The thesis is divided in two basic parts. The first part includes structure of the tax system in the Czech Republic, explanation of tax definitions and characteristics of Czech tax system. The goal of the first part is to clarify the tax system, tax base calculation and factors that influence its amount. The second part is structured more practically and should offer several possibilities of how to optimize the firm's tax liability, with focus on the corporate income tax.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-09-15T12:24:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Haroldo Domingos Bertoni Filho.pdf: 925740 bytes, checksum: 776b2d1dc21492395792afb637a7ec4f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T12:24:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Haroldo Domingos Bertoni Filho.pdf: 925740 bytes, checksum: 776b2d1dc21492395792afb637a7ec4f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-06 / The safeguards to the fundamental guarantees are undoubtedly inserted in our normative collection generating effects by all the branches of the law, which includes that touches the taxation. These guarantees serve as a beacon to the tax activity, preventing the committing of excesses that affect systemic stability. Also should not be excluded from the influence of these guarantees the tax ancillary obligations which acts favoring the tax activity by the knowledge of the taxable facts or by the aid to the verification of the compliance. Considering the constitutional protective context, it is verified that sometimes some state actions generates the collision of guarantees, so that some solution must be given to guarantee the systemic coherence and the proportionality test can be a useful tool in this attempt. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the tax instrumental duties and verify the possibility of using the tool of proportionality test as a way to consider eventual limitations to fundamental rights promoted as a result of the institution of these duties. For this purpose, we adopted as a starting point the theoretical research on the reflection of the fundamental rights presents in the Constitution and in the institution of tax obligations and tax ancillary obligations, as well as the verification of the applicability of the weighting test in relation to these rights / As proteções às garantias fundamentais estão indubitavelmente inseridas em nosso acervo normativo gerando efeitos por todos os ramos do direito, o que inclui aquele que toca a tributação. Estas garantias servem de baliza à atividade exacional impedindo o cometimento de excessos que afetem a estabilidade sistêmica. Também não se exclui da influência destas garantias os deveres instrumentais tributários que se prestam a favorecer a atividade fiscal pelo conhecimento dos fatos imponíveis ou pelo auxílio à verificação do adimplemento. Considerando o contexto protetivo constitucional, verifica-se que por vezes algumas ações estatais acabam por promover a colisão de garantias, de modo que alguma solução deve ser dada para se garantir a coerência sistêmica e o teste de proporcionalidade poderá ser uma ferramenta útil neste intento. Desta forma, o objeto deste trabalho reside em se analisar os deveres instrumentais tributários e verificar a possibilidade de se utilizar do ferramental do teste de proporcionalidade como forma de se ponderar eventuais limitações a direitos fundamentais promovidos em decorrência da instituição destes deveres. Para tanto, adotou-se como ponto de partida a pesquisa teórica sobre o reflexo dos direitos fundamentais presentes na Constituição na instituição de obrigações tributárias e de deveres instrumentais, assim como, a verificação da aplicabilidade do teste de ponderação em relação a estes direitos

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo demonstrar a inexistência de responsabilidade tributária de grupo econômico no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, na primeira de três partes, expõe os conceitos normativos fundamentais a partir dos quais será desenvolvido o estudo. A segunda parte do trabalho divide-se em duas seções, a primeira destinada a estabelecer o que se deve entender por grupo econômico e a segunda voltada à análise da responsabilidade tributária e da sua compatibilidade com o grupo. A terceira parte direciona-se à crítica do emprego impreciso do conceito de grupo de sociedades e dos seus efeitos em situações nas quais a existência de grupo não é relevante ou sequer tratam de responsabilidade tributária. Para sustentar a conclusão proposta, o trabalho apresenta como principais argumentos a incompatibilidade com o sistema tributário nacional da garantia – no sentido de atribuição do risco da solvência do crédito tributário em prejuízo do patrimônio do particular – como finalidade das regras de responsabilidade tributária; a reserva de lei complementar a que está submetida a disciplina da sujeição passiva tributária e que veda a responsabilização por meio de lei ordinária; a necessidade do emprego da técnica do argumento e contrario na interpretação da responsabilidade de terceiros em razão da taxatividade dos enunciados previstos no CTN (hipóteses de antecedente fechado), da excepcionalidade da responsabilidade tributária e da proibição à analogia; e a inaptidão das hipóteses de solidariedade para a atribuição de responsabilidade tributária, seja por interesse comum, seja por previsão legal. Busca ainda evidenciar que a formação de grupo econômico pelo exercício do controle societário sobre uma pluralidade de sociedades não pode ser utilizada como elemento comprobatório de confusão patrimonial ou de desvio de finalidade para fins de desconsideração da personalidade jurídica, pois é indiferente em relação a esses vícios. / This paper aims to demonstrate the absence of tax liability of business groups in the Brazilian legal system. To do so, the first of three parts presents the fundamental regulatory concepts from which the study will be developed. The second part of the paper is divided into two sections, the first one intended to establish what should be understood as a business group and the second one is focused on analysis of tax liability and its compatibility with the group. The third part is focused on criticism of inaccurate use of the concept of group of companies and its effects in situations where the existence of a group is not relevant or not even relates to tax liability. To support the proposed conclusion, the paper presents as its main arguments the incompatibility of the guarantee with the national tax system – in the sense of risk allocation of the solvency of tax credit at the expense of the equity of private persons – as the purpose of tax liability rules; the reservation of complementary law, which the tax liability is subject to, and which bars such due through ordinary law; the need for the use of the technique of argumentum e contrario in the interpretation of third-party liability due to the specificity of those rules laid down in the Brazilian Tax Code (rules of closed antecedent), the exceptionality of tax liability and the ban on analogy; and the inadequacy of the assumptions of joint and several liability for the allocation of tax liability, either by common interest, or by legal provision. It seeks further to show that the formation of a business group by the exercise of corporate control over a plurality of companies cannot be used as evidentiary element of commingling of equity or misapplication of purpose for piercing of the corporate veil, given that it is indifferent to those flaws.

Inom bedömningen av skadeståndsansvar för bolagsledningen och aktieägare enligt 29:1 och 29:3 Aktiebolagslagen, genomförs en oaktsamhetsprövning. Utan oaktsamhet eller uppsåt kan inte ansvar göras gällande. Vad som utgör oaktsamhet saknar direkt definition i lag, utan har bedömts av domstolarna i varje enskilt fall. Då oaktsamhet liksom lagöverträdelser, och åsidosättande av uppdrag, väger tungt vid en ansvarsbedömning, behöver bolagsledningen utöver allmän kunskap om aktuella regler även veta vilken aktsamhet som krävs för att undvika ansvar. I Skatteförfarandelagen 59:12-14 finns liknande ansvarsbestämmelser. Bestämmelserna anger att en företrädare för bolaget kan bli personligt ansvarig för den juridiska personens skatter och avgifter. En ansvarsförutsättning är att det föreligger grov oaktsamhet. Företrädaransvaret inom skatteförfarandelagen, och skadeståndsansvaret utifrån aktiebolagslagen, förutsätter således båda ett oaktsamt handlande i varierande grad. Eftersom två bestämmelser i skiljda regelverk kan medföra ett ingripande ansvar för någon i bolagsledningen, borde en viss kontinuitet fordras i hur oaktsamheten bedöms. Företrädaransvar har enligt praxis visat sig utgå endast genom överträdelsen i sig, d.v.s. de faktiska omständigheterna, i vissa fall har en subjektiv faktor spelat in, och det är insikten. Insikten i bedömningen motsvarar den grova oaktsamheten som förutsätts. Vid skadeståndsansvar bedöms fler faktorer än en insikt för att vanlig oaktsamhet ska föreligga, och utöver oaktsamheten, även andra faktorer för att ansvar sedan ska utgå. Risken för diskrepens inom tillämpningen av dessa ansvarsregler är inget bolagsledningens kan förutspå, och borde därför inte ligga på bolagsledningens axlar. Även om det kan vara svårt att skapa ett fullt ut förenligt system för oaktsamhetsprövning. Borde det kunna förhindras att oförenligheten blir på någons bekostnad. / In assessing the liability of the company management and shareholders of 29:1 and 29:3 in the Swedish Companies Act, a negligent appraisal is required. Without negligence or intent, no one can be held responsible. What constitutes negligence are not directly defined by statute but has been deemed by the courts in each case. When negligence, violations of law, and breaches of mission weighs heavily in a responsible assessment, the senior management needs beyond the general knowledge of current rules also know what prudence required to avoid liability. The tax procedure law 59:12-14 contains similar liability rules. The rules state that a representative of the company may be personally liable for taxes and fees associated with the company. The standard of liability in the Tax procedure law requires gross negligence. The liability regarding taxes and liability on the basis of the Companies Act, therefore both requires negligence is in varying degrees. Since the two provisions in separate regulations may result in an intervening responsibility for any of the senior management, a degree of continuity is needed as to how the negligence is assessed. The liability for taxes has by convention been shown to activate only by the infringement itself, i.e. the facts. In some cases, a subjective factor has played a role, and it is the recognition of the deficient tax payment. This recognition is in the tax-liability assessment equal to the gross negligence required. Liability in accordance with the Swedish Companies Act on the other hand, requires more than recognition to constitute ordinary negligence. In addition to this negligence, other factors are also assessed before actual liability is activated. The risk of discrepancy in the application of liability in two regulations can’t be predicted by the management, and shouldn’t lie on the management's shoulders. While it may be difficult to create a fully compatible system for negligence trial, it should be prevented that the incompatibility is at someone's expense.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo demonstrar a inexistência de responsabilidade tributária de grupo econômico no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, na primeira de três partes, expõe os conceitos normativos fundamentais a partir dos quais será desenvolvido o estudo. A segunda parte do trabalho divide-se em duas seções, a primeira destinada a estabelecer o que se deve entender por grupo econômico e a segunda voltada à análise da responsabilidade tributária e da sua compatibilidade com o grupo. A terceira parte direciona-se à crítica do emprego impreciso do conceito de grupo de sociedades e dos seus efeitos em situações nas quais a existência de grupo não é relevante ou sequer tratam de responsabilidade tributária. Para sustentar a conclusão proposta, o trabalho apresenta como principais argumentos a incompatibilidade com o sistema tributário nacional da garantia – no sentido de atribuição do risco da solvência do crédito tributário em prejuízo do patrimônio do particular – como finalidade das regras de responsabilidade tributária; a reserva de lei complementar a que está submetida a disciplina da sujeição passiva tributária e que veda a responsabilização por meio de lei ordinária; a necessidade do emprego da técnica do argumento e contrario na interpretação da responsabilidade de terceiros em razão da taxatividade dos enunciados previstos no CTN (hipóteses de antecedente fechado), da excepcionalidade da responsabilidade tributária e da proibição à analogia; e a inaptidão das hipóteses de solidariedade para a atribuição de responsabilidade tributária, seja por interesse comum, seja por previsão legal. Busca ainda evidenciar que a formação de grupo econômico pelo exercício do controle societário sobre uma pluralidade de sociedades não pode ser utilizada como elemento comprobatório de confusão patrimonial ou de desvio de finalidade para fins de desconsideração da personalidade jurídica, pois é indiferente em relação a esses vícios. / This paper aims to demonstrate the absence of tax liability of business groups in the Brazilian legal system. To do so, the first of three parts presents the fundamental regulatory concepts from which the study will be developed. The second part of the paper is divided into two sections, the first one intended to establish what should be understood as a business group and the second one is focused on analysis of tax liability and its compatibility with the group. The third part is focused on criticism of inaccurate use of the concept of group of companies and its effects in situations where the existence of a group is not relevant or not even relates to tax liability. To support the proposed conclusion, the paper presents as its main arguments the incompatibility of the guarantee with the national tax system – in the sense of risk allocation of the solvency of tax credit at the expense of the equity of private persons – as the purpose of tax liability rules; the reservation of complementary law, which the tax liability is subject to, and which bars such due through ordinary law; the need for the use of the technique of argumentum e contrario in the interpretation of third-party liability due to the specificity of those rules laid down in the Brazilian Tax Code (rules of closed antecedent), the exceptionality of tax liability and the ban on analogy; and the inadequacy of the assumptions of joint and several liability for the allocation of tax liability, either by common interest, or by legal provision. It seeks further to show that the formation of a business group by the exercise of corporate control over a plurality of companies cannot be used as evidentiary element of commingling of equity or misapplication of purpose for piercing of the corporate veil, given that it is indifferent to those flaws.

Agriculture is a very important activity and it has many functions. This branch has its certain economic specifics that are described in detail in this thesis. The thesis explains in detail terms grant, possibilities of accounting, possibilities of getting grants and consequences as well resulting from it for a farmer. These duties are shown by way of example of a young businessman. Bookkeeping of stock especially animals and differences in tax liability is the significant part of the thesis. This thesis evaluates the management of agricultural enterprises in the period before the transfer of his father's farm and the changes that occur after the transfer.

A presente dissertação tem como objetivo demonstrar a inexistência de responsabilidade tributária de grupo econômico no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Para tanto, na primeira de três partes, expõe os conceitos normativos fundamentais a partir dos quais será desenvolvido o estudo. A segunda parte do trabalho divide-se em duas seções, a primeira destinada a estabelecer o que se deve entender por grupo econômico e a segunda voltada à análise da responsabilidade tributária e da sua compatibilidade com o grupo. A terceira parte direciona-se à crítica do emprego impreciso do conceito de grupo de sociedades e dos seus efeitos em situações nas quais a existência de grupo não é relevante ou sequer tratam de responsabilidade tributária. Para sustentar a conclusão proposta, o trabalho apresenta como principais argumentos a incompatibilidade com o sistema tributário nacional da garantia – no sentido de atribuição do risco da solvência do crédito tributário em prejuízo do patrimônio do particular – como finalidade das regras de responsabilidade tributária; a reserva de lei complementar a que está submetida a disciplina da sujeição passiva tributária e que veda a responsabilização por meio de lei ordinária; a necessidade do emprego da técnica do argumento e contrario na interpretação da responsabilidade de terceiros em razão da taxatividade dos enunciados previstos no CTN (hipóteses de antecedente fechado), da excepcionalidade da responsabilidade tributária e da proibição à analogia; e a inaptidão das hipóteses de solidariedade para a atribuição de responsabilidade tributária, seja por interesse comum, seja por previsão legal. Busca ainda evidenciar que a formação de grupo econômico pelo exercício do controle societário sobre uma pluralidade de sociedades não pode ser utilizada como elemento comprobatório de confusão patrimonial ou de desvio de finalidade para fins de desconsideração da personalidade jurídica, pois é indiferente em relação a esses vícios. / This paper aims to demonstrate the absence of tax liability of business groups in the Brazilian legal system. To do so, the first of three parts presents the fundamental regulatory concepts from which the study will be developed. The second part of the paper is divided into two sections, the first one intended to establish what should be understood as a business group and the second one is focused on analysis of tax liability and its compatibility with the group. The third part is focused on criticism of inaccurate use of the concept of group of companies and its effects in situations where the existence of a group is not relevant or not even relates to tax liability. To support the proposed conclusion, the paper presents as its main arguments the incompatibility of the guarantee with the national tax system – in the sense of risk allocation of the solvency of tax credit at the expense of the equity of private persons – as the purpose of tax liability rules; the reservation of complementary law, which the tax liability is subject to, and which bars such due through ordinary law; the need for the use of the technique of argumentum e contrario in the interpretation of third-party liability due to the specificity of those rules laid down in the Brazilian Tax Code (rules of closed antecedent), the exceptionality of tax liability and the ban on analogy; and the inadequacy of the assumptions of joint and several liability for the allocation of tax liability, either by common interest, or by legal provision. It seeks further to show that the formation of a business group by the exercise of corporate control over a plurality of companies cannot be used as evidentiary element of commingling of equity or misapplication of purpose for piercing of the corporate veil, given that it is indifferent to those flaws.

Vid förvärv av en fastighet kan det vara aktuellt att använda klyvning för att genomföra en överlåtelse istället för en traditionell överlåtelse. Genom detta förfarande kan stämpelskatt undvikas. En liten andel av en fastighet förvärvas till marknadsmässigt pris och stämpelskatt betalas för förvärvet. Därefter kommer delägarna av fastigheten överens om hur marken ska fördelas och vilken ersättning som ska utgå. Delägaren med en liten andel kommer få ett större markområde än vad som är rimligt i förhållande till ägarandelen. För den ersättning som utgår i samband med förrättning blir inte stämpelskatt aktuell. Konsekvensen blir att delägaren med en liten andel får ett stort markområde till ett högt värde, men betalar bara stämpelskatt för den köpeskilling som utgick vid förvärvet av den lilla andelen. Syftet med denna studie är att ytterligare öka kunskapen kring hur undvikandet av stämpelskatt används genom klyvning. Tidigare examensarbete har granskat hur vanligt förekommande klyvning är för att undvika stämpelskatt mellan tidsperioden 2003 - 2013.Finansdepartementet har presenterat en utredning kring frågan samt förslag på ändringar i lagen för att sätta stopp på användandet av bland annat klyvning för att undvika stämpelskatt. Vår studie granskar hur vanligt det är att klyvning används för att undvika stämpelskatt under tidsperioden 2016 - 2017. Metod för att samla data var studie av förrättningsakter, intervjuer medsakkunniga inom det valda området samt en granskning av SOU 2017:27 Vissa frågor inom fastighets- och stämpelskatteområdet. Resultatet av studien visar på en ökning av klyvningar för att minskastämpelskatt. Vanligast var att en andel på 1/1 000-del förvärvas av en juridiskperson i en storstadsregion. En ändring av Lag om stämpelskatt vidinskrivningsmyndigheter för att inkludera förvärv genom fastighetsbildning förespråkas i studien. Nyckelord: klyvning, skatteplanering, skatteplikt, stämpelskatt. / When acquiring a property, a partition can be used instead of a traditional transfer of land. A small share is purchased at market price and stamp duty is paid. Then the co-owners reach an agreement regarding how the property should be divided and what compensation should be paid out. The co-owner with a small share will receive a larger lot than they should with regards to their share of the ownership. The compensation that is paid out within the cadastral procedure is not subjected to stamp duty. The consequence is that the owner with a small share has received a large property with a high value but only paid stamp duty on the purchased price of the small share. The purpose of the study is to increase the knowledge of how stamp duty is avoided by using property formation. Previous thesis researched how common partition to avoid stamp duty was during the period 2003 - 2013. The department of treasury released a public inquiry with suggested changes to subject partition to stamp duty. This study researched how common the use of partition to avoid stamp duty during the period 2016-2017. The methods used in this study to collect data was to review cadastral dossier, interview experts in the field and examine SOU 2017:27 Vissa frågor inomfastighets- och stämpelskatteområdet. The result of this study shows that the use of partition to avoid stamp duty has increased. The most common share was 1/1 000 that was acquired by a juristic person in conurbations. A change of Lag om stämpelskatt vid inskrivningsmyndigheter to include acquisitions made with property formation is suggested in the study. Keywords: partition, tax planning, tax liability, stamp duty.

This thesis should typify different real ways of tax basis interferences with the help of creative accounting. My thesis describes different examples uncovered by the tax office - reduction of revenues, rise of costs, acceleration of costs or relationships between related persons, that have an influence on tax basis. Components of my thesis are also the chapters on personal consumption of businessman, deficits, surpluses and mistakes.

The diploma thesis focuses on deferred tax. It characterizes this accounting category and describes various theoretical approaches to its calculation. It deals with its historical development and the current regulation of its recognition and presentation in financial statements. The thesis contains rules set by IFRS as well as Czech accounting legislation. It explains the most common situations where deferred tax liability and deferred tax asset arises. The practical part compares chosen theoretical knowledge with its practical application. It assesses correctness of presentation of deferred tax in practice. The thesis deals with the question whether accounting units make mistakes when presenting deferred tax and whether they provide sufficient additional information to users of financial statements. Significance of deferred tax in balance sheet and income statement is subject to interest too.