The ever increasing demands of Internet users caused by the introduction of new high bandwidth applications and online services as well as the growing number of users and devices connected to the Internet, bring many challenges for the operators, especially in the last mile section of the network. Next generation access architectures are expected to offer high sustainable bandwidth per user. They also need to support a much larger service areas to decrease number of current central offices and hence potentially save the network expenditures in the future. Obviously, it requires high capacity and low loss transmission and optical fiber technology is the only future proof candidates for broadband access. Although this technology has already been widely deployed in the core networks, it is hard to use the same expensive devices made for core segment to solve the last mile bottlenecks, due to the low number of users sharing the network resources (and deployment cost). Therefore, the next generation optical access (NGOA) networks need to be designed with consideration of cost efficiency in the first place.   Network reliability is also turning to be an important aspect for the NGOA networks as a consequence of long reach, high client count and new services requiring uninterrupted access. Consequently, new architectures not only need to be cost efficient but also they should fulfill the increasing reliability requirements.   Although several NGOA alternatives have been proposed in the literatures, there is not yet an agreement on a single architecture. As described earlier, network expenditure and reliability performance are the two main factors to be considered. Therefore, this thesis concentrates on finding a suitable alternative for future broadband access by evaluating the reliability performance and total cost of ownership for several NGOA candidates. In particular, in this thesis we analyze the tradeoff between the cost needed to deploy backup resources and the reliability performance improvement obtained by the provided survivability mechanism.   First, we identified the suitable NGOA candidates by comparing two main groups of optical access networks, namely passive optical networks (PONs) and active optical networks (AONs), in terms of cost, reliability performance and power consumption. The initial results have shown that wavelength division multiplexing PON (WDM PON) is the most promising alternative for the NGOA networks because of its high potential capacity, low cost and power consumption. So we continued our studies by investigating two WDM-based PON architectures regarding their cost and reliability performance. The study has also included a proposed fiber layout compatible with these two candidates aiming to minimize the required investment needed to offer protection. Our primary results confirmed that hybrid PON (HPON) is the best alternative for the NGOA networks. Therefore we further analyzed this candidate considering several variants of HPON. The most important components and sections of the HPON, which need to be protected to decrease the impact of each failure in the network have been identified. Based on these outcomes, two resilience architectures protecting the shared part of the HPON were proposed and their reliability performance parameters as well as cost of protection were evaluated. According to the results, using our proposed protection schemes a considerable improvement in reliability performance of the HPON variants can be provided at minor extra investment. We also introduced a cost efficient HPON architecture with different levels of protection for users with various reliability requirements, i.e. the protection of shared parts of the access network for all the connected users and end-to-end resilience scheme for some selected ones (e.g., business users). To gain an overall view on the cost efficiency of the proposed architecture, we evaluated the investment required for deploying these schemes considering several network upgrading paths towards a protected network. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis investigating the influence of network deployments time and the density of the users with higher availability requirements was presented.   In summary, we have shown that HPON is able to fulfill the main NGOA requirements such as high bandwidth per-user, large coverage and client count. The work carried out in the thesis has proved that HPON can also offer high reliability performance while keeping the network expenditures at an acceptable level. Moreover, low power consumption and high flexibility in resource allocation of this architecture, makes it a winning candidate for the NGOA networks. Therefore, HPON is a promising architecture to be deployed as NGOA network in the near future considering the fact that components are soon to be available in the market. / <p>QC 20130530</p> / FP7 EU project, Optical Access Seamless Evolution(OASE)

Depuis les années 1970 et l’époque du disco, Montréal jouit d’une réputation de ville de fête où la dance music1 occupe une place importante de la vie culturelle nocturne. Autour de ce phénomène musical se sont développées des scènes qui s’inscrivent plus globalement dans une culture locale et transnationale. Les recherches sociomusicologiques portant sur la réception des musiques électroniques populaires underground, notamment la techno qui connait une popularité grandissante, sont peu nombreuses lorsqu’on sort du cadre des festivals, des free et des rave parties et qu’on s’intéresse aux pratiques urbaines « ordinaires ». Ce mémoire de maitrise s’intéresse à la scène techno montréalaise et à ses publics. Les enquêtes sur les pratiques culturelles ont tendance à dépeindre les publics comme homogènes, idée que vient nuancer ce travail. En considérant la techno comme une scène plutôt que comme une sous-culture, notre réflexion permet de rendre compte de la diversité des pratiques et des dynamiques qui existent entre les différents acteurs et objets qui constituent cet espace en mouvement constant. Afin d’en apprendre plus sur la façon dont la techno évolue à Montréal, nous fréquentons la scène depuis 2014 et avons entamé une période d’observation participante avant la pandémie. Nous avons diffusé un questionnaire sur Internet (n= 336). Au terme de quinze entretiens semi-dirigés réalisés à l’automne 2020, au cours desquels nous avons utilisé le procédé de photo-élicitation, nous avons approché les représentations sociales d’amateur-trices de techno sur la scène par l’image. Nous avons fait le même exercice avec la musique pour saisir le sens que les auditeur-trices lui donnent. Cette première percée au coeur de la scène techno montréalaise nous a permis d’interroger la définition de la techno, de cartographier ses lieux de diffusion, de découvrir les publics montréalais et leurs pratiques. Nos résultats nous amènent à penser qu’il n’existe pas une seule scène techno mais plusieurs. / Since the 1970s and disco, Montreal has enjoyed a reputation as a party city where dance music has been an important part of the cultural nightlife. Around this musical phenomenon, scenes have developed, being a part of a more global local and transnational culture. Socio-musicological research on the reception of popular underground electronic music - particularly techno, which is enjoying increasing popularity - is scarce when one leaves the framework of festivals, free parties and rave parties and looks at "ordinary" urban practices. This thesis focuses on the Montreal techno scene and its audiences. Surveys on cultural practices tend to portray audiences as homogeneous, but this work allows us to nuance this idea. By considering techno as a scene rather than a subculture, it allows us to account for the diversity of practices and the dynamics that exist between the different actors and objects that make up this constantly moving space. In order to learn more about how techno takes root in Montreal, we have been frequenting the scene since 2014 and began a period of participant observation prior to the pandemic. We distributed a questionnaire on the Internet (n= 336). At the end of fifteen semi-structured interviews conducted this fall, during which we used the photo-elicitation process, we approached the social representations of techno fans on the scene through images. We have done the same exercise with the music to grasp the meaning that the listeners give to it.This breakthrough in the Montreal techno scene allowed us to question the definition of techno, to map its places of diffusion, to discover the Montreal public and their practices. Our results lead us to believe that there is not one techno scene but many.

<p dir="ltr">This thesis focuses on securing different attack surfaces of embedded systems while meeting the stringent requirements imposed by these systems. Due to the specialized architecture of embedded systems, the security measures should be customized to match the unique requirements of each specific domain. To this end, this thesis identified novel security architectures using techniques such as anomaly detection, program analysis, compartmentalization, etc. This thesis synergizes work at the intersection of programming languages, compilers, computer architecture, operating systems, and embedded systems. </p>

<p dir="ltr">As the demand for energy rises and the threat of climate change looms, the need for clean, reliable, and affordable energy solutions like renewable energies has been more crucial. Energy storage systems (ESSs) are indispensable in addressing the intermittent nature of renewable energies and optimizing grid efficiency. Redox flow batteries (RFBs), thanks to their scalability, independent energy and power, swift response time, and minimal environmental impact, are a particularly promising ESS technology for long-duration storage applications. Despite the technological maturity of aqueous RFBs, nonaqueous organic RFBs (NAORFBs) are a prospective solution due to their wider operational voltage, potentially higher energy density, and larger pool of redox-active materials. However, the current state-of-the-art NAORFBs face challenges due to the lack of suitable organic redox-active materials (ORMs).</p><p dir="ltr">Despite the development of new materials, how their variables influence the total system cost of RFBs remains an unsolved challenge. With this regard, we established a techno-economic (TE) model to calculate the capital cost of nonaqueous hybrid RFBs (NAHRFBs). Prior to this work, NAHRFBs, which employs lithium metal as the anode, were regarded as an RFB system with the highest energy density. However, the correlation between their features and the system cost remained unclear, leaving a research gap for new ORMs. In our model, we selected a state-of-the-art NAHRFB system where 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) serves as the catholyte and lithium metal functions as the anode. Thereafter, sensitivity analyses identified several key factors that determine the system cost, including operational current density, area-specific resistance, cell voltage, electrolyte composition, and both the price and equivalent molecular weight of the ORM. To enhance the cost-competitiveness of current NAHRFBs, it is advised to increase the current density by 10 times and modulate the ORM-related characteristics. The virtually optimized condition manifests that the system cost of NAHRFB can meet the long-term cost target set by the U. S. Department of Energy.</p><p dir="ltr">Informed by the TE model, we discovered that elevating the oxidation potential of catholyte ORMs is instrumental in reducing the system cost of RFBs. To explore this possibility, we incorporated fluorine atoms, a potent electron-withdrawing group (EWG), into a dimethoxybenzene (DMB) derivative, yielding a new ORM (ANL-C46) with an oxidation potential enhanced by ~0.41 V. Surprisingly, ANL-C46 demonstrated superior kinetic and electrochemical stability compared to its parent molecule, as indicated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study and bulk electrolysis. In particular, the cycling performance of ANL-46 during the bulk electrolysis outperformed most reported high-potential (> 1 V vs. Ag/Ag⁺) ORMs. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveals that the introduced fluorine substituents suppress the typical side reaction pathways of the DMB series. These findings offer valuable insights into molecular engineering strategies that concurrently improve multiple desired ORM properties.</p><p dir="ltr">The stability of ORMs is critical for ensuring the extended lifetime of RFBs. We conducted a systematic exploration of the conjugation effect, which potentially stabilizes the ORMs by facilitating a more homogeneous distribution of delocalized charges. This was applied to tailor the electrochemical and physical properties of several DMB derivatives with varying aromatic ring counts. As we extended the aromatic core from 1,4-dimethoxybenzene (1,4-DMB) to 1,4-dimethoxynaphthalene (1,4-DMN), we noted a decrease in oxidation potential, enhanced kinetic stability, and an extended cycling life. However, further extending the aromatic core to 2-ethyl-9,10-dimethyanthracene (EDMA) results in rapid dealkylation of the radical cation due to increased strain in the methoxy substituents. Additionally, 1,4-DMN shows cross-reactions between radical cations, likely via disproportionation. This study demonstrates that extending the π-conjugation changes reactivity in multiple ways. Therefore, attempts to lower oxidation potential and improve ORMs stability through π-conjugation should be pursued with caution.</p>

There is a need for alternative marine fuels and propulsion techniques in order to reduce the environmental and climate impacts of the transport sector, and meet the new Swedish climate targets of net zero emissions by 2045. There are several projects and studies on full electric ferries, while the option of hydrogen fuel cell-battery hybrids are not as well explored. This study assesses the prospects for three alternative fuels and propulsion techniques for a commuter ferry in Stockholm City. The fuels assessed are hydrogen (Fuel cellbattery hybrid/electric engine), electricity (Full battery/electric engine) and a biofuel (HVO/Internal combustion engine). Conventional diesel was included as benchmark. A multi-criteria decision analysis approach is employed in order to assess the fuel systems by estimated fuel performance and benchmarked input onthe relative criteria importance. The criteria cover economic, environmental, technical, and ultimately social aspects like availability and supply of fuel. The full battery solution was discarded due to excessive weight, but as only one charging solution was investigated it is recommended for further investigation. HVO performed best in an overall score comparing all fuel alternatives, but in a comparison between only fuel cell hybrid and HVO, including the availability criteria, the fuel cell hybrid system performed best. The analysis therefore supports the opportunity to implement fuel cell-battery hybrids onthis route. / Det finns ett behov av alternativa marina bränslen och framdrivningstekniker för att minska transportsektorns miljö- och klimatpåverkan, och för att uppfylla de nya svenska klimatmålen om att inte ha några nettoutsläpp till 2045. Det finns flera projekt och studier om fullt elektriska färjor, alternativet att använda bränslecellshybrider inte är däremot inte lika utforskat. Denna studie utvärderar möjligheterna för tre alternativa bränslen och framdrivningstekniker för implementering på Djurgårdsfärjan i Stockholm Stad. De utvärderade bränslena är vätgas (bränslecellshybrid / elmotor), elektricitet (full batterilösning / elmotor) och ett biobränsle (HVO / Förbränningsmotor). Konventionell diesel ingick som riktmärke för jämförelse. Analysen genomfördes för att bedöma och jämföra bränsleprestandan mellan de olika systemen. En beslutsgrundande multikriterieanalys (MKA) utfördes och jämfördes mot liknande studier där en analytisk hierarkisk process (AHP) utförts tillsammans med viktiga intressenter i den marina transportsektorn i Sverige. Kriterierna täcker ekonomiska, miljömässiga, tekniska och i slutändan sociala aspekter som tillgång till bränsle. Den fullständiga batterilösningen avfärdades på grund av för stor massa av energisystemet, men att eftersom endast ett laddningsalternativ undersöktes rekommenderas den för ytterligare analys. HVO presterade bäst i den övergripande poängen där alla bränslealternativ jämfördes. Hybridsystemet presterade dock bäst i en jämförelse mellan HVO och hybrid där kriterierna justerades till att inkludera tillgängligheten av bränslet. Resultatet visar att viktningen av den relativa betydelsen för de olika kriterierna har stor betydelse vid utvärdering av bränslealternativ. Analysen stöder därmed möjligheten att implementera bränslecellshybrid på denna linje.

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