Acompanha: Produto educacional: sequência didática para o ensino de efeito fotoelétrico / SBF; CAPES / Os documentos oficiais que regem o ensino de Física no país e em especial no estado do Paraná indicam a necessidade da inserção da Física Moderna e Contemporânea no Ensino Médio. Nesse sentido, esse trabalho objetivou elaborar e implementar uma sequência didática para o ensino do efeito fotoelétrico em uma turma da terceira série do Ensino Médio de uma instituição privada da cidade de Maringá, Paraná. As estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem norteadoras da proposta de sequência didática estão fundamentadas, pedagogicamente, na teoria sociocultural de Vigotski. O presente estudo seguiu os pressupostos da pesquisa qualitativa. A implementação da proposta se deu em dois encontros que ocorreram em contra turno e todos os materiais coletados para análise foram interpretados segundo os princípios e procedimentos da análise de conteúdo de Bardin (1977). Um resultado relevante nesse trabalho, foi a construção de um ambiente de ensino e aprendizagem com momentos que estimularam a participação dos alunos de maneira democrática, promovendo interações sociais extremamente proveitosas, o que de acordo com Gaspar (2014) é fundamental para que ocorra a aprendizagem. Ressaltamos ainda que a sequência didática implementada se mostrou satisfatória com relação aos objetivos da pesquisa pois, os alunos foram levados a levantar e testar hipóteses, discutir suas hipóteses em pequenos grupos tendo a chance de defender seu ponto de vista e principalmente respeitar o ponto de vista do outro, atendendo assim o que Zabala (1998) chama de conteúdo atitudinal. / The official documents that govern the teaching of Physics in the country and especially in the state of Paraná indicate the need for the insertion of Modern and Contemporary Physics in High School. In this sense, this work aimed to elaborate and implement a didactic sequence for the teaching of the photoelectric effect in a group of the third grade of High School of a private institution in the city of Maringá, Paraná. The teaching and learning strategies that guide the teaching sequence are pedagogically grounded in Vygotsky's sociocultural theory. The present study followed the assumptions of the qualitative research. The implementation of the proposal occurred in two meetings that took place in counter shift and all materials collected for analysis were interpreted according to the principles and procedures of the content analysis of Bardin (1977). A relevant result in this work was the construction of an environment of teaching and learning with moments that stimulated the participation of students in a democratic way, promoting extremely useful social interactions, which according to Gaspar (2014) is fundamental for learning to occur . We also emphasize that the didactic sequence implemented was satisfactory in relation to the objectives of the research, because the students were led to raise and test hypotheses, to discuss their hypotheses in small groups having the chance to defend their point of view and mainly respect the point of view On the other, in accordance with what Zabala (1998) calls attitudinal content.

A temática da formação de professores tem sido rica em discussões sendo farta a literatura sobre o assunto. Historicamente este tema tem gerado preocupação tanto dos órgãos fomentadores quanto das universidades e escolas onde se formam e/ou exercem o trabalho profissional. A formação de professores é complexa e a partir desses elementos de complexidade precisa rever seus paradigmas de formação inicial e continuada. Apesar dos esforços das últimas décadas ainda é preocupante a falta de professores para algumas áreas do conhecimento o que pode agravar-se para o futuro caso não sejam tomadas decisões para mudanças e definição de novos rumos. Neste sentido, é de fundamental importância à relação universidade-escola, como elo e articulação entre a formação teórica e a prática escolar, contextualizando os conhecimentos, renovando e adequando os currículos aos novos tempos e espaços a fim de conseguir melhorar e resgatar o valor social e profissional dos docentes. Nesta perspectiva as políticas públicas de educação devem voltar-se para o incentivo e resgate dos valores e princípios da formação docente de qualidade. Neste bojo surge o Programa Institucional de Bolsas à Iniciação à Docência - PIBID, como um Programa inovador de formação docente atuando e agregando à relação universidade-escola fatores essenciais para reafirmar boas práticas pedagógicas retomando o papel de co-formação das escolas. Esta pesquisa está orientada a analisar os fatores que o PIBID insere na relação universidadeescola no âmbito do IFPR Campus Palmas. O percurso teórico foi marcado pelos autores Edgar Morin (2003, 2010a, 2010b, 2012), Enrique Leff (2002a, 2002b, 2003, 2010), Boaventura Sousa Santos (1988, 2010a, 2010b, 2013), Menga Lüdke (2005, 2013), Demerval Saviani (2000, 2013), Paulo Freire (2011), entre outros, além dos documentos oficiais sobre o PIBID. O percurso metodológico com abordagem exploratória, explicativa-descritiva foi de fundamental importância, sendo realizado por meio dos dados coletados pelas análises documentais (BRASIL, 2007, 2009, 2013) e nas atividades de Grupos Focais (GATTI, 2012). Os interlocutores dos grupos focais constituíram-se de três grupos: Coordenadores de área, Supervisores e Bolsistas de Iniciação à Docência. As categorias a priori foram definidas a partir dos objetivos do Programa e as categorias emergentes identificadas a partir do processo de análise. Após a análise tanto documental quanto a partir dos interlocutores identificou-se que o PIBID insere os seguintes fatores na relação universidade-escola: Valorização do Magistério; Programa Inovador e Diálogo de Saberes. No que se refere a Valorização do Magistério é um Programa de formação inicial e continuada; promove aproximação entre teoria e prática; valoriza o papel do professor na escola e motiva à inovação metodológica. O Programa Inovador promove o papel de co-formação da escola e formação em processo bem como, permite aproximação do conhecimento da realidade escolar. A terceira categoria emergente diálogo de saberes insere o diálogo entre conhecimentos; aproximação entre teoria e prática; permite a troca de informações e abre novas perspectivas para a formação docente. Enfim, observa-se que o PIBID é um Programa recente, mas que já faz sentir as mudanças por meio das ações realizadas pelos subprojetos em parcerias entre universidades-escolas revalorizando, resgatando e re-significando as práticas pedagógicas. / The theme of teacher education has always been rich in discussion and presents an abundant literature on the subject. Historically this topic has generated concerns in both development bodies and universities / schools where these people learn or are engaged in professional work. Training teachers is complex and these elements of complexity make necessary a review of paradigms of initial and continuing education. Despite the efforts of the past decades, the lack of teachers in some areas of knowledge is still a big concern, and it can become even worse in the future, what reinforces the importance of new decisions and new directions in order to change this situation. Therefore, the university-school relationship is of fundamental importance, linking and articulating theory and school practice, contextualizing knowledge, renewing and adapting curricula to current times and spaces in order to be able to improve and recover the social and professional value of teachers. From this perspective the education public policies should turn to the encouragement and the rescue of values and principles in quality teacher training. In the course comes the Institutional Teaching Initiation Scholarships Program - PIBID as an innovative program of teacher education working and adding essential factors to the university-school to reinforce good teaching practices taking up the role of co-developer schools. This research is aimed at analyzing the factors that PIBID inserts in the university-school relationship within IFPR Campus Palmas. The theoretical route was marked by authors as Edgar Morin (2003, 2010a, 2010b, 2012), Enrique Leff (2002a, 2002b, 2003, 2010), Boaventura Sousa Santos (1988, 2010a, 2010b, 2013) Menga Lüdke (2005, 2013), Demerval Saviani (2000, 2013), Paulo Freire (2011), among others, among them official documents of PIBID were used in this research too. The methodological approach with exploratory approach, descriptive explanatory was of fundamental importance through data collected by the documentary analysis (BRAZIL, 2007, 2009, 2013) and in the focus groups activities (GATTI, 2012). The focus groups interlocutors constituted of three groups: Area Coordinators, supervisors and teaching initiation scholarships. The categories were defined a priori from the Programme's objectives and emerging categories identified from the analysis process. After both documentary and interlocutors analysis, it was possible to identify that PIBID inserts the following factors in the university-school relationship: the Recognition of the Profession; Innovative Program and Dialogues of Knowledge. For the recognition of the profession mainly because it is an initial and continuing education program; it approximates theory and practice; upgrades the role of the teacher at school and motivates methodological innovations. This Innovative Program promotes the role of co-educational school and it also approximates knowledge of the school reality and promotes the continuous training. The third emerging category university-school relationship promotes dialogs of knowledge; bringing together theory and practice; it allows information exchange and opens new perspectives for teacher training. Finally, it is possible to realize that besides being a new program, PIBID has promoted visible changes through the actions carried out by all subprojects in partnerships between universities and schools, restoring and giving new meanings to the pedagogical practices.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma proposta de ensino que tem como interesse a motivação dos alunos para aprenderem matemática. Foram pesquisadas diversas bibliografias que propõem a Modelagem Matemática como alternativa de ensino da matemática, ligando conhecimento escolar ao cotidiano do aluno. Na sequência, relatamos nossa proposta de ensino aplicada a uma turma do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental na qual foram trabalhados os conteúdos de circunferência e seus elementos, os números irracionais e operações com números decimais, através da atividade que denominamos “Festa da Matemática”. Nesta proposta, ilustramos como estes conteúdos matemáticos estão presentes no cotidiano e podem ser trabalhado em uma série que não prevê em seu currículo tais temas, fugindo do aspecto linear presente na maioria dos programas curriculares. A metodologia adotada na pesquisa foi a qualitativa e os dados foram coletados em encontros semanais de ensino de matemática durante os meses de outubro e novembro no ano letivo de 2013. A partir do trabalho desenvolvido verificaram-se melhorias significativas no interesse dos alunos em aprender matemática, o que proporcionou, consequentemente, melhorias no rendimento individual de cada aluno e da turma como um todo. A principal característica observada nos alunos, durante a aplicação do trabalho com a Modelagem Matemática foi a motivação em aprender novos conteúdos matemáticos despertada por um conteúdo abordado de forma significativa e diferenciada. / This paper presents a school proposal for that has as interest the students' motivation to learn Mathematics. Several bibliographies that propose Mathematical Modeling as an alternative teaching Mathematics, connecting school knowledge to everyday studen were surveyed. Following, we describe our proposal of teaching applied to a class of sixth grade of elementary school in which the contents of a circle and its elements, irrational numbers and operations with decimals, through the activity we call "Feast of Mathematics" were worked. In this proposal, we illustrate how these math concepts are present in everyday life and can be worked into a series that does not include in the grade’s curriculum such subjects, fleeing the linear aspect present in most curricula programs. The methodology used in the research was qualitative and the data were collected at weekly meetings of teaching Mathematics during the months of October and November in the academic year of 2013. From the developed work, there were noticed significant improvements in students' interest in learning Math, which provided, consequently, improvements in individual performance of each student and in the class as a whole. The main feature observed in the students during the application work with Mathematical Modeling was the motivation to learn new mathematical content awakened by a significant content and approached in a different way.

CAPES / A Pedagogia da Alternância (PA) é uma metodologia de ensino diferenciada, criada inicialmente para atender as necessidades que envolvem a população do campo. Por meio de seus instrumentos pedagógicos, distintos do ensino tradicional, procura, com autonomia, formar crianças e jovens a partir da articulação de tempos e espaços, além de envolver a família e comunidade no processo formativo e no desenvolvimento do meio. Por ter se consolidado como uma alternativa que gerou resultados positivos, a PA se expandiu pelo mundo e hoje, com a formação de vários movimentos, está presente nos cinco continentes. No Brasil, existem dois movimentos atuantes que utilizam a PA, o denominado italiano, que deu origem as EFAs e o francês, responsável pela implantação das CFRs. É nesse contexto que a presente pesquisa está inserida, a qual apresenta o seguinte objetivo: analisar as origens, princípios e fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da Pedagogia da Alternância e sua implantação no Brasil, bem como alguns de seus desdobramentos atuais. Com isso, leva-se em consideração, além dos movimentos brasileiros, aqueles que influenciaram sua origem, o criado na França e o criado na Itália. O estudo se caracteriza como teórico, qualitativo de caráter bibliográfico e documental. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de busca junto ao banco de dados do CEPAD da UTFPR e nas páginas de web das instituições envolvidas. Após a identificação e seleção de documentos e bibliografias, foi realizada a análise qualitativa dos dados. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a Pedagogia da Alternância praticada pelas EFAs italianas e pelas CFRs brasileiras vem passando por significativas mudanças ao longo do tempo, mantendo-se firme apenas no princípio da alternância de tempos e espaços, enquanto as MFRs francesas e EFAs brasileiras, passaram por adaptações, mas continuam sólidas aos princípios da PA. A pesquisa também mostrou que as CFRs no Paraná encontram-se em situação de instabilidade quanto ao seu futuro, pois os vínculos com o governo estão fragilizados. Diante disso, o presente estudo procurou refletir sobre o sentido e as possibilidades da PA e de seus fundamentos que garantem a autonomia e resistência dessa metodologia nos seus locais de origem. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta contribuições no que tange a elucidação do processo de expansão dos movimentos nos três países abordados, bem como os tensionamentos enfrentados por cada um e suas transformações, a fim de evidenciar a importância da PA para a educação e formação integral dos jovens e desenvolvimento do meio. / The Pedagogy of Alternation (PA) is a differentiated teaching methodology, originally created to meet the needs that involve the population of the field. Through its educational procedures, distinct from the traditional education, demand, with autonomy, to form children and young people through the articulation of time and space, and involve the family and community in the educational process and in local development. Having been established as an alternative that generated positive results, the PA has expanded the world and today, with the formation of various movements, is present on five continents. In Brazil, there are two active movements using the PA, the Italian, which afforded the EFAs and the French, responsible for implantation the CFRs. Is in this context, the present research is inserted, which the following objective: to analyse the origins, principles and theoretical-methodological foundations of Pedagogy of Alternation and its implantation in Brazil, as well as some of its current unfolding. With this, it takes into consideration, besides the Brazilian movements, those who influenced its origin, the raised in France and the raised in Italy. The study is characterized as a theoretical, qualitative, bibliographic and documental. The data collection was carried out by searching in the CEPAD/UTFPR database and in the web pages of the institutions involved. After the identification and selection of documents and bibliographies, was realized the qualitative analysis of the data. The results indicate that the Pedagogy of Alternation practiced by the Italian EFAs and the Brazilian CFRs has undergone significant changes over time, keeping only firm the principle alternation of time and space, while the French MFRs and Brazilian EFAs, passed by adaptations, but still solid to principles of PA. The survey also showed that the CFRs in Parana are in a situation of instability about their future, since the links with the government are weakened. Thus, the present study sought to reflect on the meaning and the scope of the PA and its foundations that guarantee the autonomy and strength of this methodology in their places of origin. Therefore, the research presents contributions regarding the elucidation about expansion process of the movements in the three covered countries as well as those faced tensions by each and their transformations in order to highlight the importance of PA for education, comprehensive training of young and to development of the middle.

A temática da formação de professores tem sido rica em discussões sendo farta a literatura sobre o assunto. Historicamente este tema tem gerado preocupação tanto dos órgãos fomentadores quanto das universidades e escolas onde se formam e/ou exercem o trabalho profissional. A formação de professores é complexa e a partir desses elementos de complexidade precisa rever seus paradigmas de formação inicial e continuada. Apesar dos esforços das últimas décadas ainda é preocupante a falta de professores para algumas áreas do conhecimento o que pode agravar-se para o futuro caso não sejam tomadas decisões para mudanças e definição de novos rumos. Neste sentido, é de fundamental importância à relação universidade-escola, como elo e articulação entre a formação teórica e a prática escolar, contextualizando os conhecimentos, renovando e adequando os currículos aos novos tempos e espaços a fim de conseguir melhorar e resgatar o valor social e profissional dos docentes. Nesta perspectiva as políticas públicas de educação devem voltar-se para o incentivo e resgate dos valores e princípios da formação docente de qualidade. Neste bojo surge o Programa Institucional de Bolsas à Iniciação à Docência - PIBID, como um Programa inovador de formação docente atuando e agregando à relação universidade-escola fatores essenciais para reafirmar boas práticas pedagógicas retomando o papel de co-formação das escolas. Esta pesquisa está orientada a analisar os fatores que o PIBID insere na relação universidadeescola no âmbito do IFPR Campus Palmas. O percurso teórico foi marcado pelos autores Edgar Morin (2003, 2010a, 2010b, 2012), Enrique Leff (2002a, 2002b, 2003, 2010), Boaventura Sousa Santos (1988, 2010a, 2010b, 2013), Menga Lüdke (2005, 2013), Demerval Saviani (2000, 2013), Paulo Freire (2011), entre outros, além dos documentos oficiais sobre o PIBID. O percurso metodológico com abordagem exploratória, explicativa-descritiva foi de fundamental importância, sendo realizado por meio dos dados coletados pelas análises documentais (BRASIL, 2007, 2009, 2013) e nas atividades de Grupos Focais (GATTI, 2012). Os interlocutores dos grupos focais constituíram-se de três grupos: Coordenadores de área, Supervisores e Bolsistas de Iniciação à Docência. As categorias a priori foram definidas a partir dos objetivos do Programa e as categorias emergentes identificadas a partir do processo de análise. Após a análise tanto documental quanto a partir dos interlocutores identificou-se que o PIBID insere os seguintes fatores na relação universidade-escola: Valorização do Magistério; Programa Inovador e Diálogo de Saberes. No que se refere a Valorização do Magistério é um Programa de formação inicial e continuada; promove aproximação entre teoria e prática; valoriza o papel do professor na escola e motiva à inovação metodológica. O Programa Inovador promove o papel de co-formação da escola e formação em processo bem como, permite aproximação do conhecimento da realidade escolar. A terceira categoria emergente diálogo de saberes insere o diálogo entre conhecimentos; aproximação entre teoria e prática; permite a troca de informações e abre novas perspectivas para a formação docente. Enfim, observa-se que o PIBID é um Programa recente, mas que já faz sentir as mudanças por meio das ações realizadas pelos subprojetos em parcerias entre universidades-escolas revalorizando, resgatando e re-significando as práticas pedagógicas. / The theme of teacher education has always been rich in discussion and presents an abundant literature on the subject. Historically this topic has generated concerns in both development bodies and universities / schools where these people learn or are engaged in professional work. Training teachers is complex and these elements of complexity make necessary a review of paradigms of initial and continuing education. Despite the efforts of the past decades, the lack of teachers in some areas of knowledge is still a big concern, and it can become even worse in the future, what reinforces the importance of new decisions and new directions in order to change this situation. Therefore, the university-school relationship is of fundamental importance, linking and articulating theory and school practice, contextualizing knowledge, renewing and adapting curricula to current times and spaces in order to be able to improve and recover the social and professional value of teachers. From this perspective the education public policies should turn to the encouragement and the rescue of values and principles in quality teacher training. In the course comes the Institutional Teaching Initiation Scholarships Program - PIBID as an innovative program of teacher education working and adding essential factors to the university-school to reinforce good teaching practices taking up the role of co-developer schools. This research is aimed at analyzing the factors that PIBID inserts in the university-school relationship within IFPR Campus Palmas. The theoretical route was marked by authors as Edgar Morin (2003, 2010a, 2010b, 2012), Enrique Leff (2002a, 2002b, 2003, 2010), Boaventura Sousa Santos (1988, 2010a, 2010b, 2013) Menga Lüdke (2005, 2013), Demerval Saviani (2000, 2013), Paulo Freire (2011), among others, among them official documents of PIBID were used in this research too. The methodological approach with exploratory approach, descriptive explanatory was of fundamental importance through data collected by the documentary analysis (BRAZIL, 2007, 2009, 2013) and in the focus groups activities (GATTI, 2012). The focus groups interlocutors constituted of three groups: Area Coordinators, supervisors and teaching initiation scholarships. The categories were defined a priori from the Programme's objectives and emerging categories identified from the analysis process. After both documentary and interlocutors analysis, it was possible to identify that PIBID inserts the following factors in the university-school relationship: the Recognition of the Profession; Innovative Program and Dialogues of Knowledge. For the recognition of the profession mainly because it is an initial and continuing education program; it approximates theory and practice; upgrades the role of the teacher at school and motivates methodological innovations. This Innovative Program promotes the role of co-educational school and it also approximates knowledge of the school reality and promotes the continuous training. The third emerging category university-school relationship promotes dialogs of knowledge; bringing together theory and practice; it allows information exchange and opens new perspectives for teacher training. Finally, it is possible to realize that besides being a new program, PIBID has promoted visible changes through the actions carried out by all subprojects in partnerships between universities and schools, restoring and giving new meanings to the pedagogical practices.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma proposta de ensino que tem como interesse a motivação dos alunos para aprenderem matemática. Foram pesquisadas diversas bibliografias que propõem a Modelagem Matemática como alternativa de ensino da matemática, ligando conhecimento escolar ao cotidiano do aluno. Na sequência, relatamos nossa proposta de ensino aplicada a uma turma do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental na qual foram trabalhados os conteúdos de circunferência e seus elementos, os números irracionais e operações com números decimais, através da atividade que denominamos “Festa da Matemática”. Nesta proposta, ilustramos como estes conteúdos matemáticos estão presentes no cotidiano e podem ser trabalhado em uma série que não prevê em seu currículo tais temas, fugindo do aspecto linear presente na maioria dos programas curriculares. A metodologia adotada na pesquisa foi a qualitativa e os dados foram coletados em encontros semanais de ensino de matemática durante os meses de outubro e novembro no ano letivo de 2013. A partir do trabalho desenvolvido verificaram-se melhorias significativas no interesse dos alunos em aprender matemática, o que proporcionou, consequentemente, melhorias no rendimento individual de cada aluno e da turma como um todo. A principal característica observada nos alunos, durante a aplicação do trabalho com a Modelagem Matemática foi a motivação em aprender novos conteúdos matemáticos despertada por um conteúdo abordado de forma significativa e diferenciada. / This paper presents a school proposal for that has as interest the students' motivation to learn Mathematics. Several bibliographies that propose Mathematical Modeling as an alternative teaching Mathematics, connecting school knowledge to everyday studen were surveyed. Following, we describe our proposal of teaching applied to a class of sixth grade of elementary school in which the contents of a circle and its elements, irrational numbers and operations with decimals, through the activity we call "Feast of Mathematics" were worked. In this proposal, we illustrate how these math concepts are present in everyday life and can be worked into a series that does not include in the grade’s curriculum such subjects, fleeing the linear aspect present in most curricula programs. The methodology used in the research was qualitative and the data were collected at weekly meetings of teaching Mathematics during the months of October and November in the academic year of 2013. From the developed work, there were noticed significant improvements in students' interest in learning Math, which provided, consequently, improvements in individual performance of each student and in the class as a whole. The main feature observed in the students during the application work with Mathematical Modeling was the motivation to learn new mathematical content awakened by a significant content and approached in a different way.

CAPES / A Pedagogia da Alternância (PA) é uma metodologia de ensino diferenciada, criada inicialmente para atender as necessidades que envolvem a população do campo. Por meio de seus instrumentos pedagógicos, distintos do ensino tradicional, procura, com autonomia, formar crianças e jovens a partir da articulação de tempos e espaços, além de envolver a família e comunidade no processo formativo e no desenvolvimento do meio. Por ter se consolidado como uma alternativa que gerou resultados positivos, a PA se expandiu pelo mundo e hoje, com a formação de vários movimentos, está presente nos cinco continentes. No Brasil, existem dois movimentos atuantes que utilizam a PA, o denominado italiano, que deu origem as EFAs e o francês, responsável pela implantação das CFRs. É nesse contexto que a presente pesquisa está inserida, a qual apresenta o seguinte objetivo: analisar as origens, princípios e fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da Pedagogia da Alternância e sua implantação no Brasil, bem como alguns de seus desdobramentos atuais. Com isso, leva-se em consideração, além dos movimentos brasileiros, aqueles que influenciaram sua origem, o criado na França e o criado na Itália. O estudo se caracteriza como teórico, qualitativo de caráter bibliográfico e documental. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de busca junto ao banco de dados do CEPAD da UTFPR e nas páginas de web das instituições envolvidas. Após a identificação e seleção de documentos e bibliografias, foi realizada a análise qualitativa dos dados. Os resultados obtidos apontam que a Pedagogia da Alternância praticada pelas EFAs italianas e pelas CFRs brasileiras vem passando por significativas mudanças ao longo do tempo, mantendo-se firme apenas no princípio da alternância de tempos e espaços, enquanto as MFRs francesas e EFAs brasileiras, passaram por adaptações, mas continuam sólidas aos princípios da PA. A pesquisa também mostrou que as CFRs no Paraná encontram-se em situação de instabilidade quanto ao seu futuro, pois os vínculos com o governo estão fragilizados. Diante disso, o presente estudo procurou refletir sobre o sentido e as possibilidades da PA e de seus fundamentos que garantem a autonomia e resistência dessa metodologia nos seus locais de origem. Para tanto, a pesquisa apresenta contribuições no que tange a elucidação do processo de expansão dos movimentos nos três países abordados, bem como os tensionamentos enfrentados por cada um e suas transformações, a fim de evidenciar a importância da PA para a educação e formação integral dos jovens e desenvolvimento do meio. / The Pedagogy of Alternation (PA) is a differentiated teaching methodology, originally created to meet the needs that involve the population of the field. Through its educational procedures, distinct from the traditional education, demand, with autonomy, to form children and young people through the articulation of time and space, and involve the family and community in the educational process and in local development. Having been established as an alternative that generated positive results, the PA has expanded the world and today, with the formation of various movements, is present on five continents. In Brazil, there are two active movements using the PA, the Italian, which afforded the EFAs and the French, responsible for implantation the CFRs. Is in this context, the present research is inserted, which the following objective: to analyse the origins, principles and theoretical-methodological foundations of Pedagogy of Alternation and its implantation in Brazil, as well as some of its current unfolding. With this, it takes into consideration, besides the Brazilian movements, those who influenced its origin, the raised in France and the raised in Italy. The study is characterized as a theoretical, qualitative, bibliographic and documental. The data collection was carried out by searching in the CEPAD/UTFPR database and in the web pages of the institutions involved. After the identification and selection of documents and bibliographies, was realized the qualitative analysis of the data. The results indicate that the Pedagogy of Alternation practiced by the Italian EFAs and the Brazilian CFRs has undergone significant changes over time, keeping only firm the principle alternation of time and space, while the French MFRs and Brazilian EFAs, passed by adaptations, but still solid to principles of PA. The survey also showed that the CFRs in Parana are in a situation of instability about their future, since the links with the government are weakened. Thus, the present study sought to reflect on the meaning and the scope of the PA and its foundations that guarantee the autonomy and strength of this methodology in their places of origin. Therefore, the research presents contributions regarding the elucidation about expansion process of the movements in the three covered countries as well as those faced tensions by each and their transformations in order to highlight the importance of PA for education, comprehensive training of young and to development of the middle.

This evaluative case study investigates the use of a specific learning support materials (LSMs) package, Animal Awareness for World and Regional Education (AA WARE), in the natural sciences, intermediate phase. Schools with access to the resource were canvassed through questionnaires to assess overall use in relation to distribution via workshop versus hand delivery, class size, availability of alternate LSMs and lastly the level of exposure to the distributing organisation. Three case studies were undertaken at three different schools. Data was generated through observations and interviews with the teacher undertaking the lesson observed. The aim of the case studies was to gain greater insight into AAWARE in practice and the factors that facilitated the use of the resource by these teachers. The research indicates that while AAWARE has overcome some inhibitors of resource use, its potential within Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) and the Revised National Curriculum Statements (RNCS) has not been achieved so far, except in a few isolated cases. Factors enabling the use of the resource are its user-friendly design, availability in all three languages spoken by the majority of Western Cape learners and the integration with education policy. Workshops, although not necessary for the utilisation of AA WARE in part, could enhance the integrated nature of the resource and introduce teachers to the potential of using the resource as an entire unit as opposed to a collection of separate lesson plans. A relationship is seen between exposure to the distributing organisation, the personal interest in wildlife of the teacher and the use of AAWARE. Finally recommendations are provided to increase the use of AA WARE. It is suggested that the resource undergoes a more effective alignment to RNCS content (RNCS policy was not an issue) now that RNCS implementation is completed. Further workshops should be offered in the use of AA WARE. Lastly a long-term strategy should be developed to enthuse schools and teachers about the intentions, goals and appropriateness of the resource.

In the last decade, there has been an increase in the number of web-enabled mobile devices, offering a new platform that can be targeted for the development of learning applications. Worldwide, developers have taken initiatives in developing mobile learning (M-learning) systems to provide students with access to learning materials regardless of time and location. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether it is viable for first year students enrolled at the University of Namibia (UNAM) to use mobile phones for ad-hoc learning of mathematical concepts. A system, EnjoyMath, aiming to assist students in preparing for tests, examinations, review contents and reinforce knowledge acquired during traditional classroom interactions was designed and implemented. The EnjoyMath system was designed and implemented through the use of the Human Centred Design (HCD) methodology. Two revolutions of the four-step process of the HCD cycle were completed in this study. Due to the distance between UNAM and Rhodes University (where the researcher was based), the researcher could not always work in close relation with the UNAM students. Students from the Extended Study Unit (ESU) at Rhodes University were therefore selected in the first iteration of the project due to their proximity to the researcher and their similar demographics to the first year UNAM students, while the UNAM students were targeted in the second iteration of the study. This thesis presents the outcome of the two pre-intervention studies of the first-year students' perceptions about M-learning conducted at Rhodes University and UNAM. The results of the pre-intervention studies showed that the students are enthusiastic about using an M-learning system, because it would allow them to put in more time to practice their skills whenever and wherever they are. Moreover, the thesis presents the different stages undertaken to develop the EnjoyMath system using Open Source Software (PHP and MySQL). The results of a user study (post-intervention) conducted with participants at UNAM, ascertained the participants' perception of the usability of the EnjoyMath system and are also presented in this thesis. The EnjoyMath system was perceived by the participants to be "passable"; hence an M-learning system could be used to compliment an E-learning system at UNAM.

This study locates the Blackboard Learning Management System as a Technology Enhanced Learning tool within the bounds of the discipline of eLearning and aimed to interrogate the use of Blackboard for the purposes of teaching, learning and assessment in large classes. It is evident from the literature reviewed that changes in both Higher Education in the South Africa with regards to policy and legislation in addition to international shifts towards increased access and participation in a fast paced, ever-evolving knowledge-based economy, providing the context for this work. The theoretical framework for this study is not unidimensional due to the fact that the educational field of eLearning as an area of specialisation draws on a multitude of theories in terms of their utility value for instructional design of courses utilising Information and Communications Technology as a mode of delivery. This study was conducted within the bounds of an interpretivist paradigm as the researcher sought to focus on the use of Blackboard and the experiences of the lecturers and students involved in the implementation thereof. The research design for this study took the form of a case study and a multiple case method was employed. The researcher collected data through personal interviews conducted with participating lecturers, while student data was collected by means of a qualitative survey which was conducted through the Blackboard Learning Management System. The data was analyzed by means of a thematic analysis, consistent with the interpretive paradigm chosen for this study. The findings of this study revealed that Blackboard was utilised effectively in order to facilitate communication, access to course resources and promoted more efficient assessment processes. The implementation was however not without challenges many of which were systemic and focused on the lack of resources available to the students. The implications of using Blackboard for teaching and assessment of large classes include the use of the Learning Management System as part of a multimodal method of course delivery in an effort to reach the multitude of registered students both conceptually as well as electronically. The recommendations arising from this study include consideration on the part of the faculty for a unified approach in the use of Blackboard for communication as well as deployment of resources. Additionally, this study may form the foundation of further studies in this field, with a focus on the active engagement and training of lecturers in order to integrate traditional teaching methods with blended learning opportunities.