of Western missionaries. The white missionaries' information relied almost exclusively on written sources. The missing link: Indigenous agents in the development of the Iringa diocese of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania (1899-1999), tries to recover the silenced voices of the Christian people particularly the men and women who played a crucial role in the development of the church in the Iringa diocese. The study has attempted to give an historic account of the recovering of the African perspective and counterbalance a presentation dominated by a missionary perspective and bringing to a fore all the actors by drawing attention to the role and importance of the African agents in the development of the church. In this study, oral history methodology has been used in analyzing and interpreting the history of the Iringa diocese from an African perspective, while at the same time bringing into focus the indigenous actors: teachers, evangelists, women and youth. There would have been a serious gap in Christian knowledge if such information were not available. The study has established that from the inception of the planting of the Lutheran church in the Iringa diocese in 1899 both the missionaries, Tanzanian clergy, and agents worked with determination for the church to take roots. From that time, the church gradually expanded by way of increase in the number of stations and converts. What cannot be ignored is the fact the indigenous agents were instrumental in the planting and consolidation of the gains of the Lutheran church in the Iringa diocese in Tanzania. The determination, with which the "fathers" saw to injecting Christianity in Tanzania, has been continued by the generations after them. From the foregoing, the point that Africans have always heard the gospel principally from other Africans in Africa should not be belabored. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002. / Evangelical Lutheran Church of America.