The purpose of the study was:1. To develop an inventory of music teacher roles which pertained to the setting, community schools of the arts (CSAs).2. To discover how music teachers perceive their actual job roles vs. their ideal job roles in CSAs.An instrument was structured using the roles found in the work of Onderdonk (1995), Barnes (1972), Moller (1981), White (1964), and input from experts. Roles were categorized into three areas: community, school, and professional. The population of teachers was drawn from member schools of the National Guild of Community Schools of the Arts (NGCSA) for the year 2005-2006. The final study population consisted of 139 CSA teachers from 16 schools across the USA.Overall, teachers indicated that roles in the professional category were and should be performed more often than community and school roles. The school and community categories were deemed equal to each other (actually and ideally). Teachers indicated that community, school, and professional roles in CSAs were complex, consisting of 31 roles (7 community, 10 school, and 14 professional). A ranked and tiered inventory of the 31 valid roles and a portrait of the CSA music teacher were created. As an aggregate, teachers ideally desired to increase the frequency with which they performed the following roles: Advocate, Attendee of Faculty/Committee Meetings, Attendee of School Activities, Performer/Demonstrator/Coach, and Student/Lifelong Learner. As an aggregate, teachers desired to decrease the frequency with which they performed the role of School Leader. Teachers indicated balance in regard to modeling, performing, parental education, discipline, tradition, and leadership.Implications for CSA administrators, personnel of the National Guild of Community Schools of the Arts, teacher educators and trainers, and future research include: finding paths to develop part-time leaders, developing content for coursework and professional development specific to CSA teachers, and promoting awareness that investment in current/future teachers should be given similar value and energy to fundraising efforts. In order to educate/train future CSA teachers, coursework which includes preparation as instrumental/pedagogical experts, as well as content which provides training in educational philosophy, history, curriculum development, role modeling, culture, and technology were recommended.

The aim of this literature review is to investigate which strategies teachers use to motivate pupils to communicate orally in English. The literature review also investigates how these teacher strategies affect pupils. The methodology used for this investigation is a systematic literature review. Various databases have been used when searching for literature. Scientific articles and theses have been searched for. They have also been read and analyzed before they have become a part of this review. The results indicate that some teachers feel insecure when speaking English. Therefore Swedish is spoken in many language classrooms. Teachers speaking in front of the class is the traditional way of teaching, and it does not seem to be a strategy who influences pupils positively. If teachers speak the target language among pupils they often get more motivated and focused pupils who feel comfortable speaking English. Young pupils are fast learners. By exposing them to the English language in early ages they receive great opportunities to learn a foreign language and strengthen their self-confidence. Drama, songs and rhymes are preferable strategies to use when teaching young learners. What position teachers decide to take in the classroom is also a significant element when teaching foreign languages. / <p>Engelska</p>

This mixed design multiple case study of learners' interactions explores the effects of teacher participation during third semester German in-class chatting activities. Three third-semester German courses taught by two different teachers were investigated over the course of one semester, during which the class members were asked to chat for 20 minutes per week using activities design by the researcher and adapted from the textbook.Multiple data sets were collected: teachers' participation styles and feedback moves; students' language learning achievement levels; students' attitudes towards corrective feedback and technology; their experience with feedback and technology; and evidence in chat transcripts of errors, uptake, and error uptake. Students were administered a pre- and post-instruction achievement test on the structures taught during third semester German. In addition, they were surveyed at the beginning and the end of the semester on their attitudes and experiences with feedback and technology in the foreign language classroom. Furthermore, chat transcripts were analyzed to identify errors, corrective feedback, teacher moves, uptake, error uptake, student and teacher word count and words per minute, error rate, and target language use. In order to better understand the context of the transcripts, classroom observations were conducted once a month, and students completed a self-report form after each chat session. Informal conversations with the teachers provided additional insights.It was found that the students overwhelmingly appreciated teacher involvement and feedback, and that they saw chatting as both fun and beneficial for language learning. The corrective feedback rate was generally low, as were rates of uptake and error uptake. The two teachers were found to have different interaction and feedback styles. Furthermore, the three classes operated with differing levels of technical support during the lab sessions, which did not appear to influence the students' experiences except for the amount of teacher output. Six case study subjects, namely the two students from each class who contributed the most to chat sessions, were selected for an in-depth analysis of their chat transcripts.

This primarily theoretical-philosophical study is aimed at identifying the main principles according to which a globally relevant core curriculum for teacher education could be devised at a critical juncture in human history. In order to do that, a Weberian ideal type of the globally good teacher is outlined. The notion of the globally good teacher refers to a teacher role, with the salient associated principles and action capabilities that, by rational criteria, would be relevant to the developmental challenges and possibilities of humanity as an entity, would be acceptable in any societal context across the globe, and would draw on wisdom and knowledge from a broad range of cultures. Teachers as world makers, implying a teacher role which is based on the most salient task of a teacher being the promotion of societal transformation towards a new cosmopolitan culture, is suggested as the essence of the globally good teacher. Such a role is enacted in three main aspects of an inspiring driving force, a responsive explorer, and a synergizing harmonizer, each manifested in a set of guiding principles and an action repertoire. Though a theoretical construct, the ideal type of the globally good teacher is shown to have been instantiated in the educational practices of teachers and teacher educators, as well as in national and international policy documents. Based on the characterization of the globally good teacher, the main elements for developing a globally relevant core curriculum for teacher education are concluded to be transformativity, normativity, and potentiality. The study closes with a discussion of the strategic possibilities for bringing the ideal type of the globally good teacher to bear upon the discourses and practices of teacher education.

This is a qualitative study of how teachers of Quetzaltenango in Guatemala view their role as teachers in relation to the pupils and their families, as well as their opinions of the Teacher Education, their colleagues and the government. Finally, we attempt to answer the question of what role school and teachers play in a new democracy like Guatemala. The results of our study show that the teachers see school as a way to a better future for their pupils yet they lack a sense of pride for their profession. They are facing challenges in their work related to a lack of resources and the family situations. Leftovers from dictatorship, such as mistrust between people and towards the government and low power of initiative affect the teachers in a negative way. These leftovers are undesirable in a democracy. Power of initiative is a vital quality of the citizens in a country that wants to develop itself economically and socially and trust is necessary for people to be able to cooperate. Therefore, the design and quality of the Teacher Education is crucial, since the new teachers will act as a link between the democratic ideals and the young citizens who constitute the future of Guatemala. However, the Teacher Education does not only attract students who want to work as teachers. This has a negative affect on the ability to create a sense of mutual identity between the future teachers, which we believe is needed in order for the teachers to realize their great importance. We come to the conclusion that the teachers engaged in horizontal relationships of mutuality and cooperation manage to accomplish more in their profession. They have the ability to involve the parents and make them conscious of the importance of school, which makes it possible for education to have a positive impact on democracy. However, the vertical relationships of authority and dependence, which derive from authoritarian systems keep influencing teachers and prevent them to exert the positive influence they have the ability to do.

An alarmingly high level of Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) college students in the United States end up dropping out of secondary education institutions. One important predictor of academic success and retention at the secondary level is student sense of school belonging. This thesis explores NHPI college students' perceptions of how their university instructors foster or undermine their sense of school belonging. A snowball sample of 97 NHPI students participated in 18 focus groups that included students from various islands and ethnicities in Oceania who were attending one U.S. university in the Pacific Rim. Focus group data were transcribed and analyzed using a thematic analytic approach. Open coding was conducted to investigate ways that NHPI participants talked about how their instructors did or did not help them feel a sense of belonging at the university. Four main findings emerged from this study. First, NHPI students were able to articulate ways their instructors fostered or undermined school belonging, highlighting the importance of instructors for fostering school belonging. Second, responses reveal that NHPI students feel a sense of school belonging when instructors show care and build bridges for academic success. NHPI students also noted why these were so important for them, given their cultural backgrounds and experiences. Conversely, when instructors failed to show care or build bridges, NHPI students shared how directly and devastatingly their sense of school belonging was undermined. Third, many NHPI students shared the positive and negative impacts of these school belonging experiences as pertaining to academic self-efficacy, motivation, and persistence. Finally, NHPI students articulated how important it was for them to have instructors who chose to attend to the student-teacher relationship and were able to provide cultural representation within their classrooms. There are several implications from this study for university instructors who work with NHPI students. First, the teacher-student relationship really matters for these students and instructors must develop relationships with their NHPI students in meaningful ways. Second, instructors should seek to create safe spaces for their NHPI students to speak and share. Third, instructors need to be explicit in their instruction and build the bridges for academic success that NHPI students cannot build for themselves. Overall, instructors should be made aware that they really matter for fostering or undermining NHPI students' experiences of school belonging in the college or university setting.

The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of contextual learning practices in a biology class. Research contends that contextual learning classrooms are active learning environments where students are involved in "hands-on" team projects and the teacher assumes a facilitator role. In this student-centered classroom, students take ownership and responsibility for their own learning. This study examined these assertions and other factors that emerged as the study developed. The research methods used were qualitative. The subject for this study was a biology teacher with twenty-six years of experience who implemented contextual learning practices in two of her biology classes in the 1997-98 school year. As the teacher confronted contextual learning, we engaged in collaborative research that included fourteen interviews transcribed verbatim for analysis, classroom observations and the teacher's written reports. Throughout the study, factors developed that adversely affected contextual learning practices. These factors were discipline, curriculum, and administrative decisions over which the teacher had no control. These are examined along with their consequences for implementing a contextual classroom. Successful practices that worked in the teacher's classroom were also determined and included the teacher's "failure is not an option" policy, mandatory tutoring, behavior contracts, high expectations and teamed projects. Besides contextual learning, a key component of the study was the collaborative research process and its meaning to the subject, the researcher and future researchers who attempt this collaborative approach. The study's conclusion indicate that scheduling, multiple repeaters, discipline and the state Standards of Learning moved the teacher away from contextual learning practices to a more teacher-directed classroom. Two recommendations of this study are that further research is needed to study how the state Standards of Learning have affected instructional practices and the effect of administrative decisions that influence the level of teacher success in the classroom. / Ed. D.

A partir de estudos na área de ensino-aprendizagem de línguas estrangeiras relacionados à autonomia do aprendiz, à evolução dos métodos de ensino de línguas estrangeiras, ao papel do aluno e do professor na pedagogia do pós-método e ao ensino de estratégias de aprendizagem, este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o intuito de se verificar, em uma turma multisseriada de alemão do projeto Centro de Estudos de Línguas da Secretaria Estadual de Educação de São Paulo, se o desenvolvimento da autonomia do aprendiz, favorecido por ações que promovam o incentivo à autonomia, tem um aumento perceptível. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em três etapas: uma fase inicial, na qual foi verificado o nível inicial de autonomia dos participantes, por meio de uma observação de uma atividade de produção textual e de questionários; uma fase de intervenção, na qual foram propostas atividades que tinham por objetivo o estímulo do desenvolvimento da autonomia; e uma fase final, na qual foi verificado, também por meio de uma observação e de um questionário, o nível de autonomia dos participantes após a intervenção. Os dados obtidos foram analisados e comparados entre si para possibilitar a verificação pretendida. / Taking account of studies in foreign languages teaching and learning area associated to learner autonomy, teaching methods development, the role of student and teacher in the post method pedagogy and the teaching of learning strategies, this study was conducted in order to verify, if the development of learner autonomy has a discernible increase, when incited by actions that promote autonomy in a multisseriate group of the project Centro de Estudos de Línguas (\"Center of Language Studies of the São Paulo State Secretary of Education). The research was conducted in three stages: an initial phase in which we have measured the initial level of autonomy of the participants, through an observation of a textual production activity and questionnaires; intervention phase, in which we have proposed activities that were aimed to impulse the autonomy development; and a final stage, in which the autonomy level of the participants after the intervention was also checked, through observations and questionnaire. The data were analyzed and compared to enable the intended proofing.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os documentos oficiais da educação de Timor- Leste para verificar as semelhanças e diferenças de tratamento entre as Línguas Portuguesa e Tétum no contexto pós-independência, na condição de línguas oficiais de Timor-Leste. O corpus da pesquisa foi constituído pelo Currículo do Ensino Básico, pelo Guia dos Professores e pelos Programas de Ensino desde ensino básico até o ensino superior. Identificamos que entre as duas línguas o Português recebe prioridade em relação ao Tétum nos documentos oficiais como os programas de ensino, nos quais encontramos um espaço de grande diferença nas cargas horárias entre os dois idiomas. O Tétum, apesar de língua nacional e língua oficial, está tendo diminuída a sua carga horária. Essa diminuição nos traz a preocupação de que no futuro a Língua Tétum possa perder mais espaço se não receber mais atenção. Parte importante das concepções teóricas que oferecem subsídios para este trabalho são oriundas da Análise do Discurso da qual trabalhamos a ideia de processo de produção de um discurso, envolvendo as condições sócio-históricas e a ideia de espaços em que os discursos são produzidos. Assim, implementar a língua Tétum como língua oficial no ensino em Timor-Leste é um desafio tendo em vista que o Português está tendo mais prioridade nas escolas do que o Tétum, inclusive por falta de materiais didáticos e formação de professores em Tétum. Esses são alguns desafios que devem ser vencidos para uma contínua aposta no ensino e na prática da língua Tétum no país. Para tanto, faz-se necessário criar condições para assegurar uma formação inicial e contínua de todos os professores de língua Tétum, seja no nível básico, seja no nível superior de ensino. A língua Tétum deve ser a grande prioridade, pois os professores timorenses devem ser proficientes na língua co-oficial do país, tanto na oralidade quanto na escrita e competentes em metodologia, sobretudo em termos de estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem do Tétum, sendo eles os responsáveis em aprender e ensinar a língua Tétum, a 2ª língua materna e língua oficial dos timorenses. Dessa forma, pode-se garantir que o ensino de Tétum contribua para assegurar a afirmação da identidade e das expressões culturais do país. Defendemos que, para que o Tétum seja desenvolvido, é preciso que os professores tenham formação específica desta língua na Universidade, para professores desta língua, pois usar a língua mais familiarizada pelo aluno certamente propiciará uma interação mais eficaz. Acreditamos que o resultado de nossa reflexão esteja na indicação de um caminho para o diálogo entre a Universidade e a escola básica e entre os professores e os alunos em sua própria língua. / The objective of this research is to identify the documents of the education of East Timor in order to verify the similarities and the differences on treatment between Portuguese and Tétum languages, in the post - independence, to be provided as official languages of East Timor. The corpus was composed by the Curriculum of Basic Education, the Guidelines of the Teachers and the Teaching Programs from Elementary school up to higher education. We have identified that between both idioms the Portuguese has more priority rather than Tétum in the official documents, in the Teaching Programs we found the great difference in the time table between the Portuguese and Tétum language. That difference bring us an inquietude that for the future it will have more space and if does not have any attention. The important part of the theory concept to support this work, using the perspective of Analysis and Discourse, where we take the idea of the process of speech which involve the condition of Sociohistories, the space where the discourse are working. The implementation of Tétum as official language in education of East Timor is a challenge that the Portuguese has a priority in the schools rather than Tétum. Probably, lack of teaching materials and teachers formation on Tétum language those are the challenges that must be overcome to continue investing in school and practice the Tétum language. It is necessary to create conditions for continuing the formation of all the teachers in Tétum language. From the basic level, until the higher education. The Tétum language should be a high priority because the timorese teachers should be proficiently in the co-official language in their country as in writing or in speaking they should be competent in the methodology, especially in terms of the teaching and strategy in learning Tétum language. The teachers are the responsible for learning and teaching Tétum as the second language as a mother tongue and official language of timorese. We can ensure that, the teaching of Tétum contributed for the affirmation of the identity and the Cultural expression of the country. We defend that, Tétum language will be developed it should has a specific formation in the University for the teachers that use the language which more familiarize by the students, certainly will provide effective interaction. We ensure that the result of our reflection be an indication the way for dialogue between the university and the teachers of primary school and among the students and the teachers will speak in their own language.

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Teachers are unique when compared to most other professionals, as pre-service teachers spend more than a decade observing teachers in practice before entering their own professional training. This study investigated teacher candidates at the earliest point of their teacher training, entry into a teacher certification program, at the University of Sydney and University of Auckland in 2005. Specifically, this study sought to address how prior experiences informed the teacher role identity of male primary, female secondary and non-traditional student teachers. These three teacher candidate groups emerged from a previous study (Sexton, 2002) which explored post-graduate teacher candidates’ beliefs with the most vivid and articulate prior experiences. The study used a mixed-model research design to explore the research question, How do pre-service teacher candidates interpret prior teacher experiences as to the type of teacher they do and do not want to become? 354 entry-level teacher candidates were surveyed using both closed item and open-ended responses. From these participants, 35 were then interviewed before their course commencement and then again after their first teaching practicum. The study showed that there were differences as to how prior teachers informed the teacher role identity of entry-level student teachers. Male primary candidates were more influenced by their positive primary experiences of role model teachers. Female secondary participants remembered those secondary teachers who encouraged the development of critical thinking and they now wish to emulate this in their practice. Non-traditional student teachers remembered a wider range of educational experiences and entered into their teaching program to make a difference in both their and their students’ lives. The study highlights how in-service teachers play an important role in not only who will become teachers but also what subjects and school level future teachers will teach.