Risks of metabolic syndrome including cardiovascular disease and diabetes are significantly affected by maternal nutrition. This concept of developmental programming had been investigated in our laboratory and in an earlier study, it was established that maternal high-fat diet predisposed rat offspring to insulin resistance and higher triglyceride in serum, liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. These abnormalities, however, were ameliorated by supplementing green tea extract to dam’s diet throughout gestation and lactation. The overall objective of this thesis was to examine lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in heart of offspring born to dams receiving high-fat diet with or without green tea supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed an obesogenic diet which was a high-fat diet (HF,30%), low-fat diet (LF,7%) or HF diet containing 0.75% green tea extract prior to conception and throughout gestation. During lactation, half of the dams had their diet switched from HF to GT and vice versa. Pups were weaned to the HF or LF diet, forming 10 offspring groups (gestation/lactation/postweaning): LF/LF/LF, LF/LF/HF, HF/HF/LF, HF/HF/HF, HF/GT/LF, HF/GT/HF, GT/GT/LF, GT/GT/HF, GT/HF/LF and GT/HF/HF. Except a larger fibrotic area, maternal HF diet did not affect lipid accumulation, oxidative status and inflammatory response in the heart of offspring. Analysis of variance revealed different, and even opposite, effects of GT supplementation during gestation and lactation. In offspring born to dams receiving GT supplementation during gestation, they had suppressed fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and higher triglyceride (TG) level in the heart. In contrast, when GT was supplemented to dams during lactation, offspring had elevated heart TG, cholesterol and free fatty acid levels but up-regulated FAO. Since FAO is associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, modulation of FAO is believed to affect cellular stress responses in heart. Consistent with FAO, cardiac stress, apoptotic and inflammatory biomarkers including B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), bcl 2 associated-x (bax) and interleukin-1β (IL1b) were down-regulated in offspring born to dams given GT during gestation, whereas GT supplementation during lactation increased the expression of pro-apoptotic markers: bax and caspase-3 (Cas3) concurrent with activation of antioxidant defense system: catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) as adaptive mechanism against increased ROS. Uncoupling protein 2 (UCP 2) and subsequent higher bcl 2 /bax ratio has been reported to stimulate apoptosis. In agreement with this, mRNA expression of BNP, bax and Cas3 were found to correlate with that of UCP 2. This suggests UCP 2may play an important role in apoptosis under the impact of maternal GT supplementation. The present data suggest that the effect of maternal high-fat diet is organ specific causing apparently lesser damage to the heart. When GT is given in conjunction with a high-fat diet to dams during gestation, there is no clear cut advantage to the offspring. However, potential adverse effects could not be ruled out when GT is supplemented to dams during lactation possibly due to higher catechin exposure via milk. Future study should focus on establishing the benefits and safety use of GT during gestation. / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

published_or_final_version / Medical Sciences / Master / Master of Medical Sciences

Dissertation (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis provides the first scientific evidence on the cancer modulating properties of two unique South African herbal teas, rooibos (Aspalathus Iinearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) utilizing in vitro as well as in vivo carcinogenesis assays by: • Demonstrating the in vitro antimutagenic activity of aqueous extracts of the herbal teas against the metabolic activated mutagens, 2-acetylaminofluorene (2- AAF) and the mycotoxin, aflatoxin B1 (AFB,) as well as, to a certain extent, against the direct acting mutagen, hydrogen peroxide, utilizing the Salmonella typhimurium mutagenicity assay. • Increasing the activity of hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, glutathione Stransferase alpha and UPD-glucuronosyl transferase, and reduced the oxidative stress by stabilizing the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) resulting in an increased hepatic reduced to oxidized glutathione ratio (GSG:GSSG). No toxic effects were noticed in rats consuming the herbal teas for 10 weeks as their sole source of drinking fluid. • Demonstrating the ex vivo modulation of 2-AAF- and AFB1-induced mutagenesis by sub- cellular hepatic fractions of rats consuming the herbal teas in the Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Hepatic cytosolic fractions protected against mutagenesis of both mutagens, while the microsomal fractions exhibited a reduced capacity to metabolize AFB1 to its active mutagenic metabolite. • Providing evidence for the in vivo modulation of tumour promotion using the liver as well as the two-stage skin carcinogenesis animal models. The unprocessed herbal teas arrested proliferation of the placental form of glutathione-Stransferase (GSTP+) altered cells as well as reduced the total number of enzyme altered foci in the liver of rats. Topical application of polyphenolic fractions of the various herbal teas prior to 12-0-tetra-decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) tumour promotion, reduced tumour formation in mouse skin initiated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[ ajanthracene (DMBA). The protective effect was illustrated by a decreased tumour incidence, a reduction in tumour volume as well as a delayed onset of tumour development. The f1avanol/proanthocyanidin content of the fractions could playa major role in the protection against skin tumour promotion. • Proposing possible mechanisms whereby rooibos and honeybush herbal teas could exert their cancer modulating properties with respect to in vitro and ex vivo antimutagenicity, in vivo oxidative status and reduced tumour promotion. • Providing evidence that the herbal teas mimic the cancer modulating properties of green and black teas although differences exist, presumably due to differences in the polyphenolic constituents. • Suggesting that rooibos and honeybush herbal teas may play an important role as chemopreventive agents in the modulation of cancer. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis bevat die eerste ondersoek na die effek van waterige en polifenoliese ekstrakte van rooibos (Aspalathus Iinearis) en heuningbos (Cyclopia intermedia) op verskeie aspekte van kankerontwikkeling. Die twee kruietees is uniek aan Suid-Afrika en kan 'n belangrike rol speel in die voorkoming van kanker. Verskillende in vitro so wei as in vivo studies het die volgende getoon: • Antimutageniese aktiwiteite teen die metabolies-geaktiveerde mutagene, 2- asetielaminofluoreen (2-AAF) en die mikotoksien, aflatoksien B1 (AFB1) in die Salmonella fyphimurium mutagenisiteitstoets. 'n Beperkte mate van beskerming is ook verleen teen die oksidatiewe mutageen, waterstofperoksied, sonder metaboliese aktivering. • Verhoogde aktiwiteite van die fase II ensieme, glutatioon S-tranferase alfa en UDP-glukuronidase, wat liggaamsvreemde verbindings metaboliseer. Die kruietees verlaag die oksidasietoestand soos weerspieel word deur 'n toename van gereduseerde glutatioon tot die geoksideerde vorm in die lewer van rotte wat 10 weke hierdie kruietees gedrink he!. Die kruietees het geen toksiese uitwerking op die rotte gehad nie. • Antimutageniese aktiwiteite van subselluiE~re fraksies van die lewer teenoor 2- AAF en AFB1 in die Salmonella toets. Die sitosolfraksie van die rotlewer bied beskerming teen die ge"induseerde mutagenese van beide mutagene, terwyl die mikrosomale fraksie ook die metaboliese aktivering van AFB1 na die aktiewe mutageniese metaboliet verminder. • In vivo modulering van kankerpromosie met behulp van bekende rotlewer en muisvel kankerontwikkelingsmodelle. In die lewermodel het die ongeprosesseerde kruietees beide die ontwikkeling en getal van GSTP+ fokusse onderskeidelik vertraag en verminder. In die geval van die velkankermodel het aanwending van polifenoliese fraksies van die kruietees beskerming gebied teen die ontwikkeling van velkankers by muise. Die aantal en grootte van die tumors het afgeneem terwyl die verskyning daarvan ook vertraag is. • Verskeie meganismes waardeur rooibos- en heuningboslee moonllik kanker kan moduleer word voorgeslel. Verskille in die polifenoliese sameslelling asook hul onderskeie konsenlrasies kan 'n belangrike rol speel in die kankerveranderende effekle van die lees. • Oal gereelde inname van rooibos- en/of heuningboslee moonllik 'n belangrike rol kan speel in die voorkoming van dieel- en omgewings-geYnduseerde kankers.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Please refer to fulltext for abstract / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Sien asb volteks vir opsomming

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study describes: • the influence of a methanolic extract of unfermented Rooibos and five major Rooibos flavonoids, aspalathin, nothofagin, rutin, orientin and vitexin, on the activities of key adrenal steroidogenic enzymes - cytochrome P450 17β- hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase • the development of a novel UPLC-MS/MS method for the separation and quantification of 21 adrenal steroid metabolites; • the influence of Rooibos and aforementioned flavonoids on adrenal steroid hormone production in H295R cells - a human adrenal carcinoma cell line expressing the enzymes catalysing the production of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and adrenal androgens, assayed under both basal (normal) and forskolin-stimulated (stressed) conditions; • the influence of Rooibos on the inter-conversion between cortisol and cortisone by 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2 expressed in CHO-K1 cells; • the influence of Rooibos consumption on circulating steroid hormone levels and ratios in male Wistar rats; • the influence of Rooibos consumption on circulating steroid hormone levels and ratios in male and female human test subjects at risk for developing cardiovascular disease. (3βHSD2), cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A2) and cytochrome P450 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), expressed in non-steroidogenic COS-1 cells; / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie beskryf: • die invloed van metanoliese ekstrakte van ongefermenteerde Rooibos en vyf van die hoof flavonoïedverbindings in Rooibos, aspalatien, notofagien, rutien, oriëntien en viteksien, op die aktiwiteite van ensieme wat steroïedbiosintese in die bynier kataliseer – sitochroom P450 17α-hidroksilase/17,20-liase (CYP17A1), 3β-hidroksisteroïed dehidrogenase (3βHSD2), sitochroom P450 21-hidroksilase (CYP21A2) en sitochroom P450 11β-hidroksilase (CYP11B1), uitgedruk in nie-steroïed produserende COS-1 selle; • die ontwikkeling van ‘n geskikte UPLC-MS/MS metode vir die skeiding en kwantifisering van 21 steroïedmetaboliete in die bynier; • die invloed van Rooibos en die bg. flavonoïede op steroïedproduksie in H295R selle – ‘n menslike bynier kanker sellyn gekenmerk deur die ekspressie van die steroidogeniese ensieme wat die produksie van mineralokortikoïede, glukokortikoïede en bynierandrogene kataliseer, geanaliseer onder beide basale (normale) en forskoliengestimuleerde (gestresde) kondisies; • die invloed van Rooibos op die omeenskakeling tussen kortisol en kortisoon deur 11βHSD1 and 11βHSD2 in CHO-K1 selle; • die invloed van Rooibosinname op vlakke van sirkulerende steroïed hormone en relatiewe verhoudings in die bloed van manlike Wistarrotte; • die invloed van Rooibosinname op sirkulerende steroïed hormoon vlakke en relatiewe verhoudings in die bloed van mans en vrouens met ‘n hoë risiko vir die ontwikkeling van kardiovaskulêre siektes.

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A comprehensive food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to assess the daily total flavonoid intake over the past fortnight within a 14-week intervention that consisted of four periods to determine the effect of rooibos consumption on oxidative stress in adults (n=40) at intermediate to high coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Within the intervention the comprehensive FFQ validity (against six estimated dietary records and biomarkers), reproducibility (on administrations in the washout and control periods six weeks apart as these periods had similar flavonoid intake restrictions) and responsiveness (across the four intervention periods of changed dietary conditions) was evaluated. The baseline period dietary record and FFQ dietary sources found to contribute most to the participants’ daily total flavonoid intake, considering the percentage contribution, and the between-person variation in intake, considering the stepwise multiple regression analysis, formed the food list of the resultant abbreviated FFQ. The validity, reproducibility and responsiveness of the latter were also evaluated within the intervention and its validity (against dietary records) and reproducibility (on re-administration two weeks apart) in an additional group (n=90) being at low and intermediate CHD risk to evaluate its external strength. The validity and reproducibility evaluations of the comprehensive and abbreviated FFQs in the intervention and abbreviated FFQ within the additional group comprised paired difference tests (to establish the ability to estimate group intakes), correlation coefficients (to establish the ability to rank individual participants), category agreement and gross misclassification next to the weighted kappa statistic (to establish the ability to classify the participants into tertiles and quintiles of intake) and Bland-Altman plots (as representation of the limits of agreement between the two dietary assessment methods). Correlation coefficients were also used for biomarker validity evaluations in the baseline period. The repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Bonferroni correction) was used for the responsiveness evaluations of the comprehensive and abbreviated FFQs across the intervention periods alongside that of the biomarkers as evidence for the changed dietary conditions. The study demonstrated that the comprehensive FFQ could be modified to a format with a brief food list as few items contributed appreciably to the total flavonoid intake and of which most also contributed to the between-person intake variability. The comprehensive and moreover the abbreviated FFQ in the validity evaluations provided sufficiently accurate daily total flavonoid intake estimates. They could determine the intake at group level in correspondence with that of the dietary records. The participant intakes could additionally be categorized and in particular ranked greatly alike to the dietary record intakes. The Bland-Altman plots revealed proportional bias regarding overestimation at the higher intake level. The reproducibility also appeared to be greatly satisfactory although seasonal fruit exclusions from the abbreviated FFQ food list may hamper its repeated administration. Both FFQs also confirmed the changed total flavonoid intakes across the intervention periods in relation to changes in the expected direction concerning the plasma total polyphenol, conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance concentrations. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: ‘n Omvattende voedsel frekwensie vraelys (VFV) is ontwikkel om die daaglikse totale flavonoïed inname oor twee agtereenvolgende weke te beraam te midde van ‘n 14-week intervensie. Die intervensie het uit vier periodes bestaan wat die effek van rooibosinname op oksidatiewe stres in volwassenes (n=40), met ‘n intermediêre tot hoë koronêre hartsiekte (KHS) risiko, bepaal het. Binne die intervensie is die geldigheid (teen ses geskatte dieetrekords en biochemiese merkers), herhaalbaarheid (op aanwending ses weke uitmekaar in die uitwas en kontrole intervensie periodes met dieselfde flavonoïed inname bepalings) en waarneembaarheid (oor vier intervensie periodes van veranderde dieet bepalings) van die omvattende VFV geëvalueer. Die dieetbronne in die basislyn periode dieetrekords en vraelyste wat die meeste tot die deelnemers se daaglikse totale flavonoïed inname (baseer op die persentasie bydrae) en die tussen-persoon variasie in inname (baseer op die stapsgewyse meervuldige regressie analise) bygedra het, het die voedsellys van die voortvloeiende verkorte VFV gevorm. Die geldigheid, herhaalbaarheid en waarneembaarheid van dié VFV is binne die intervensie geëvalueer en die geldigheid (teen dieetrekords) en herhaalbaarheid (heradministrasie twee weke later) daarvan in ‘n verdere groep (n=90) met lae en intermediêre KHS risiko as evaluasie van die eksterne vermoë van die VFV. Die geldigheid en herhaalbaarheid evaluasies van die omvattende en verkorte VFV in die intervensie en die verkorte VFV in die verdere groep het bestaan uit gepaarde verskil toetse (bepaling van die groepinname skattingsvermoë), korrelasie koëffisiënte (bepaling van individuele deelnemer rangorde skattingsvermoë), kategorie ooreenstemming en erge wanklassifikasie naas die aangepaste kappa statistiek (bepaling van die vermoë om die deelnemer innames in derdes en vyfdes te klassifiseer) en die Bland-Altman karterings (verteenwoordiging van ooreenstemmingslimiete tussen die twee dieetinname metodes). Korrelasie koëffisiënte is ook gebruik vir biochemiese merker geldigheid evaluasies in die basislyn periode. Die herhaalde metings analise van variansie (ANOVA) (Bonferroni regstelling) is gebruik om die waarneembaarheid evaluasies van die omvattende en verkorte VFV oor die intervensie periodes naas dit van die biochemiese merkers te evalueer as bewys van die veranderde dieet bepalings. Die studie het aangedui dat die omvattende VFV gewysig kon word tot ‘n formaat met ‘n verkorte voedsellys omdat slegs ‘n aantal items merkbaar tot die totale flavonoïed inname bygedra het en die meeste hiervan ook tot die tussen-persoon variasie in inname. Die omvattende en die verkorte VFV het in die geldigheid evaluasies daarvan voldoende akkurate daaglikse totale flavonoïed inname skattings opgelewer omdat groep innames bepaal kon word in ooreenstemming met dit verkry van die dieetrekords en die deelnemer innames bykomend kategoriseer en in besonder grootliks eenders rangeer kon word as met hul dieetrekord innames. ‘n Proporsionele oorskatting by die hoër inname vlakke is wel vir al twee getoon in die Bland-Altman karterings. Die herhaalbaarheid was ook grootliks aanvaarbaar, alhoewel seisoenale vrugte uitsluitings in die verkorte VFV voedsellys die heruitvoering kan bemoeilik. Al twee vraelyste kon ook die veranderinge in die daaglikse totale flavonoïed inname oor die intervensie periodes bevestig in ooreenstemming met veranderinge in die verwagte rigting van die plasma totale polifenool, konjugaat diëne en tiobarbituursuur reaktiewe stof konsentrasies.

published_or_final_version / Physics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Lau Kit-Man. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-164). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Declaration --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of Tables --- p.x / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xv / Chapter Chapter One: --- General Introduction / Chapter 1.1 --- Tea and Ku-Ding-Cha --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Ligustrum robustum / Chapter 1.2.1 --- The plant --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chemical constituents --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Pharmacological activities --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Toxicity --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives and scope of the project --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Antioxidative effect / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Oxidants and antioxidants --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- In vitro antioxidative tests / Chapter 2.1.2.1 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2.2 --- Fe3+/ascorbate/H202 system --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2.3 --- Red-blood-cell hemolysis model --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objectives --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Materials / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Guizhou Ku-Ding-Cha --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Other tea leaves --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Animals --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1.4 --- Chemicals --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Methods / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Aqueous extraction of L. robustum and other tea leaves --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Ethanol extraction of L. robustum and fraction separations --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Activity-guided purification of L. robustum --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Assays for testing antioxidative effect / Chapter 2.3.2.4.1 --- PMS-NADH system --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2.4.2 --- Fe3+/ascorbate/H202 system --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2.4.3 --- Red-blood-cell hemolysis model --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.5 --- Statistical analysis --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Ligustrum robustum and other tea leaves --- p.30 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Ethanol extract of L. robustum --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- "Fractions B1, B2 and B3" --- p.56 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Sub-fractions B2-1 to B2-16 --- p.61 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Pure compounds --- p.66 / Chapter 2.4.7 --- Changes in antioxidant effects --- p.72 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Antioxidant potency of L. robustum --- p.76 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Effects of extraction methods on antioxidant activities --- p.78 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Active antioxidant components of L. robustum --- p.78 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Structure-activity relationship of glycosides and flavonoid --- p.80 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Antioxidant mechanism of L. robustum --- p.81 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Prospects for further investigation --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Anti-inflammatory effect / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Mechanisms and mediators of inflammation --- p.83 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- In vivo anti-inflammatory assays / Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test --- p.94 / Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Croton oil-induced ear edema test --- p.94 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objective --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Materials / Chapter 3.3.1.1 --- Animals --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.1.2 --- Chemicals --- p.97 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Methods / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Assays for testing anti-inflammatory effect / Chapter 3.3.2.1.1 --- Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.2.1.2 --- Croton oil-induced ear edema test --- p.98 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.99 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Acetic acid-induced vascular permeability test --- p.100 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Croton oil-induced ear edema test --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.103 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Hepato-protective effect / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Liver structures and functions --- p.105 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury --- p.112 / Chapter 4.1.2.1 --- Mechanisms --- p.112 / Chapter 4.1.2.2 --- Hepatic cytotoxicity --- p.112 / Chapter 4.1.2.3 --- Diagnostic methods / Chapter 4.1.2.3.1 --- Liver weight --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.2.3.2 --- Lipid peroxidation --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.2.3.3 --- Serum enzyme levels --- p.114 / Chapter 4.1.2.3.4 --- Histopathological observation --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objectives --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3 --- Materials and Methods / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Materials / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- Animals --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- Chemicals --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Methods / Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury --- p.118 / Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Statistical analysis --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Preventive effect / Chapter 4.4.1.1 --- Liver weight --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.1.2 --- Malondialdehyde content --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.1.3 --- Serum aminotransferse levels --- p.121 / Chapter 4.4.1.4 --- Histopathological observations --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Curative effect / Chapter 4.4.2.1 --- Liver weight --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4.2.2 --- Malondialdehyde content --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4.2.3 --- Serum aminotransferse levels --- p.126 / Chapter 4.4.2.4 --- Histopathological observations --- p.126 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.130 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Prospects for product development --- p.134 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- Conclusion --- p.136 / Appendices / Appendix A. Procedure for determining the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) --- p.139 / Appendix B. Procedure for determining the activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) --- p.140 / Appendix C. Procedure for preparing a calibration curve for the measurement of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities --- p.141 / Appendix D. Procedure for tissue preparation for light microscopic study --- p.143 / References --- p.144

Xu Jinze. / "August 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-182). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.