Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Like many universities across the globe, African universities were not exceptional in so far as they were under the control of their nation states. While studies have explored the relationship between the State and the universities, this thesis argues that notwithstanding the debate around the issues of universities’ continuous demand for autonomy as against the pressure for accountability, universities in Africa can also challenge the state in hidden ways especially around issues of higher education policy. In substantiating this argument, this researcher has employed Foucault's (1979) concept of governmentality as the 'conduct of conduct' - and its subcomponent of power which points to the multiplicity or fluidity of power as originating from diverse sources. Within the exercise of power, institutions have to make the choice of freedom and resistance to state expectations. In this study, the public universities in Tanzania are expected to be responsive to a national priority poverty reduction policy (the MKUKUTA) that reflects the access and quality initiatives for the reform of higher education institutions. However, there is evidence in literature that wide consultation is one major aspect of the policy formulation, especially the poverty reduction policy paper. This researcher argues that in spite of the evidence in literature in respect of wide consultation, the case of public universities in Tanzania was quite different at systemic level. Aside from the issue of co-ordination at systemic level, this study also argues that the state is interested in regulating public universities to ensure their responsiveness to the MKUKUTA objectives. Drawing on a Foucauldian discourse, this researcher understand the state's choice of using funding for universities as a form of surveillance or panopticon to regulate institutional activities to fit the policy objectives. Even though the state uses funding as a form of surveillance, this researcher argues that the public universities, in their exercise of power, within the fluidity or multiplicity of power can choose to freely regulate their institutional activities that are aligned to the MKUKUTA objectives to their own advantage to raise an additional internal funding stream. This study is based on a qualitative research approach and indirectly also draws on the methodological framework of social constructionism. Being a qualitative study, it utilized structured interviews to engage respondents from three public universities, state agencies, international aid partners and the policy secretariat to understand the extent of responsiveness of the public universities to the mandate of the MKUKUTA for higher education.

The main objective of this study was to test the sediment prediction capability of the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model on tropical watersheds and also identify erosion hotspot areas. The maximum total discharge at the watershed outlet was 3,462m3/s. Runoff also varied with soil type in all four watersheds. The highest average annual runoff depths occurred on areas with high percentage of ferralic cambisols and humic acrisols soils. The lowest runoff depth was in areas with high percentage of rhodic ferralsols and eutric leptosols soils in Kibungo chini. The soil loss and sediment yield had the same relationship as the runoff changes. The highest and lowest total average annual soil loss rate was estimated in Mfizigo juu and Kibungo chini respectively. The cultivated land contributed to over 81% of soil loss and 86% of sediment yield in all four scenarios. The overall spatial results maps indicated WEPP model can help managers to implement necessary precaution measures to prevent sediment yield and soil erosion.

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / gm2014 / Centre for Human Rights / unrestricted

The role of access to finance for economic development has received extensive attention recently, which has brought the issue to the top of the policy agenda. The growing attention has resulted in several public policy initiatives to encourage access to financial services, especially in low-income countries where credit constraints are severe. The guarantee instrument has the potential of mobilizing finance, lowering borrowing costs and addressing market failures, why PASS with support from Sida has issued a guarantee that targets smallholder farmers in the agricultural sector in Tanzania. The linkages between access to finance, productivity and welfare are supported by abundant evidence in the previous literature, but few studies have examined the productivity and welfare effects of increased access to finance in the context of the guarantee instrument. This study aims to fill the research gap and evaluate the effects of the PASS guarantee by analysing the productivity and welfare effects of increased access to finance for paddy farmers in the Morogoro region in Tanzania. The study is based on 86 structured interviews and the data is analysed by frequency statistics and cross-sectional regressions estimated with OLS. The results show that farmers provided with a formal bank loan have higher productivity than non-borrowers and that those who use the business plan in their operations are more productive. This highlights the importance of running the business according to the suggestions in the business plan. Furthermore, financial access has a positive and significant effect on household welfare, meaning that households provided with a loan attain a higher welfare level. The results confirm that the guarantee has positive effects on both productivity and welfare, why it can be considered as an effective tool for poverty reduction. Given the results of the study, we suggest that effort to promote financial access should be encouraged by both local governments, international development agencies and NGOs. Furthermore, PASS is recommended to encourage the farmers to use the business plan and provide necessary opportunities to facilitate the use. As the most common reason for not using the business plan is the language barrier, we recommend PASS to offer translation services to increase the productivity of the farmers as well as the probability of repayment. In addition, the results indicate low financial literacy among the farmers, why emphasis to reinforce the understanding of the loan conditions should be prioritised. Finally, the results show that formal education has a significant effect on household welfare, but when considering productivity, formal education is not significant on any level. However, knowledge can be assumed to affect productivity positively, why strategies to increase both formal and informal education, such as business training, should be considered.

From 1920 to 1980, British colonial authorities and post-colonial Tanzanian leaders struggled with African mobility and identities. State officials viewed border-crossers, including labor migrants, refugees, immigrants, and smugglers, as problematic. During the colonial period, persistent African mobility and flexible, multi-faceted identities led the state to abandon attempts to control African migrant laborers. As the state transitioned to independence, nationalist leaders created Tanzanian citizenship and claimed to embrace trans-border African mobility in order to reject colonial racist views and promote Pan-Africanism. However almost immediately following independence, concerns about security, political opposition, land-use, and the economy actually contributed to state attempts to harden borders. Examining citizenship legislation and border controls reveals the tensions between border-crossers, and the Tanzanian colonial and post-colonial governments. Border-crossers maintained long-term ties and regional identities, while both colonial authorities and post-colonial nationalist leaders sought to fix their identities and limit their movement across borders.

The Mbesese Initiative for Sustainable Development (MISD) is a group aiming to help eliminate extreme poverty in Africa by creating educational opportunity. One project that the group is currently doing is to build Same Polytechnic College (SPC) in Tanzania. As part of the project, this thesis aims to study and analyze the electrical power system and distribution for the college. Based on the projected load profile of the college and high potential for solar generation in Tanzania, several different power systems utilizing local utility AC electricity and/or photovoltaic (PV) DC electricity are explored and simulated for their feasibility and performance. Analysis of each design is presented and compared to determine the most viable system based on reliability, costs, and space. Results of the study indicate that over designing the DC system may generate wasteful energy while under designing the DC system may cause the overall system to rely heavily on the AC power grid. Ultimately, this thesis demonstrates that integrating a 58.9% DC system mixed with AC system offers the highest payback while efficiently utilizing the PV system, the battery system, and provided land.

Panic over human population growth became a near-global phenomenon in the second half of the twentieth century. International networks encouraged governments to adopt population control methodologies that used state power and national policy to incentivize, and sometimes coerce, lower fertility rates. By the end of the century, the failures and draconian nature of population control led to a rebuke of broad demographic interventions. Population policy shifted toward a reproductive rights framework that privileged individual prerogative over any national agenda. My research introduces a conceptual middle ground that allows for coordinated state programming in the face of undesirable demographic trajectories, while also upholding a spectrum of individual liberty – what I call “population management.” The model for population management is not hypothetical, but materialized in Tanzania during the Ujamaa era that lasted roughly two decades from 1967 to 1986. Through robust leadership, a sense of imagined kinship, moral nuance, and an active policymaking coalition, Tanzania nurtured an approach to changing demographics that centered population within its broader postcolonial development project. Population management encouraged reciprocal state and community action to assuage problems brought on by an increasing population, including education reforms, diversified family planning, and public health campaigns. The flexible concept of “responsible parenthood” kept varying groups of government actors, religious authorities, women’s organizations, community leaders, and health practitioners on the same page, as their multiplicity of lived experience helped define and inform policy. Tanzania’s population management agenda reframes the historical narrative away from a binary of state control versus individual rights, and provides a model for future policymaking. Combating the attendant problems of population change requires broad networks working together, which makes collaboration and flexibility key to maintaining collective action. As global demographic agendas diverge with rapid population growth in regions of Africa and depopulation in high-income countries, governments will need to adopt contextualized population policies that acknowledge unique historical, personal, and local sensitivities. / 2022-07-15T00:00:00Z

WTO provides the bedrock of international trade law. Thus, it supports open and predictable trade. Regional trade arrangements have become an accepted channel for trade development, consequently, they are recognised by WTO under article XXIV of GATT and the Enabling Clause. Most RIs are brought about by regional trade arrangements. The most common forms of RI are CUs and FTAs. WTO legal framework on RTAs in CUs and FTAs with regards to trade in goods are governed by the Text of Article XXIV GATT. Tanzania has three RTAs – EAC, SADC and AfCFTA. The focus of this study is on two – EAC and SADC. Tanzania is in a multilateral preferential trade arrangement that is inconsistent with WTO requirements on RTAs. That is to say, Tanzania as a member of EAC which is a CU implies that she has to comply with WTO requirements on RTAs as provided for under article XXIV of GATT. The major being to enter into trade agreements collectively with other members of CU and not individually, since they operate as a single customs territory with a common external trade regime. However, Tanzania is both a member of a CU – EAC and a member of an FTA – SADC to the exclusion of other members of CU. WTO members are required to notify WTO upon the formation of RTAs so that the same can be examined by the Committee on RTAs. However, the Committee has enjoyed little success in assessing the consistency of the RTAs notified to WTO over the years. Therefore, functions of the Committee should be reviewed to serve as a forum for notification and provision of clarity on RTAs to WTO members on the basis of a factual presentations by WTO Secretariat. Due to multiple memberships of member states in various RECs, both EAC and SADC use RoO to determine whether goods originate from partner states in order to qualify for community preferential treatment. The administration of EAC CET faces a number of challenges including the lack of a customs authority at the regional level that would ensure uniformity in the management of CU. Another setback in the implementation of the CET is multiple memberships of member states where preferential treatment is still extended to other RECs despite a restricting provision and existence of CU, thus, eroding the gains of such union. This is brought about by problems in drafting Treaties where partner states exploit loopholes, for instance, Protocol on EACCU does not prohibit EAC member states from maintaining trade arrangements they had prior to the formation of CU or signing individual agreements thereafter such as FTAs. This became evident in the ratification of AfCFTA Agreement. / Mini Dissertation (LLM (International Trade and Investment Law in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Charles Okehalam Scholarship / Centre for Human Rights / LLM (International Trade and Investment Law in Africa) / Unrestricted

Coexisting ungulate-eating carnivores--lion, spotted hyena, cheetah, leopard, African wild dog, black-backed jackal, common jackal, and six species of vulture--are examined in East Africa's Serengeti ecosystem. Niche similarities year-round, by season, and by location are described using food, habitat, time of hunting, and other variables. Intraspecific niches of cheetah sex, age, and social groups show that male coalitions differ most from the others in hunting behavior and habitat use. Tests using the carnivore data failed to support hypotheses about niche breadth variation, niche overlap variation, range of food items, and niche inclusion. Densities of the five largest Carnivora in the 35,500 square kilometer ecosystem are 0.513/sq km; including the two jackals gives a density of 1.55/sq km. Their prey--30 ungulate species--are 84 .85/sq km. Prey and predator ratios suggest that the Serengeti Plains in 1977 had a three-fourthsdecrease in relative abundance of prey to predators from wet season to dry season . Year-round the Ngorongoro Crater had a prey:predator ratio s lightly larger than that of the dry season Serengeti Plains. Literature review suggests that cleptoparasitism and direct killing are very important forms of interference competition among and within carnivore species . Evidence for exploitation competition i s scant, but is inferred because local environments are unpredictable f or carnivores. Analysis of body sizes fails to support the hypothesized ratios of 2.0 for body weigh t and 1.28 for linear dimensions . Three methods of calculating multidimensional niche metrics (product, summation, and projection) are compared. Apparently the Serengeti's carnivores coexist because of their behavioral flexibility in an unpredictable environment . Niche descriptions were of little he l p in assessing the foci for potential and real competition among carnivores . Only the direct observations of interference competition in long-term field studies identified where competitive interactions are occurring with sufficient intensity to provide a numerical response in a population. Spotted hyenas some times competitively exclude African wild dogs locally . Management f or a high abundance and diversity of carnivores probably requires maintaining high densities of prey and varied habitats. Specific recommendations are made for cheetah and African wild dog conservation.

No description available.