Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2008. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

It is important to distinguish between types of commercial and residential property for value-added tax (VAT) purposes. The reason for this is because the supply of residential property may be exempt from VAT in certain cases, whereas the supply of commercial property is a taxable supply. One of the aims of this treatise was to generate some characteristics that can assist vendors to distinguish between types of commercial and residential property for VAT purposes. SARS proposed numerous changes to the VAT Act with regards to fixed property in 2011. This treatise explains the reason for the changes made and also comments on them. Firstly, property developers previously had to account for an output tax adjustment when they changed the use of their property i.e. from a taxable use (selling the completed units) to a non-taxable use (renting the completed units as a residential dwelling). This „output tax adjustment‟ sometimes places developers in a financial dilemma, especially in times of an economic depression. SARS therefore provided „developers‟ as defined with a short term solution. This short term solution provides property developers with a 36 month temporarily relief period, before they have to account for the „output tax adjustment‟. Therefore, the new section 18B was proposed to assist property developers in times of an economic recession. Secondly, in the past a vendor who acquired a property from a non-vendor to make taxable supplies was allowed a notional input tax deduction, limited to the transfer duty paid. SARS has however "delinked VAT from transfer duty‟, which means that the notional input tax deduction will no longer be limited to the transfer duty paid. This change may benefit vendors as they may now be allowed a bigger input tax deduction. Furthermore, the treatise also compares the VAT treatment of the above issues to that of the goods and services tax treatment in New Zealand. The treatise concludes with a summary of all distinguishing characteristics identified and other findings noted.

Globalisation of trade and investment has led multinational enterprises to develop strategies to maximise profits by investing in countries with a favourable tax climate, resulting in loss of tax revenue to domestic economies. In South Africa, recent economic liberalisation and associated relaxation of exchange controls have created increasing exposure to global competition, risk of capital flight and potential threat to the tax base. Heeding OECD recommendations intended to counter negative tax implications for domestic economies and curb harmful tax practices, South Africa introduced controlled foreign company provisions initially in 1997, followed by comprehensive legislation in 2001. Appropriateness of South Africa’s CFC regulations as domestic anti-avoidance measures is assessed in this study for their relevance in the international fiscal arena, highlighting key divergences, shortcomings and anomalies in the South African regulations compared with OECD recommendations, and with regulatory measures in the United Kingdom (jurisdictional-entity approach) and the United States (transactional approach), these two examplars offering paradigms of the most important CFC regulatory approaches currently in force. The primary materials investigated in the study are the statutes which constitute the taxation laws, read in conjunction with auxiliary, quasi-statutory advisory and explanatory documentation issued by the respective regulatory authorities, along with test cases that established legal precedent on points of ambiguity in taxation law. A key finding in the literature review is the relative dearth of publications on current South African CFC regulations in an international comparative context. A paradigm shift is noted in United Kingdom tax policy, as it migrates towards a territorially inclined tax system in CFC regulations – more compatible with European Union (EU) requirements and propelled in large measure by EU-pressure – with a similar trend in United States tax policy, intended to rekindle expansion and growth of the United States economy through repatriation of foreign funds earned by CFCs. The study finds that it would be unrealistic to seek an absolute paradigm for reform or evolution of South African CFC regulations in either the United Kingdom or the United States, although the South African and United Kingdom CFC measures show significant affinities in their entity-based mechanisms to grant full exemption. More significant constituents of CFC regulation in one or another of the two countries do, however, prove to be generally congenial to the South African situation and offer useful pointers for ongoing reform of the South African measures. Other areas in the United Kingdom or United States CFC regulations are identified as less relevant to South African requirements, being linked to tax principles that would be excessively complicated in the South African circumstances, needlessly demanding for tax administrators and for South African shareholders, contradictory to South African tax principles, anachronistic, or not suited for the underlying global-entity approach in the South African regulations. The research provides an updated assessment of the current state of the South African CFC regulatory measures, when seen in a broader international context, and indicates areas that could be the subject of fruitful ongoing investigation. / PhD (Tax), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Globalisation of trade and investment has led multinational enterprises to develop strategies to maximise profits by investing in countries with a favourable tax climate, resulting in loss of tax revenue to domestic economies. In South Africa, recent economic liberalisation and associated relaxation of exchange controls have created increasing exposure to global competition, risk of capital flight and potential threat to the tax base. Heeding OECD recommendations intended to counter negative tax implications for domestic economies and curb harmful tax practices, South Africa introduced controlled foreign company provisions initially in 1997, followed by comprehensive legislation in 2001. Appropriateness of South Africa’s CFC regulations as domestic anti-avoidance measures is assessed in this study for their relevance in the international fiscal arena, highlighting key divergences, shortcomings and anomalies in the South African regulations compared with OECD recommendations, and with regulatory measures in the United Kingdom (jurisdictional-entity approach) and the United States (transactional approach), these two examplars offering paradigms of the most important CFC regulatory approaches currently in force. The primary materials investigated in the study are the statutes which constitute the taxation laws, read in conjunction with auxiliary, quasi-statutory advisory and explanatory documentation issued by the respective regulatory authorities, along with test cases that established legal precedent on points of ambiguity in taxation law. A key finding in the literature review is the relative dearth of publications on current South African CFC regulations in an international comparative context. A paradigm shift is noted in United Kingdom tax policy, as it migrates towards a territorially inclined tax system in CFC regulations – more compatible with European Union (EU) requirements and propelled in large measure by EU-pressure – with a similar trend in United States tax policy, intended to rekindle expansion and growth of the United States economy through repatriation of foreign funds earned by CFCs. The study finds that it would be unrealistic to seek an absolute paradigm for reform or evolution of South African CFC regulations in either the United Kingdom or the United States, although the South African and United Kingdom CFC measures show significant affinities in their entity-based mechanisms to grant full exemption. More significant constituents of CFC regulation in one or another of the two countries do, however, prove to be generally congenial to the South African situation and offer useful pointers for ongoing reform of the South African measures. Other areas in the United Kingdom or United States CFC regulations are identified as less relevant to South African requirements, being linked to tax principles that would be excessively complicated in the South African circumstances, needlessly demanding for tax administrators and for South African shareholders, contradictory to South African tax principles, anachronistic, or not suited for the underlying global-entity approach in the South African regulations. The research provides an updated assessment of the current state of the South African CFC regulatory measures, when seen in a broader international context, and indicates areas that could be the subject of fruitful ongoing investigation. / PhD (Tax), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

No description available.

77 Abstract The purpose of my thesis is to analyze the current tax administration regulation with respect to the time-limits of tax assessment. The reason for my research is the fact that a new tax administration code came in force recently where lot of interpretational conclusions were codified. Due to the fact that the previously in force Act No. 337/1992 Coll., as subsequently amended, Code of Tax Procedure was prepared and approved in the hectic nineties of the last century, it has been suffering of several shortcomings. Some of its terms were not defined properly, some articles were not completely clear. Because this was an undesirable situation with a vast potential to negatively affect rights of its recipients, the code had to be completed and interpreted both by the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Administrative Court. These were the main reasons for the development of a completely new code instead of just another amendment. In the summer 2009 after long lasting discussions, the code was finally approved by the Czech legislation as the Act. No. 280/2009 Coll., Code of Tax Administration. The purpose of this paper is to determine how the main task was accomplished; this is whether the new code guarantees higher level of regulatory certainty for the tax administration recipients - above all for...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvia Regina Zomer.pdf: 754912 bytes, checksum: fae9f70da8d1d7f84d47a1f23e346cc3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-15 / Whereas knowledge is conditioned by the environment that informs it, the object of this study the analysis of standard tax incidence is done in the context of Positive Law, considered as the set of valid legal norms (positive) of a society, whose values had as a background it intends, at any given time and place. Part of the observation of the legal system, under the bias of the Tax Law, as a dynamic system, structured by hierarchically organized regulatory units and through the roads of incidence, of the general rules abstraction to the concreteness of the individual norms, seeks to understand how is the assessment rule, using the hermeneuticanalytical method, based on the assumptions of the logical-semantic constructivism, as a scientific method to approach the Legal system. Finally, we analyze the constitution of the assessment rule as required by the system, considering the semiotic planes, namely the syntactic, the semantic and pragmatic, as a means of interpretation and recognition of formal and material "failures" in its development / Considerando que o conhecimento está condicionado pelo meio envolvente que o informa, o objeto deste estudo a análise da norma de incidência tributária realiza-se no contexto do Direito Positivo, assim considerado o conjunto de normas jurídicas válidas (positivadas) de uma sociedade, tendo como pano de fundo os valores por ela pretendidos, em determinado tempo e lugar. Parte da observação do ordenamento jurídico, sob o viés do Direito Tributário, como um sistema dinâmico, estruturado por unidades normativas hierarquicamente organizadas e percorrendo os caminhos da incidência, da abstração das normas gerais à concretude das normas individuais, busca entender como se dá a constituição da norma de lançamento, utilizando o método analítico-hermenêutico, alicerçado nas premissas do construtivismo lógico-semântico, como um método científico de aproximação do sistema Jurídico. Ao final, se analisa a constituição da norma do segundo as exigências do sistema, considerando os planos semióticos, a saber: o sintático, o semântico e o pragmático, como forma de interpretação e reconhecimento das falhas formais e materiais na sua elaboração

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mariana Paludo Magarinos Bernardi.pdf: 975012 bytes, checksum: f2109c0c21c81194b69f2c1e5d42ffde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-04 / The present study deals with the validity, currency and effectiveness of the legal rule of the Administrative Procedure Act. The Administrative Procedure Act, predicted in the article number 149 of the National Tax Code, is a definitive administrative act that introduces an individual and concrete rule in the legal system. According to the assumptions proposed by this study, the general and abstract legal rule of the Administrative Procedure Act is valid it legally exists by maintaining pertinent relations with the system; is current by having its own effect in accordance with time and space prescribed by the law; and finally is technically, legally and socially effective. The individual and concrete rule of the Administrative Procedure Act is valid in joining the legal system by means of the report in competent language the levy of the general and abstract rule (predicted in the article number 149 of the National Tax Code) in a concrete case; it is current and so is valid, because their concepts are coincident in time and space; at last, it has legally (declaratory and constitutive), technically and socially effectiveness / O presente trabalho versa sobre a validade, a vigência e a eficácia da norma jurídica do lançamento de ofício. O lançamento de ofício, previsto no artigo 149 do Código Tributário Nacional, é um ato administrativo definitivo que insere norma individual e concreta no ordenamento jurídico. A partir das premissas traçadas, a norma jurídica geral e abstrata do lançamento de ofício é válida (existe juridicamente) por manter relação de pertinencialidade com o sistema; é vigente (está apta a irradiar efeitos próprios) de acordo com o tempo e o espaço prescrito em lei; e possui eficácia (efetivamente produz efeitos) técnica, jurídica e social. A norma individual e concreta do lançamento de ofício é valida ao ingressar no ordenamento por meio do relato em linguagem competente da incidência da norma geral e abstrata (prevista no artigo 149 do Código Tributário Nacional) no caso concreto; é vigente no mesmo momento que é válida por haver coincidência de tempo e espaço dos dois conceitos; e, por fim, possui eficácia jurídica (declaratória e constitutiva), técnica e social

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula Gomes Nardi.pdf: 1986858 bytes, checksum: 253e744e983ebaa32b8fd6beada91a31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-22 / This report discusses the formation of the tax credit through the act performed by the taxpayer, which are fully identified, based on the elements related to the tax payment: tax base, tax calculation due and subjects active and passive, following what prescribes the article nº 142 of the Law nº 5.172 / 66. The presence of the tax authorities in the tax credit formalized act implied the existence of administrative act that, after being informed of the tax legal fact authorizes the use of the electronic invoice. This change implied the possibility to express approval of the tax credit document promoted by the taxpayer. The electronic invoice use permit will be the focus of the work, analyzed under the approach of Constructivist epistemology / O presente trabalho aborda a constituição do crédito tributário por meio do ato praticado pelo sujeito passivo, no qual são identificados, plenamente, os elementos do lançamento tributário: matéria tributável, cálculo do tributo devido e sujeitos ativo e passivo, a teor do que prescreve o artigo 142 da Lei n 5.172/66. A presença da Administração Tributária no ato de formalização do crédito tributário implicou na existência de ato administrativo que, após tomar ciência do fato jurídico tributário, autoriza a utilização do documento fiscal eletrônico. Esta alteração implicou na possibilidade de homologação expressa do ato de constituição do crédito tributário promovida pelo sujeito passivo. A autorização de uso do documento fiscal eletrônico será o tema central do trabalho, analisado sob o enfoque do Constructivismo Lógico-Semântico

nÃo hà / à papel preponderante da administraÃÃo tributÃria, supervisionar o integral cumprimento das obrigaÃÃes tributÃrias por parte dos contribuintes, cabendo aos seus agentes, quando se depararem com situaÃÃes caracterizadas como ilÃcitos fiscais, efetuarem o devido lanÃamento do crÃdito tributÃrio. A lavratura do auto de infraÃÃo à o ato administrativo atravÃs do qual se faz esse lanÃamento, devendo o mesmo, quando da sua elaboraÃÃo, atender a todos os requisitos legais, sob pena de nÃo cumprir com a sua finalidade. Por essa razÃo, elaborou-se esse estudo, na intenÃÃo de quantificar e identificar os principais vÃcios formais praticados quando da elaboraÃÃo dos Processos Administrativos TributÃrios, no Ãmbito da Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado do CearÃ. Como hipÃteses lanÃadas, esses erros sÃo o motivo principal pelo qual o Contencioso toma decisÃes contrÃrias à Fazenda Estadual, bem como os mesmos acontecem principalmente por desconhecimento, por parte do agente autuante, de dispositivos da norma regulamentadora da matÃria e que a quantidade de horas de capacitaÃÃo e de servidores treinados tem influÃncia direta na qualidade dos autos de infraÃÃo lavrados. Neste trabalho realizou-se um amplo levantamento bibliogrÃfico sobre a matÃria, bem como se utilizou relatÃrios do Contencioso Administrativo TributÃrio. Concluiu-se pela confirmaÃÃo da hipÃtese segundo a qual erros formais, na instauraÃÃo do Processo Administrativo TributÃrio, sÃo o principal motivo pelos quais os mesmos tÃm decisÃes por parte do Contencioso contrÃrias à Fazenda Estadual, nÃo se confirmando nesse trabalho, entretanto, a hipÃtese de que a quantidade de horas de capacitaÃÃo e de servidores treinados influi diretamente na qualidade dos autos de infraÃÃo lavrados. Resta tambÃm confirmado que os erros formais cometidos na elaboraÃÃo do PAT se dÃo principalmente por desconhecimento, por parte do agente fiscal, de dispositivos que regem a matÃria. / The tax administration has as preponderant role to oversee the full tax compliance by taxpayers, leaving it to their agents when faced with situations characterized as illegal tax, effect the release of the tax due. The issuance of the tax assessment is an administrative act through which makes this release, and the same should, when it is developed, to meet all legal requirements, otherwise they will not fulfill its purpose. Therefore, this study was drawn up, intending to quantify and identify the main formal defects practiced when preparing the Tax Administrative Procedure within the Department of Finance of the State of CearÃ. As hypotheses, these errors are the main reason why the litigation takes decisions against the State Treasury, and they occur mainly due to ignorance on the part of the active agent, the devices of the regulation of matter and the amount of hours training and trained servers directly influences the quality of violation reports issued. In this work we carried out a broad literature on the subject, and were used reports as the Administrative Litigation Tax. It was concluded by confirming the hypothesis that formal errors in the establishment of the Tax Administrative Process are the main reason why they are making by the litigation contrary to the State Treasury, not confirmed in this work, however, the hypothesis that number of hours of training and trained servers directly influences the quality of violation reports issued. It remains also confirmed that the formal errors committed in the preparation of PAT happen mainly due to ignorance on the part of the fiscal agent, the provisions governing the matter.