Introduction: Currently, 1 in 7 children are classified as obese, which represents an obesity rate two times higher than that of the last 25 years. Part of the solution to address the positive energy balance underlying weight gain is to target the specific eating behaviours and factors that lead to food intake. One widely used tool to measure eating behaviour is the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ). Objective: The primary objective of this study was to validate scores of the 21-item Child version of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ-R21 C), by examining validity evidence and reliability of TFEQ-R21 C responses in a sample of Canadian children and adolescents. The secondary aim was to examine the associations between the TFEQ-R21 C factors and body mass index (BMI) z-scores and food/taste preferences. Methods: The participants consisted of a sample of 158 children, 63 boys (mean age: 11.5 ± 1.6 years) and 95 girls (mean age: 11.9 ± 1.9 years), recruited from English schools in the Ottawa area. To assess eating behaviour, participants filled out the TFEQ-R21 C, the Power of Food Scale, and the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. Height and weight measurements were taken using a stadiometer and a digital scale. An exploratory factor analysis with oblique rotation and an item analysis were conducted to determine the factor structure and validity of the questionnaire. A median split on Cognitive Restraint (CR), Internal Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1), External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2), and Emotional Eating (EE) was used to dichotomize factor-based scores into high and low categories for each factor, to allow for group comparisons. Bivariate correlations explored relationships between weight, BMI and BMI z-score, and food and taste preference, by sex and age group. To determine if BMI, BMI z-scores, and food/taste preferences were associated with factor scores of the TFEQ-R21 C, two-way ANOVAs were conducted. Results: The exploratory factor analysis replicated the Emotional Eating (EE) and Cognitive Restraint (CR) scales of the original TFEQ-R21, whereas the global factor of Uncontrolled Eating (UE) produced two subscales: Internal Uncontrolled Eating (UE 1) and External Uncontrolled Eating (UE 2). Item 17 did not load onto any of the factors and was subsequently removed. The four-factor model, with item 17 removed (FFEQ-R21 C: 20-item Child version Four-Factor Eating Questionnaire), accounted for 41.2% of the common variance in the data and showed good internal consistency (α= 0.81). The factors of UE 1 (r= 0.27, p<0.001), UE 2 (r= 0.36, p<0.0001), and CR (r= 0.20, p= 0.04) correlated significantly with EE. Younger children reported higher UE 1 scores [F(1,143)= 3.99, p=0.048, f2= 0.028] and CR scores [F(1,143)= 3.99, p= 0.001, f2= 0.089]. Boys who reported a high UE 1 scores had a significantly higher weight [F(1,58)= 6.44, p=0.014, f2= 0.117 ] and BMI z-scores [F(1,58)= 4.45, p=0.039, f2=0.083], compared to those who reported low UE 1 scores. Children with overweight or obesity [F(1,143)= 2.75, p<0.001. f2= 0.035] reported higher EE scores, compared to children of normal weight. Children with high UE 1 scores reported greater preference for high protein and fat foods, and high fat savoury (HFSA) and high fat sweet (HFSW) foods, compared to those with low UE 1 scores. Higher preference for high protein, fat, and carbohydrate foods, and HFSA, HFSW, and low fat savoury foods (LFSA) foods was found in children with high UE 2 scores, compared to those with low UR 2 scores. Children and adolescents with low CR scores reported greater preference for high protein, carbohydrate, and fat foods, compared to those who reported high CR scores. Discussion: This study showed adequate reliability and validity evidence of the TFEQ-R21 C scores, and that the questionnaire is best represented by a 20-item four-factor model in our sample. The FFEQ-R21 C was able to identify relevant eating behaviour traits associated with higher BMI z-scores and food preferences in both sexes and age groups, which were mainly in accordance with previous findings in children and adolescents. These results support the utility of the questionnaire for the assessment and identification of problematic eating behaviour and food preferences in the Canadian pediatric population. Younger children reported higher influence of the psychological constructs of eating behaviour (CR, UE 1, UE 2, and EE), compared to older children. This study provides preliminary evidence that FFEQ-R20 is a reliable and valid self-report tool to measure eating behaviour in children and adolescents to characterize those at higher risk for excess weight. However, further research is needed to examine the validity of the questionnaire in larger samples and in other geographical locations across Canada, as well as the inclusion of extraneous variables such as parental eating behaviour, socioeconomic status, and physical activity levels.

The present thesis deals with testing the capabilities of assessors in sensory analysis focused on examining the sensitivity of the sense of taste. Evaluation was carried out among students of Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, in splitting into different groups according to gender, age, field of study, health status, in terms of smokers-nonsmokers, depending on season and time of day at which the evaluation was conducted. At present, when occures the glut of food in economically developed countries, consumer visors besides nutritional choices and wholesomeness also sensory quality, which is the only one he can consider himself on the spot. Foods are preferred or rejected by the feelings that have developed on the basis of experience. It was therefore necessary to create an objective analytical method for assessing foods to ensure the elimination of interferences and subjective factors. A suitable method is called sensory analysis, in which the organoleptic properties of food are determined solely by human senses. It affects such qualitative indicators, which can not be characterized by instrumentation. The results obtained indicate that there are differences within the studied groups. More successful were: women than men, completely healthy assessors than assessors with mild symptoms of colds, winter (December 2014) group of assessors than spring (April 2015) group, morning group (7:00 to 10:00) than afternoon (12:00 to 15:00) group, assessors aged 22 years than other age groups, assessors Animal science than assessors in other fields. Smokers were surprisingly more successful than nonsmokers.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF EMILY ROMANOWSKI, for the Master's of Science degree in FOOD AND NUTRITION, presented on NOVEMBER 25, 2013, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: THE IMPACT OF TASTE TEST INTERVENTIONS ON THE REDUCTION OF VEGETABLE PLATE WASTE IN A RURAL MIDDLE SCHOOL SETTING MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Sylvia Smith BACKGROUND: Childhood obesity is on the rise in the United States and throughout the world. Studies have shown that reducing vegetable plate waste and increasing vegetable consumption in children can improve health outcomes. Studies have also suggested strategies to reduce the amount of plate waste that children produce during lunchtime. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine whether a nutrition education and taste test intervention would reduce plate waste of select vegetables in a middle school setting. DESIGN: The study used an experimental design. The study took place at an elementary school in the rural Midwest during the third and fourth quarters of the 2012-2013 school year. Plate waste measurements were originally taken for four specific vegetable items: zucchini and tomatoes, refried beans, mixed greens and black bean salsa. After the original measurements, students enrolled in a Family Consumer Sciences class during the third quarter participated in an intervention that involved nutrition education and tasting the specific vegetables. During the fourth quarter, plate waste measurements were taken again to determine if the nutrition education with taste tests helped to decrease the amount of plate waste produced by the students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The independent variable being tested was participation in the taste tests with nutrition education intervention. The dependent variable being studied was the amount of vegetable based plate waste from Carbondale Middle School students. STATISTIAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Independent t-tests were used to determine statistical differences in the amount of plate waste pre- and post-intervention. The survey given after the taste test was assessed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test to determine if one vegetable item was liked more than another. RESULTS: Results showed that the implemented nutrition intervention was not effective in reducing the amount of plate waste. There was a significant difference, however, in the opinions given by the students regarding the vegetables served (p=<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: These findings are important in the implementation of new National School Lunch Program recommendations for vegetables and can provide insight on how to increase the amount of vegetables that students eat during school. This study can add to current research regarding plate waste, vegetable consumption, and strategies to increase healthful foods in children's diets.

This thesis examines the aesthetic theories by Francis Hutcheson and David Hume, two of the most influential philosophers of the eighteenth century. Focused on the interpretation of both theories, it concentrates on the issue of human taste, in particular, aesthetic taste, including questions concerning people’s external sense (sensation) and internal sense (sensations), what the differences are between better taste and worse taste, how people possible improve taste by practice, examples, customs, education, and the like. It concludes with a criticism on both philosophers’ works and a positive argument on the explanation of better and worse taste. Primary texts include Hutcheson’s Inquiry concerning Beauty, Order, Harmony and Design and Hume’s Of the Standard of Taste.

This paper examines the importance that judgements of taste have within Kant’s Critique of Judgement. It claims that looking for de facto agreements about judgements of taste is a mistake and that disagreements, instead, are desirable. Following Kant in the antinomy of taste, judgments of taste are not based on determined concepts, but rather on an undetermined one. Since the concept is not determined one cannot exhibit it in a sensible intuition or make direct reference to it. It is argued that universal agreement does not seek de facto agreement, but rather the discovery of a common sense in which one discovers that others can feel the same as one does with respect to a given representation. This undetermined concept becomes a “regulative ideal”, unobtainable in so far as one cannot determine it, but to which one must aim in order to perfect one’s taste. It is in the sphere of discussion and disagreement that one confronts one’s judgements of taste. / Este trabajo investiga la importancia que tiene la discusión sobre juicios de gusto dentro de la Crítica de la facultad de juzgar de Kant. Se sostiene que buscar acuerdos de facto sobre juicios de gusto es un error y que, más bien, el desacuerdo es deseable. Siguiendo a Kant en la antinomia del gusto, los juicios de gusto no se basan en algún concepto determinado, sino en uno indeterminado. Al no ser determinado, no tenemos intuición sensible de dicho concepto ni podemos emplearlo directamente. No se trata de encontrar un acuerdo de facto para nuestra aspiración de acuerdo universal, sino del descubrimiento de un sentido común, en el que encontramos que los otros pueden sentir como uno ante una representación dada. Este concepto indeterminado se torna en un “ideal regulativo”, inalcanzable, en tanto no se puede determinar, pero al cual se debe apuntar para perfeccionar el gusto. Es en el campo de la discusión y el desacuerdo donde se confrontan los juicios de gusto.

O crítico de arte americano Clement Greenberg dedica especial atençãoà teoria estética em seus textos dos anos 1970, sobretudo ao juízo de gosto. Esta pesquisa busca evidenciar um aspecto importante na discussão estética em Greenberg, qual seja, a possibilidade de aprimoramento do gosto. Para tal, também se faz necessária uma compreensão de seu sistema crítico, articulando os Seminários por ele ministrados nos anos 70 e seus textos críticos desde os anos 30. Dentro da teoria estética moderna formulada por Greenberg, os textos reunidos em Estética Domésticaservem de base para a investigação do ponto central da pesquisa. Apesar disso, não se pode perder de vista o grande espectro coberto pela obra do crítico, uma vez que seus textos dialogam entre si, retomando e alinhavando os diversos temas abordados. / The american art critic Clement Greenberg pays special attention to the aesthetics in his texts of the 1970s, and to the taste judgement most of all. This study try to put light over an important aspect of Greenberg theory: the taste improvement possibility. To do so, it\'s imperative to comprehend Greenberg\'s critical system, considering his Seminars and also his critics since the 30s. The essays presented on Homemade Estheticswill base the investigations about the central point of interest in this study, having in mind the modern theory formulated by Greenberg. But it\'s necessary, beside this, to consider the great diversity of his work, once his texts can have a dialogue.

La formation de collections d'objets d'art constitue en Europe, au début du XVIIe siècle, une nouvelle habitude de la part des mécènes et des connaisseurs. Avec la diffusion de la pratique du collectionnisme dans la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle et le développement du goût pour les tableaux en France -lesquels deviennent de plus en plus accessibles sur le marché-, un nombre grandissant de particuliers possèdent des oeuvres d'art sans pour autant être de grands collectionneurs. Coïncidant avec les débuts de la colonisation de la Nouvelle-France, nous pouvons nous demander quelécho a eu l'effervescence de ce goût au Canada. Il s'agit donc de retrouver la trace des divers objets d'art conservés dans les domiciles en Nouvelle-France, le long de la vallée laurentienne, de comprendre comment ils y ont circulé, quels étaient leur quantité et leur nature dans les intérieurs domestiques, puis quels rôles ils jouaient dans la société d'alors. Notre thèse examine donc les relations entre les particuliers et les oeuvres d'art en Nouvelle-France. Nous pensons que l'objet d'art ne s'inscrit pas d'emblée dans une classe ontologique propre où l'art suffit à l'art. Ainsi, en plus des discours légitimés sur l'art, nous devons aussi tenir compte des autres perspectives de compréhension et de modes de perception de l'oeuvre au sein de la civilisation des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. De fait, dans le cadre quotidien de la Nouvelle-France, l'oeuvred'art, si elle constitue un objet esthétique, ne se limite pas à ce rapport. Ainsi, ce qui est examiné porte sur la variété des compétences des laïcs de l'époque, c'est-à-dire la façon dont ils utilisent et perçoivent les images / At the beginning of the seventeenth century, in Europe, collecting art objects became a new habit for the patrons and the connoisseurs. The spread of the practice of collecting art in the second half of the seventeenth century, associated to the development of a taste for paintings in France – which are becoming increasingly available on the market – made a growing number of individuals buying art without being great collectors. Coinciding with the beginning of the colonization of the New France, we can ask if this taste for art also spread in Canada. This thesis traces the various works of art kept in homes of New France, along the St. Lawrence Valley. It tries to understand how these pieces of art circulated, how many there was, what was their variety in each domestic interior and what roles they played in the society. Furthermore, we examine therelationship between the individuals and the works of art in New France. We believe that the art object does not fall immediately into a clean ontological class where art is simply art. In addition to legitimate discourses on art, we think we must consider other perspectives for understanding the works of art in the seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries. In fact, the work of art is not considered simply as an aesthetic object in the everyday’s life of the New France. This thesis therefore examine how citizens interpreted art images and how they used the various art objects

The introduction of taste regimes into the agriculture literacy and communications literature is explored and discussed in this study. I analyze how college students interpret taste regime indicators (interpretations, personal view alignment, personal action) influence their perceptions of agriculture food production information. More specifically, I look at how media information effects college students’ interpretations of these taste regime indicators. Data were collected from a convenience sample of undergraduate students at a large research-intensive university who responded to an electronic questionnaire developed specifically for this study. Findings indicate that the college students involved in this study have little to no defined opinion between large-scale and alternative agriculture. This indicates that the agriculture taste regime is not taking the general populations beliefs and preferences into consideration when developing campaigns. Recommendations for large-scale and alternative campaigns are to develop more objective campaigns and for the general population become change agents forcing the agriculture taste regime to take their beliefs and preferences into consideration.

Ce projet de recherche a pour objet la nature des liens qui motivent l’apparition d’objets culinaires dans des espaces communs et de ceux qui sont en jeu dans les moments de commensalité. Ces objets et les situations dans lesquelles ils apparaissent (performances gustatives des restaurants et de parcours de goût dans les Pyrénées centrales) offrent une prise sensible à l’intelligence au même titre que les paysages, dans la suite de l’approche mésologique construite par A. Berque. Nos territorialités trouvent aujourd’hui à faire paysage dans les objets les plus fragiles et les plus fugaces qui soient. Les objets culinaires sont les objets d’une culture qui intéressent une géographie de la culture – et par culture j’entends « un mode de relation aux objets du monde » (Arendt). L’objet culinaire est un objet paysager qui prend place dans un paysage : à la fois réalité matérielle (saveurs) et représentation qu’on s’en fait (goût). Poser le problème du goût revient à se demander dans quelle mesure ces objets et les situations de performance peuvent-ils faire paysage, construire du commun – et quel commun.Cette recherche est effectuée dans le cadre d’une CIFRE avec la Compagnie d’Aménagement des Coteaux de Gascogne. Le goût étant une clé de lecture intersectorielle, un Comité de Pilotage est régulièrement consulté pour valoriser les résultats : DATAR Pyrénées, Région Midi-Pyrénées, MAAP, Irqualim, CPT, ACAP, MAA. Le projet propose de faire l’expérience de l’intelligence collective, posant l’hypothèse d’aménager l’espace par des territorialités individuelles qui feront tâche d’huile dans l’espace. / The taste of the mountain.

From different traditions, research in the field of sociology of cultural taste and consumption has argued that contemporary societies are symbolically stratified through cultural engagement. These theoretical frameworks differ mainly in their explanations of the mechanisms that shape the relationship between culture and social stratification. Motivated by concepts from Pierre Bourdieu, Richard A. Peterson, and other key scholars, this thesis is focused on addressing the relationship between music consumption and social stratification. Due to its peculiar characteristics, music provides a good illustration of how people, through cultural engagement, draw boundaries that symbolically differentiate social groups. Although literature in the area has made great progress, there are still theoretical and empirical gaps. It is possible to find some passionate views which deny the relevance of some operationalisations and methods over others (Wuggenig, 2007; Chan, 2010a). From a comparative point of view it is questioned whether different dimensions of cultural practices can deliver consistent results (Peterson, 2005; Purhonen, Gronow and Rahkonen, 2011; Yaish and Katz-Gerro, 2012). Research which focuses on comparisons between societies frequently lacks detailed theoretical conceptualisations regarding how cultural items are distributed in different social settings (Katz-Gerro, 2011; Purhonen and Wright, 2013). Other important gap in the literature is the lack of understanding about how technologies act as an element of social distinction (López-Sintas, Cebollada, Filimon and Gharhaman, 2014). The main objective of this research is therefore to review how research has defined and studied the relationship between culture and society across several perspectives and to offer new insights which significantly contribute to the advancement of knowledge of the sociology of cultural taste and consumption. This is motivation for the development of four research articles which use several quantitative methods to analyse survey data from Austria, England, Chile, Finland, Israel and Serbia. This thesis shows that musical engagement, regardless of how and where it is measured, remains socially stratified. Age is the primary stratifying factor for musical engagement, highlighting the distinction between popular music preferred by the younger age cohorts, and the classical or traditional music of the older. Both are reinforced by educational level and social class. Individuals displaying broader musical preferences are more likely to be in advantageous positions. This concurs with arguments about omnivorism as a manifestation of cultural homology in the classic Bourdieusian sense (Lizardo and Skiles, 2012). Thanks to the innovative analysis of available data and the use of more specific cultural indicators it is possible to elaborate research questions to address the study of musical engagement and its place in society, integrating research methods, theory of practices, local and global contexts, and technologies as salient analytical dimensions.