Ce mémoire a pour objectif général de définir et de caractériser les présences amérindiennes sur l’île de Montréal au cours de la période s’échelonnant du Sylvicole supérieur à la fin du XVIIe siècle ainsi que de tenter de comprendre le rôle qu’exerça le mont Royal dans ce contexte. En nous appuyant sur des théories de l’archéologie du paysage, nous avons étudié la création consciente et inconsciente de paysages et la manière par laquelle ces lieux ont façonné les comportements et les identités de leurs occupants. Grâce à la continuité d’activités répétitives, liées au concept de taskscape, nous avons tenté d’y établir un modèle de trame d’occupation reflétant une utilisation dynamique et stratégique du paysage face aux politiques coloniales. La démarche adoptée est celle d’une approche holistique s’appuyant à la fois sur des données archéologiques, historiques, ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques émanant des rapports de fouilles archéologiques, des traditions orales et des différents documents coloniaux datant des XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Cette étude a permis de déterminer différentes zones associées à des perceptions différentes du paysage reflétant une stratégie de continuité dans la conceptualisation, l’organisation et la manipulation de l’espace à la suite de l’appropriation des terres par le gouvernement colonial. / The main aim of this thesis is to define and characterize the native presence on the island of Montreal during the period extending from the Late Woodland to the end of the 17th century, and to attempt to understand the role of the Mount Royal within this context. On the basis of landscape archeology theories, we study the human landscape’s creation and the way by which these places affect the behavior and identity of their occupants. Using the continuity of repetitive tasks associated with the concept of taskscape, we have tried to establish a model of occupation reflecting the dynamic and strategic use of the landscape with regard to colonial policies. The method adopted is a holistic approach based on archeological, historical, ethnohistorical and ethnographic data from archeological excavation reports, oral traditions and various colonial documents dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. This study has made it possible to determine various areas associated with different perceptions of landscape reflecting a continuity strategy regarding the conceptualization, organization and manipulation of space following land appropriation by the colonial government.

Ce mémoire a pour objectif général de définir et de caractériser les présences amérindiennes sur l’île de Montréal au cours de la période s’échelonnant du Sylvicole supérieur à la fin du XVIIe siècle ainsi que de tenter de comprendre le rôle qu’exerça le mont Royal dans ce contexte. En nous appuyant sur des théories de l’archéologie du paysage, nous avons étudié la création consciente et inconsciente de paysages et la manière par laquelle ces lieux ont façonné les comportements et les identités de leurs occupants. Grâce à la continuité d’activités répétitives, liées au concept de taskscape, nous avons tenté d’y établir un modèle de trame d’occupation reflétant une utilisation dynamique et stratégique du paysage face aux politiques coloniales. La démarche adoptée est celle d’une approche holistique s’appuyant à la fois sur des données archéologiques, historiques, ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques émanant des rapports de fouilles archéologiques, des traditions orales et des différents documents coloniaux datant des XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Cette étude a permis de déterminer différentes zones associées à des perceptions différentes du paysage reflétant une stratégie de continuité dans la conceptualisation, l’organisation et la manipulation de l’espace à la suite de l’appropriation des terres par le gouvernement colonial. / The main aim of this thesis is to define and characterize the native presence on the island of Montreal during the period extending from the Late Woodland to the end of the 17th century, and to attempt to understand the role of the Mount Royal within this context. On the basis of landscape archeology theories, we study the human landscape’s creation and the way by which these places affect the behavior and identity of their occupants. Using the continuity of repetitive tasks associated with the concept of taskscape, we have tried to establish a model of occupation reflecting the dynamic and strategic use of the landscape with regard to colonial policies. The method adopted is a holistic approach based on archeological, historical, ethnohistorical and ethnographic data from archeological excavation reports, oral traditions and various colonial documents dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. This study has made it possible to determine various areas associated with different perceptions of landscape reflecting a continuity strategy regarding the conceptualization, organization and manipulation of space following land appropriation by the colonial government.

Partant d'une considération sur le paysage configuré au quotidien par les pratiques individuelles et collectives qu'il accueille et qui lui donnent forme, ce travail de thèse en architecture s'intéresse à la transformation ordinaire des lieux et interroge les manières dont nous pouvons l'appréhender pour penser leur devenir. Comment prendre en compte la dynamique de l'ambiance pour penser la conception d'un lieu ? Cette recherche interroge dans ce sens la portée du film (comme médium, comme pratique et dans sa réception) dans ce qu'il permet de comprendre de la transformation ordinaire des lieux. Il s'agit ainsi de questionner les potentialités des images audiovisuelles quant à la perception, la représentation et la conception partagée d'espaces publics urbains. En quoi et comment le film peut-il permettre de saisir les états et transitions des relations entre espace et corps percevants autant que pratiquants ? Pour cela, un protocole méthodologique croisé, à l'écoute d'une hétérogénéité des usages du film dans la compréhension et la constitution du fait urbain, a donné lieu à la construction et à l'analyse de quatre corpus de travail : 1. Recueil et sélection de films existants ; 2. Observation et suivi d'une mission vidéo dans un cadre opérationnel ; 3. Réalisation d'un film de commande ; 4. Expérimentation pédagogique auprès d'étudiants en architecture. Ces quatre corpus considèrent à plusieurs égards la problématique de la fabrication de films : statut et enjeu du recours au film, engagement dans le terrain (dans l'espace, le temps et la relation à l'Autre) par la pratique filmique, postures filmiques et rapports au monde. Notre recherche soulève, dans un second temps, la question de la réception filmique. C'est ainsi à partir d'une expérience d'audio-vision collective que le film devient le support d'un dialogue entre différents interlocuteurs conviés à mettre en partage et en débat leurs expériences. La pluralité des registres mis au travail au cours de la réception des films et de leur discussion (à savoir le sensible, le perceptif, l'interprétatif, le critique et le créatif) devient le support à l'élaboration d'un commun. De ces considérations sur la portée du film émerge en toile de fond l'importance du sensible et de l'improvisation collective dans l'appréhension et la conception de l'espace public urbain. / Starting from a consideration of the landscape, as it is configured daily by individual and collective practices which are supported by the landscape and from which the landscape is being shaped, this PhD thesis in architecture focuses on the ordinary transformation of places and questions the ways through which we can understand it in order to think out the becoming of these places. How can we take into account the dynamic of the ambiance in order to think about the design of a place? In that perspective, this research questions the scope of film (as a medium, as a practice and in its reception): what does filming allow us to understand of the ordinary transformation of places? This work investigates the potential of audiovisual images in terms of perception, representation and shared designing of urban public spaces. How can film facilitate the understanding of the states and transitions of the relationship between space and bodies – considering that bodies perceive and act at the same time? In order to study that question, a specific methodological protocol, open to heterogeneous uses of film for the understanding and the designing of cities, was worked out. It led us to the analysis of four frameworks: 1. Collecting and selecting existing films; 2. Observing a video project within the context of an urban study; 3. Filmmaking; 4. Experimenting film practice with architecture students. These four frameworks address the question of filmmaking in different ways: status and stakes of the use of film, involvement in fieldwork through film practice (involvement in space, in time and in relation with others), film postures and relations to the world. Secondly, our research raises the question of film reception. It is, then, from a collective experience of reception that film becomes the base of a dialogue between people who are invited to share and debate about their own experiences. The plurality of registers coming from the film reception and its discussion (what is sensible, perceptive, interpretive, critical and creative) becomes the base to work out a common design. From these considerations of the scope of film, it appears in the background that the sensible register and collective improvisations are of paramount importance in the understanding and designing of urban public spaces.

A spatial analysis of the bifacial arrowheads from the Swedish county of Dalarna, located in the inland area of middle Sweden, is presented in this thesis. The study aims to understand how the arrowheads relate to land use and mobility in the landscape. Produced to be mobile and portable, arrows are of sorts synonymous with movement and mobility. Side by side with an exploration of mobility, the activities in the landscape surrounding the arrowheads are investigated with the concept of taskscape. Bifacial arrowheads are found all over Sweden, and in the northern parts they were used most extensively during the Early Metal Age (2000 BC–1 BC). The raw materials used for producing the arrowheads in Dalarna are various local stone materials, but the raw materials have also been spread over long distances, which indicate high mobility or an established contact network. Waterways and ridges in the landscape are suggested as possible communication routes. The bifacial arrowheads are found on different types of dwellings in the landscape, many of them on sites with a mixed chronology. The area by the lake Venjan stands out with its numerous workshop sites, which have a large material of points in red quartzite sandstone, indicating that specialization has taken place. In other parts of Dalarna, the arrowheads are understood as part of a standard toolkit. The study shows the possibilities to analyze archaeological material in the Swedish inland forest areas, which archaeological sites and material needs to be further investigated.

This study employed a GIS-based use-analysis on a network of recently mapped pre-Columbian earthworks lying on the west side of a Bolivian floodplain. This wetland region, called Llanos de Mojos, is home to many different types of artificial mounds that served different roles for the ancient communities who constructed them thousands of years ago. This new set of features, which was mapped by volunteers of the Proyecto Sistemas Informaticas Geograficas y Arqueologicas del Beni (ProSIGAB) was purported to be a network of fish weirs, linear earthworks built in rivers or floodplains that are designed to trap fish by exploiting seasonal floodwaters. This identification was based on their similarities with the Baures Hydraulic Complex on the east side of Mojos (Erickson 2000; McKey et al. 2016; Blatrix et al. 2018). Classification procedures made use of the features' physical attributes and relationships with other landscape features to identify them not just as fish weirs, but multi-use structures that connected infrastructure, impounded water, and trapped fish. When understood together with nearby forest island settlements, neighborhoods of agricultural fields, and drainage features, it is argued these earthworks played a substantial role in the lives of past inhabitants, demonstrating their ingenuity by fulfilling multiple functions in a complex anthropogenic landscape.

Historically, Norwegian settlement archaeology and research has depended on secondary materials, such as graves, non-contextual artefacts, and historical maps, often used in a retrogressive manner. Primary settlement materials were scarce, which to some extent justified the use of such methodologies. However, an increasing amount of rescue and commercial archaeology projects, combined with mechanical topsoil removal, has led to a vast increase in available primary material. This paper examines two sites excavated as part of E18-prosjektet Gulli-Langåker, namely Gulli and Auli, using both primary and secondary materials to illuminate its settlement structure during the late iron age.  The archaeological material suggests that the two settlements performed continuous dwelling activities within a smaller confined area, though not at a fixed point in the landscape, throughout most of the iron age. These settlements did not reside in the landscape, they were the landscape. As external pressure changed, so did the composition of the landscape at any particular point. The nature, and force, of the pressures experienced during the Migration- and early Merovingian period led to significant changes in the interactions with the surrounding landscape. The result was neo-localization and a contraction of the local social sphere, seen by the changed field of inquiry at the new dwelling sites. A need to mark the geographical extent of the social sphere, as well as an act of dedication to the group, communal gravesites were placed on top of the earlier settlements. The road into the social sphere went through the graves, largely consisting of mounds, creating a theatric and symbolic access and exit point. So, to locate more early iron age dwelling sites one must look beyond the sites from the previous period, using knowledge of contemporary challenges and the phenomenology of the landscape as a compass.

This thesis compares the later poetry of Breyten Breytenbach and Lucebert from the phenomenological approach of landscape as dwelling. The metaphor of landscape as dwelling is derived from the art philosophy of Martin Heidegger, which emphasises the importance of truth as aletheia (or “disclosure”), the cultural geography of John Wylie, which illuminates the notion of landscape as tension, and the anthropology of Tim Ingold with reference to the dwelling perspective, adopted from Heidegger’s philosophy on dwelling. The thesis destructs the Cartesian idea of landscape, which relates to the constructivist description of landscape as a way of seeing. The destructive reading shows that mortals’ dwelling on earth is inherently part of the landscape, which means that landscape opens up as an expression of Dasein’s fundamental being-in-the-world, rather than a scene looked upon from afar. Furthermore, this thesis uses Ingold’s distinction between the landscape and the taskscape (Ingold, 2000:195), and Heidegger’s notion of the fourfold (Heidegger, 1989:172), to make a desctructive reading of the poets’ work, with specific reference to William Spanos’s destructive criticism. It investigates a number of poems from Breytenbach’s Nine landscapes of our time bequeathed to a beloved (Nege landskappe van ons tye bemaak aan ʼn beminde, 1993), Paper flower (Papierblom, 1998), The wind-catcher (Die windvanger, 2007), The principle of dust (Die beginsel van stof, 2011) and Catalects (Katalekte, 2012), and Lucebert’s Harvests in the roaming garden (Oogsten in de dwaaltuin, 1981), The swamp rider from paradise (De moerasruiter uit het paradijs, 1982), Console the hysterical robot (Troost de hysterische robot, 1989), Of the malt-like profligate (Van de maltentige losbol, 1993) and Of the motionless agitator (Van de roerloze woelgeest, 1994). The analyses focus specifically on the destruction of the traditional landscape idea by emphasising Dasein’s everyday activities, and his/her dis-covering approach toward the elements of the fourfold. The thesis concludes with a comparison of the work of the poets in terms of their destruction of the notion of landscape, the temporality of the taskscape, the taskscape as an ensemble of tasks, and a systematic reading of dwelling. / PhD (Afrikaans en Nederlands), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

This thesis compares the later poetry of Breyten Breytenbach and Lucebert from the phenomenological approach of landscape as dwelling. The metaphor of landscape as dwelling is derived from the art philosophy of Martin Heidegger, which emphasises the importance of truth as aletheia (or “disclosure”), the cultural geography of John Wylie, which illuminates the notion of landscape as tension, and the anthropology of Tim Ingold with reference to the dwelling perspective, adopted from Heidegger’s philosophy on dwelling. The thesis destructs the Cartesian idea of landscape, which relates to the constructivist description of landscape as a way of seeing. The destructive reading shows that mortals’ dwelling on earth is inherently part of the landscape, which means that landscape opens up as an expression of Dasein’s fundamental being-in-the-world, rather than a scene looked upon from afar. Furthermore, this thesis uses Ingold’s distinction between the landscape and the taskscape (Ingold, 2000:195), and Heidegger’s notion of the fourfold (Heidegger, 1989:172), to make a desctructive reading of the poets’ work, with specific reference to William Spanos’s destructive criticism. It investigates a number of poems from Breytenbach’s Nine landscapes of our time bequeathed to a beloved (Nege landskappe van ons tye bemaak aan ʼn beminde, 1993), Paper flower (Papierblom, 1998), The wind-catcher (Die windvanger, 2007), The principle of dust (Die beginsel van stof, 2011) and Catalects (Katalekte, 2012), and Lucebert’s Harvests in the roaming garden (Oogsten in de dwaaltuin, 1981), The swamp rider from paradise (De moerasruiter uit het paradijs, 1982), Console the hysterical robot (Troost de hysterische robot, 1989), Of the malt-like profligate (Van de maltentige losbol, 1993) and Of the motionless agitator (Van de roerloze woelgeest, 1994). The analyses focus specifically on the destruction of the traditional landscape idea by emphasising Dasein’s everyday activities, and his/her dis-covering approach toward the elements of the fourfold. The thesis concludes with a comparison of the work of the poets in terms of their destruction of the notion of landscape, the temporality of the taskscape, the taskscape as an ensemble of tasks, and a systematic reading of dwelling. / PhD (Afrikaans en Nederlands), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Krčmářová Jana 2015 Title: Forgetting traditional agricultural knowledge in modernization. Interdisciplinry historical reconstruction of Czech agroforestry. Abstract: Corresponding with the tradition of current ecological and historical anthropology the study concentrated on reconstruction of transformation of one of the key complex human ecological relationships - modernization of agriculture. The roots of the changes are placed into 17th century Britain yet during the last centuries they spread over the globe and in some cases are still spreading. The process of agriculture modernization was enlightened with analysis of its local progression in the Czech Republic and in the light of mechanisms of cultural memory.. The establishment of modern industrial agriculture was described as forgetting of contemporary used agricultural knowledge during the application of new ideal agriculture form on the contemporary agricultural ecosystem. The new form was derived from the principles of modern economy, sciences and the availability of new technologies and was pushed forward by expert and economic elites and state. The form was applied on the biocultural system-landscape cultivated in majority of cases by thousand years present locals. The dialectical relationship between the new form, its application and the...

Krčmářová Jana 2015 Title: Forgetting traditional agricultural knowledge in modernization. Interdisciplinry historical reconstruction of Czech agroforestry. Abstract: Corresponding with the tradition of current ecological and historical anthropology the study concentrated on reconstruction of transformation of one of the key complex human ecological relationships - modernization of agriculture. The roots of the changes are placed into 17th century Britain yet during the last centuries they spread over the globe and in some cases are still spreading. The process of agriculture modernization was enlightened with analysis of its local progression in the Czech Republic and in the light of mechanisms of cultural memory.. The establishment of modern industrial agriculture was described as forgetting of contemporary used agricultural knowledge during the application of new ideal agriculture form on the contemporary agricultural ecosystem. The new form was derived from the principles of modern economy, sciences and the availability of new technologies and was pushed forward by expert and economic elites and state. The form was applied on the biocultural system-landscape cultivated in majority of cases by thousand years present locals. The dialectical relationship between the new form, its application and the...