Tomando como ponto de partida a crítica às perspectivas que fazem prevalecer os aspectos estáveis dos gêneros discursivos em detrimento da fluidez que os relativiza, a presente pesquisa dá relevo aos elementos instáveis desse processo conjugando, a um só tempo, traços contínuos mais propensos à referida estabilização dos gêneros e descontínuos mais afeitos àquilo que chamo de instabilidade genérica. Do ponto de vista do processo de produção dos gêneros do discurso, a instabilidade genérica se inscreve no texto segundo diferentes marcas enunciativo-discursivas, assinalando pontos de ruptura e evidenciando um funcionamento marcado mais pela permanente incompletude do que pela pretensa fixidez de seus contornos. Parte-se da análise de corpus constituído por um conjunto de 84 textos produzidos, no ano de 2006, por professoras alfabetizadoras em um curso de formação (promovido pela Prefeitura Municipal de Cubatão-SP) chamado Letra e vida. Por ocasião desse curso, foi solicitado às participantes que redigissem, como atividade inicial, suas memórias de alfabetização, textos a partir dos quais elas deveriam reconstruir, preferencialmente de forma literária, as lembranças do tempo em que foram alfabetizadas. A partir dessa proposta, em que já se depreende um primeiro traço da instabilidade genérica (o diálogo com a esfera literária), delineia-se uma tensão inicial entre as memórias propriamente ditas, tomadas aqui, ao menos em um de seus sentidos, como processo de registro das lembranças, e os memoriais, gêneros efetivamente produzidos, tomados, neste caso, enquanto produto, ainda que provisório, daquele registro. Buscando comprovar que a instabilidade genérica é a propriedade definidora do gênero memorial, são eleitos metodologicamente dois campos de observação para a análise dos memoriais: o campo das vozes das memórias, em cujos domínios a instabilidade genérica manifesta-se no modo pelo qual as relações intergenéricas se marcam no fio textual-discursivo dos memoriais os gêneros do discurso sempre em vias de se tornarem outro gênero - e o campo do tempo das memórias, domínio no qual a instabilidade genérica é captada por meio do traço mais singular dos memoriais aqui analisados: o inescapável diálogo estabelecido entre o passado e o presente. Esses dois aspectos possibilitam situar o regime de instabilidade do gênero memorialístico, segundo a dinâmica constitutiva dos encontros (e eventuais sobreposições) de diferentes vozes e de diferentes temporalidades. Além da defesa da instabilidade genérica para o gênero memorial, o trabalho abre, ainda, a possibilidade de ampliar essa constatação para outros gêneros do discurso. / Considering the criticism of perspectives as a starting point which causes the stable aspects of genres at the expense of fluidity that relativizes, this research emphasizes unstable elements combining process, at the same time, continuous lines - more prone to that stabilization of genres - and discontinuous and used to what I call generic instability. From the production of genres discourse point of view, the generic instability falls within the text as reported by different enunciative-discursive marks, indicating breaking points which prove a functional permanent incompleteness marked by the supposed fixity of its contours. This research starts with the corpus analysis of a group of 84 texts produced in 2006, by kindergarten teachers taking a course called Letra e Vida which was sponsored by Cubatão City Hall. In the beginning, this group of teachers was asked to draft some of their memories from the time when they first started to learn how to write considering literacy (ability to read and write) forms if possible. From that point, in which appears from a first feature of the generic instability (dialogue with the literary sphere), an initial tension is outlined between the memories themselves, at least in one of its senses as a memory recording process and memorial genres actually produced and seen as a product of that record. Furthermore, in order to prove that the generic instability is the defining property of the memorial genre, two fields of observation are chosen methodologically with the purpose of analyzing memorials such as the voices of memories field in which the domain of generic instability manifests itself through intergeneric ways and are marked in the text and the memorial discourse lines - the speech genres always follow routes that turn them into another genre and the time of memories field, an area in which the generic instability is captured through the most unique feature seen in this research: the inescapable dialogue established between the past and the present. These two aforementioned aspects place the memorialistic gender instability system along with the constitutive dynamics of different voice encounters within different time frames. Besides the thesis of generic instability for the memorial genre, this work leaves the gap open to various other possibilities of amplifying the observation to other genres of discourse studies.

Den här undersökningens syfte är att undersöka hur några lärare inom den svenska grundskolan, arbetar med språk-, läs- och skrivundervisning för att möta den mångfald som finns i ett klassrum samt deras uppfattning av hur det är att arbeta inkluderande i dessa verksamheter.   Som metod har kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer används. Teoretisk utgångspunkt är det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande.    Resultaten visar att lärare jobbar med viss medvetenhet enligt olika metoder och strategier inom språk-, läs- och skrivundervisning där alla elever är inkludera. Studien visar även att kunskaper kring inkluderande metoder för läs- och skrivundervisning är större bland lärare som fått fortbildning. Det finns ett stort intresse bland lärare för att utveckla samarbete och kollegialt lärande samt sina undervisningspraktiker.   Fördelarna med inkluderande undervisningspraktiker är att elever ser och accepterar varandras olikheter och man är en tillgång för varandra i olika lärsituationer. Samtidigt menar man att det finns praktiska svårigheter som kräver kunskaper, stöd och resurser. / The aim of this study is to examine how some teachers in the Swedish Elementary School work with language-, reading- and writing to meet the diversity of students within the classroom and these teachers’ opinions about inclusion in these contexts.   The method used is qualitative, semi-structured interviews. Theory as a starting point is the socio-cultural perspektive on learning.   The results show that teachers work with certain awareness according to several different methods and strategies within the context of language-, reading- and writing, where all students are included. This study also shows that teachers taken part in further-education has a greater knowledge about inclusive reading and writing methods. There is a great interest among teachers to cooperate and develope their teaching practices.   The advantages with inclusive teaching practices are that students see and learn to accept each others differences and they are one another’s access in different learning situations. At the same time it is shown that there are practical difficulties that requires knowledge, support and resources.

Born into a visual culture, today’s generation of learners generally prefer a visually-rich multimodal learning environment. Tapping into the potential of visuals in language pedagogy, this study was aimed at discovering the impact of a visual presentation of grammatical concepts related to sentence structure on student writing. The study used a mixed methods design to analyse the impact of the visual approach first by statistically measuring sentence variety and syntactic complexity of student pre and post intervention texts and then using interviews to explain the nature of the impact of visuals on student conceptual understanding and its effect on their writing development. Statistical findings reveal that the experimental groups of Chinese students who were taught grammatical concepts in the context of writing instruction using a visual approach outperformed the students in the control groups who were given similar lessons in the context of writing instruction but using traditional printed hand-outs. Qualitative findings suggest that the visuals seems to have increased these students’ conceptual understanding of grammatical items that were taught, and this resulted in more sophisticated and syntactically complex texts after the intervention. The study supports the theory of contextualized teaching of grammar and proposes the use of external visuals that lead to internal visualization based on the cognitive theory of multimodal learning. In so doing, it extends the use of visual learning to grammar pedagogy. However, the findings also suggest that the visual approach would not work effectively in cultures that promote rote learning and decontextualized exercises in grammar with the sole aim of passing the exams. A shift in attitude towards grammar pedagogy in China is deemed necessary.

This is about how pupils in years 4 to 6 of compulsory school and their teachers make meaning in teaching activities and texts. The aim of the study is to investigate the teaching and learning of writing and the pupils’ discursive texts. Another aim is to use linguistic theories and develop methods and analytical concepts for studying teaching practices. Sources for the material are the teaching practices in two classes, the teachers and the pupils. The field studies lasted for two years, consisting of observations and interviews. Twelve pupils’ texts and four writing projects are studied in depth. The theoretical framework is linked to systemic functional linguis­tics, critical discourse analysis, dialogical conception of language and new literacy studies. Analytical tools are also derived from rhetorical structure theory, relief theory and theory of text sequences. These tools have been adap­ted and are also applied in the analysis of the teaching practice. To analyse pupils’ meaning making in their texts, a theory of mobility in texts is used. The analyses show two different categories of texts and teaching practices. The hierarchically composed texts are characterized by hierarchies concerning the entire text. The sequentially coupled texts are charac­terized by many vague relations between text entities. One conclusion is that the students in the hierarchically composed texts develop knowledge during writing. They make meaning recursively when writing and they seem to grasp the text as a whole in a way they do not in the sequentially coupled ones. In the sequentially coupled texts, pupils seem to develop knowledge mostly before they write the text, rather than during the writing. In the hierarchically composed practice the pupils deepen their knowledge about text. The result can be interpreted as showing that pupils primarily need education about global text levels in order to develop text knowledge and subject knowledge. Teaching practice seems to promote all pupils’ meaning making if the practice is characterized by many interpersonal relations in the chains of spoken and written texts and if pupils learn to write texts that can structure their meaning making in a functional way.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:22:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leticia Reina Goncalves.pdf: 1189558 bytes, checksum: 49f4be0d2c3b4b5fdb386675ff878be1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation aims to develop a collaborative-critical work with a teacher of Science in order to understand and to transform the work with production of written summaries of expository texts which were read by the students. Specifically, this research aims to understand critically the meanings brought by the participants and how they share new meanings on the summary of expository texts as a tool for teaching-learning in Science classes. The research is organized through two socialhistorical activities (Reflexive Session and Class) that are related, in part, by the object summary production and the participants researcher and teacher , that enable the learning concepts to be understood, questioned and shared, like a creative chain (Liberali, 2011) and that contextualize the critical formation for the research participants. It is supported by Social-Historical-Cultural Activity Theory (TASHC), which conceives the man's work activity as a way for transforming society and the man himself. It s also supported by Bakhtin/Volochinov s discussions about the ways the subject is constituted as a social being, inserted in a particular context of communication and implicated in oral and written productions, in these specific situations. The discussions through TASCH provide an understanding of contexts of teacher formation in which the language enables the construction of ZPDs (Zones of Proximal Development) for the participants understanding and sharing of meanings. The contributions given by Dolz & Schneuwly (2004) will assist in understanding language organization in social practices with the genre summary , as a tool of teaching-learning in reading and writing texts. The Collaborative Critical Research, as discussed by Magalhães (2007; 2009; 2010) e Magalhães & Oliveira (2011) supports the methodological choices in close relationship within the theoretical base and the research contents. The analyzed data were produced during Reflexive Sessions with a teacher of Natural Science and through observing some of her classes. The results show the complexity of the collaborative-critical work and the transformation in some concepts on written production of summaries as an instrument of teaching-learning Science / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo geral desenvolver um trabalho colaborativo-crítico com uma professora de Ciências para compreensão e transformação do trabalho com produção de resumos de textos expositivos lidos pelos alunos. Mais especificamente, é objetivo desta pesquisa compreender criticamente os sentidos das participantes e o compartilhamento de significados sobre resumo de textos expositivos como instrumento de ensino-aprendizagem em aulas de Ciências. A pesquisa está organizada por meio de duas Atividades sócio-histórico-culturais (Sessão Reflexiva e Aula) relacionadas, parcialmente, pelo objeto produção de resumo , e pelos participantes pesquisadora e professora , o que possibilita que os conceitos trabalhados sejam compreendidos, questionados e compartilhados, como uma cadeia criativa (Liberali, 2011) e contextualizem a formação crítica das participantes da pesquisa. Está apoiada na Teoria da Atividade Sócio-Histórico-Cultural, que concebe a atividade de trabalho do homem como transformadora da sociedade e do próprio homem. E ainda, nas discussões de Bakhtin/Volochinov (1929) sobre os modos como o sujeito se constitui como um ser social, inserido em um contexto particular de comunicação e implicado em produções orais e escritas, nessas situações específicas. As discussões da TASCH proporcionam a compreensão de contextos de formação em que a linguagem possibilita a construção de ZDPs para a compreensão dos sentidos das participantes e do compartilhamento de significados. As contribuições de Schneuwly & Dolz (2004) auxiliarão na compreensão das organizações da linguagem nas práticas sociais com o gênero resumo, como instrumento de ensino-aprendizagem na leitura e escrita de textos. A Pesquisa Crítica de Colaboração, como discutida por Magalhães (2007; 2009; 2010) e Magalhães & Oliveira (2011) embasa as escolhas metodológicas em estreita relação com a teoria de base e o conteúdo da pesquisa. Os dados analisados foram produzidos em Sessões Reflexivas com a professora de Ciências Naturais e em observações da sala de aula. Os resultados apontam para a complexidade do trabalho colaborativo-crítico e para a transformação de alguns conceitos sobre a produção escrita de resumos como instrumento de ensino-aprendizagem em Ciências

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la presencia que tiene la destreza de la expresión escrita en los manuales de español como lengua extranjera destinados a un público adulto de nivel básico, más concretamente de nivel A2. Asimismo, pretende observar qué tratamiento se hace de dos aspectos relacionados con la composición escrita: los géneros discursivos y los procesos de escritura. Para ello, recogemos datos a partir de una plantilla de análisis que aplicamos a cinco manuales de diferentes editoriales españolas publicados después de 2006. En esta recogida de datos destaca de la alta presencia de actividades de expresión escrita en los manuales. En relación a los géneros discursivos, los manuales dan importancia al trabajo explícito de los aspectos analizados para el presente trabajo: contexto comunicativo, destinatario y propósito. Sin embargo, notamos una presencia baja de textos que sirvan como modelo a los estudiantes a la hora de realizar sus producciones textuales y es prácticamente inexistente la reflexión acerca de la estructura y características de los modelos. En cuanto a los procesos de escritura, el proceso de textualización es el que tiene más presencia en los cinco manuales analizados, mientras que la planificación y la revisión quedan relegadas a un segundo plano con una ocurrencia más baja. En la misma línea, destacamos la poca relevancia dada a la revisión, especialmente la retroalimentación entre pares. A partir de los resultados obtenidos y basada en un enfoque ecléctico de la didáctica de la expresión escrita, presentamos una propuesta didáctica pensada para el nivel A2 en la que se combina el trabajo explícito del género discursivo con los procesos de escritura, así como fomenta la escritura colaborativa. / This paper aims to analyse the presence of written expression activities in Spanish as a Foreign Language textbooks designed for adults in a pre-intermediate level (A2). Moreover, the purpose is to examine the approach which is used in relation to two key aspects of the written composition: the discourse genres and the writing process. With this objective, we compile data using an analysis template that is completed with information from five textbooks from different Spanish publishers after 2006. According to the data collection, there is a prolific presence of written expression activities in the analysed textbooks. Regarding the genres of discourse, the textbooks place relevance to the explicit practice of the following aspects: the communicative context, the audience and the purpose. However, a low presence of model texts for the students to use for their own compositions is also noted, as well as a virtually non-existent reflection of the model texts' structure and characteristics. As far as the writing process is concerned, the textualization is the process with more presence in the analysed textbooks, whereas planning and reviewing are marginalised with a lower occurrence. To the same extent, we would like to emphasize the low relevance of revision, especially that among peers. Taking into account the results and based an eclectic approach to the teaching of written expression, we present a teaching proposal for an A2 level in which the discourse genre and the writing process are dealt with explicitly, as well as we intend to encourage collaborative writing.