Nesse trabalho buscou-se compreender como ocorreu a ocupação da Pedra Grande e o entorno, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, pelos Guarani desde o período inicial até o momento do contato, quando estes são inseridos em uma Redução Jesuítico-Guarani no início do século XVII. Com ênfase no estudo das escolhas técnicas inseridas na cadeia operatória de confecção dos artefatos cerâmicos, buscou-se perceber as permanências e as mudanças técnicas ocorridas a partir do contato nas diferentes etapas de sua confecção em relação a: a aquisição da argila, tratamento da pasta, técnicas de confecção, forma do artefato, acabamento de superfície e queima, quando as vasilhas estão prontas ao uso. Foram analisadas as coleções cerâmicas do sítio Ibm 4 Pedra Grande, onde se instalou a Redução, em comparação com os vasilhames do sítio Ibm 14 Rodolfo Mariano pertencentes a um contexto funerário datado do século XI da nossa era. A percepção da continuidade e da mudança técnica se deu pelas recorrências e variabilidades na cultura material, percebidas através de atributos técnicos aplicados a cada fragmento de artefato e com auxílio de análises de Microscopia Óptica, Fluorescência de Raios X e Difratometria de Raios X. Dessa forma, buscou-se compreender quais mudanças técnicas ocorreram inseridas num conjunto maior de transformações de todos os aspectos da cultura dentro de uma totalidade social. No momento do contato com os europeus, os Guarani se deparam com uma nova situação diferente da tradicional, em que novos artefatos e conhecimentos técnicos lhe são apresentados. Percebeu-se que dentro destas possibilidades de mudanças, os Guarani optaram por adotar algumas características técnicas novas e rejeitar outras, produzindo algumas mudanças técnicas perceptíveis no estudo da cultura material, e é sobre esse processo que procurou-se refletir na finalização do trabalho. / This work aimed at finding out how the occupation of Pedra Grande site, located at the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, as well its surroundings, by the Guarani people, happened since the beginning of the settlement until the moment of first contact, when they were inserted into a Jesuit-Guarani settlement in the beginning of the XVII century. Focusing on the technological choices inserted in the Operation Sequence of ceramic artifact confection, one tried to notice the permanent or changed technological choices occurred from the first contact throughout the different stages of its confection considering: clay acquisition, paste treatment, techniques of manufacture, artifact forming and shaping, surface finishing, and firing, and vessels ready to be used. One analyzed the pottery collection of: Ibm 4 Pedra Grande site, where the settlement got place, in comparison to the vessels of Ibm 14 Rodolfo Mariano site that consists of a funerary context dated from the XI century from our era. The technological continuity and changing perception was possible due to the recurrence and variability on the material culture, noticed through technological attributes applied on each artifact fragment, assisted by Optical Microscopy, X Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and also X Ray Diffractometry. In this way, one searched about what technological changes occurred inserted into a bigger group of cultural transformations in a social totality. When in contact with Europeans, the Guarani people face a new situation if compared to the traditional one, in which new artifacts as well as technological knowledge are presented to them. It was noticed that among those possible changes, the Guarani people opted by adopting some of the new techniques but rejecting others, producing some of the technological changes noticed on the material culture study, which guided the final reflection in this work.

Nesse trabalho buscou-se compreender como ocorreu a ocupação da Pedra Grande e o entorno, na região central do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, pelos Guarani desde o período inicial até o momento do contato, quando estes são inseridos em uma Redução Jesuítico-Guarani no início do século XVII. Com ênfase no estudo das escolhas técnicas inseridas na cadeia operatória de confecção dos artefatos cerâmicos, buscou-se perceber as permanências e as mudanças técnicas ocorridas a partir do contato nas diferentes etapas de sua confecção em relação a: a aquisição da argila, tratamento da pasta, técnicas de confecção, forma do artefato, acabamento de superfície e queima, quando as vasilhas estão prontas ao uso. Foram analisadas as coleções cerâmicas do sítio Ibm 4 Pedra Grande, onde se instalou a Redução, em comparação com os vasilhames do sítio Ibm 14 Rodolfo Mariano pertencentes a um contexto funerário datado do século XI da nossa era. A percepção da continuidade e da mudança técnica se deu pelas recorrências e variabilidades na cultura material, percebidas através de atributos técnicos aplicados a cada fragmento de artefato e com auxílio de análises de Microscopia Óptica, Fluorescência de Raios X e Difratometria de Raios X. Dessa forma, buscou-se compreender quais mudanças técnicas ocorreram inseridas num conjunto maior de transformações de todos os aspectos da cultura dentro de uma totalidade social. No momento do contato com os europeus, os Guarani se deparam com uma nova situação diferente da tradicional, em que novos artefatos e conhecimentos técnicos lhe são apresentados. Percebeu-se que dentro destas possibilidades de mudanças, os Guarani optaram por adotar algumas características técnicas novas e rejeitar outras, produzindo algumas mudanças técnicas perceptíveis no estudo da cultura material, e é sobre esse processo que procurou-se refletir na finalização do trabalho. / This work aimed at finding out how the occupation of Pedra Grande site, located at the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state, as well its surroundings, by the Guarani people, happened since the beginning of the settlement until the moment of first contact, when they were inserted into a Jesuit-Guarani settlement in the beginning of the XVII century. Focusing on the technological choices inserted in the Operation Sequence of ceramic artifact confection, one tried to notice the permanent or changed technological choices occurred from the first contact throughout the different stages of its confection considering: clay acquisition, paste treatment, techniques of manufacture, artifact forming and shaping, surface finishing, and firing, and vessels ready to be used. One analyzed the pottery collection of: Ibm 4 Pedra Grande site, where the settlement got place, in comparison to the vessels of Ibm 14 Rodolfo Mariano site that consists of a funerary context dated from the XI century from our era. The technological continuity and changing perception was possible due to the recurrence and variability on the material culture, noticed through technological attributes applied on each artifact fragment, assisted by Optical Microscopy, X Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and also X Ray Diffractometry. In this way, one searched about what technological changes occurred inserted into a bigger group of cultural transformations in a social totality. When in contact with Europeans, the Guarani people face a new situation if compared to the traditional one, in which new artifacts as well as technological knowledge are presented to them. It was noticed that among those possible changes, the Guarani people opted by adopting some of the new techniques but rejecting others, producing some of the technological changes noticed on the material culture study, which guided the final reflection in this work.

Ce mémoire présente l’analyse technologique d’un assemblage lithique du Dorsétien récent provenant des Îles Nuvuk au Nunavik. L’approche technologique et la chaine opératoire ont été employées pour définir le système technique des occupants de la maison 3 du site KcFs-2, daté entre 940±20 ans et 970±15 ans AA. Les analyses technologiques ont permis d’aborder une multitude de sphères comportementales en relation avec la technologie lithique dorsétienne de KcFs-2. Celles-ci concernent l’acquisition des matières, la gestion des supports, les intentions de production, les techniques de taille et enfin, les conceptions volumétriques des occupants du site. Dans le but de questionner le cadre chronoculturel en vigueur et de pallier aux manquements de l’approche typologique traditionnellement employée dans l’Arctique de l’est, ces données ont été comparées à celles des sites GhGk-63 (Kuujjuarapik) et Tayara (KbFk-7) ayant servi à définir la période du Dorsétien classique au Nunavik (Desrosiers 2009). L’analyse comparative des systèmes techniques du Dorsétien classique et du Dorsétien récent a permis de mettre en lumière la continuité des traditions techniques dorsétiennes sur une période d’environ mille ans. / This thesis presents the technological analysis of a Late Dorset lithic assemblage from the Nuvuk Islands in Nunavik. The technological approach and the chaine opératoire have been used to define the “technological system” of the occupants of House 3 at KcFs-2, dated between 940±20 and 970±15 BP. The technological analysis has provided information about many spheres of technological behavior related to the acquisition of raw material, to the management of blanks and preforms, to production objectives, to knapping techniques and finally to the “volumetric conceptions’’ of the site’s occupants. In order to question the actual chronocultural framework and to overcome problems associated with the typological approach traditionally used in the Eastern Arctic, this data has been compared to the data from the GhGk-63 (Kuujjuarapik) and Tayara (KbFk-7) sites, which have been use to define the Classic Dorset in Nunavik (Desrosiers 2009). The comparative analysis of Classic Dorset and Late Dorset “technological systems” has shed light on the continuities that characterise Dorset technological traditions over approximatively a millennium.

Le site CeEt-482 est un vestige de la tradition technologique de l’Archaïque du golfe du Maine. Il est exceptionnel, car il n’a été occupé que durant une courte période de la préhistoire et n’a subi, par la suite, que peu de perturbations anthropiques. De plus, les fouilles ont couvert une large superficie et ont été pratiquées dans un cadre professionnel. Parmi les restes matériels découverts se trouvent des milliers d’éclats, et aussi plus d’une centaine de micro-outils en quartz. Cet assemblage a conduit l’archéologue responsable du projet à émettre l’hypothèse que les activités de taille ont dû être plutôt intensives. Outre ces objets issus de la taille, plusieurs pierres ont aussi été amassées. Certaines dont la surface présente des marques d’abrasion ou d’impacts et d’autres qui n’ont aucune marque d’utilisation visible. J’ai choisi de placer ces pierres à l’avant-plan dans l’interprétation de la fonction du site afin de vérifier si celles-ci corroboraient l’hypothèse suggérée au départ. Toutefois, dans une perspective plus large, j’ai aussi cherché à savoir quel fut leur rôle dans la stratégie d’occupation des individus qui ont séjourné sur CeEt-482. L’organisation technologique des outils est l’angle d’approche qui fut utilisée. L’analyse des pierres, quant à elle, a employé deux structures méthodologiques dont l’une est inspirée du concept de la vie de l’objet et la seconde provient du cadre conceptuel nommé théorie du Design. Les résultats ont ensuite été mis en contexte par rapport à la disposition spatiale des vestiges. Ce mémoire a permis d’apporter une nuance quant à l’interprétation initiale du site. En fait, les activités liées au travail de la pierre se seraient déroulées plutôt de manière ponctuelle. L’analyse des outils choisis pour ce mémoire démontre que ceux-ci ont participé de manière plus intensive aux activités qui sont en lien avec le travail de la matière souple, fibreuse ou dure, ainsi qu’aux activités liées à l’alimentation. Je propose l’hypothèse que le site CeEt-482 puisse donc avoir été une destination qui offre un large éventail de ressources, soit pour réparer son équipement ou bien pour y refaire des provisions après ou avant un long périple. / The CeEt-482 site is located on the south shore of the Strait of Quebec, and dates approximately eight thousand years before today. The site was occupied briefly by a group related to the Gulf of Maine Archaic technological tradition. The site produced numerous lithic artifacts that are mainly represented by flakes and by a microtool industry, mostly made of quartz. The site was excavated over thirty years ago. At the time, only a preliminary analysis of the assemblage was carried out. The interpretation was that flaking activities on the site was intensive and, also, an important aspect that explains the function of the site. However, different types of pebbles used as tools and rocks with marks of impacts or grinding were found throughout the excavated area. I decided to place these tools at the centre of this research in order to verify if they corroborate the hypothesis of the site function or the intensity of flaking activities. The research question is explored with a technological organization approach which has the potential to demonstrate the way tools interact with the strategies employed by the occupants during the occupation of the site. The methodology applied to the analysis of the stone tool assemblage is based on the tool’s life history combined with the concept of design theory. This research contributes a more complete interpretation of the site that adds to the initial interpretations of the site’s function. The results suggest that flaking activities where in fact less important than seemed at first sight and happened sporadically throughout the occupation. Regarding the tools that have been studied, the intensity of activities appears to be most closely linked to the work of soft or hard organic material and linked with food preparation and consumption. In conclusion, I suggest that CeEt-482 could have played the role of a safe destination after a long period of travel where the occupants could find a large variety of resources and where they could repair equipment or gather provisions before or after another trip.

La séquence culturelle régionale de l’Archaïque supérieur et terminal de la vallée de l’Outaouais n’est pas complétée, mais les variations stylistiques, technologiques et fonctionnelles des artéfacts sur le plan régional et local facilitent le découpage culturel. La reconstruction de la chaîne opératoire des haches, des herminettes et des gouges en pierre polie des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux, deux sites du sud-est ontarien, pourrait permettre de déceler une tradition technologique régionale à cheval entre l’Archaïque laurentien, l’Archaïque post-laurentien et d’autres courants des Grands Lacs. L’analyse des haches, des herminettes et des gouges des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux démontre l’utilisation massive de l’amphibolite. La moitié distale de ces outils est surtout polie et finement abrasée et la moitié proximale souvent éclatée, mais parfois abrasée. Ces éléments technologiques et l’industrie de pierre taillée démontrent des ressemblances et des différences avec les sites laurentiens de la région, et certains sites post-laurentiens du Québec et de l’Ontario méridional. Le matériel en pierre polie des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux démontre des liens technologiques vers l’Ouest tout en gardant un contact avec la sphère d’interaction postlaurentienne. La vallée de l’Outaouais semble alors prendre une place indépendante dans l’Archaïque supérieur, certaines continuités technologiques s’observent entre l’Archaïque laurentien et l’Archaïque post-laurentien. / The Late and Terminal Archaic cultural sequence of the Ottawa Valley region is not well defined. Definition of cultural boundaries should be based on stylistic, technological and functional variations, on a regional and local scale. The “chaîne opératoire” reconstruction of ground stone celts and gouges from the Muldoon and Lamoureux sites could lead to the recognition of a regional technological tradition linked to the Laurentian Archaic, the Post-Laurentian Archaic (Narrow Point) and other cultural trends from the Great Lakes. The analysis of celts and gouges from Muldoon and Lamoureux show a massive use of amphibolite. The distal half of these tools is mostly finely abraded and polished. The proximal half is frequently broken off, but sometimes abraded. These technological traits prove to have some resemblances and differences with Laurentian sites in the Ottawa Valley and some Post-laurentian sites in southern Quebec and Ontario. The ground stone material from these sites shows several links towards the west while participating in the Post-Laurentian Archaic interaction sphere. The Ottawa valley seems therefore to take an independent place in the Late Archaic, as technologic continuities are seen between Laurentian and Post-Laurentian assemblages.

La séquence culturelle régionale de l’Archaïque supérieur et terminal de la vallée de l’Outaouais n’est pas complétée, mais les variations stylistiques, technologiques et fonctionnelles des artéfacts sur le plan régional et local facilitent le découpage culturel. La reconstruction de la chaîne opératoire des haches, des herminettes et des gouges en pierre polie des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux, deux sites du sud-est ontarien, pourrait permettre de déceler une tradition technologique régionale à cheval entre l’Archaïque laurentien, l’Archaïque post-laurentien et d’autres courants des Grands Lacs. L’analyse des haches, des herminettes et des gouges des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux démontre l’utilisation massive de l’amphibolite. La moitié distale de ces outils est surtout polie et finement abrasée et la moitié proximale souvent éclatée, mais parfois abrasée. Ces éléments technologiques et l’industrie de pierre taillée démontrent des ressemblances et des différences avec les sites laurentiens de la région, et certains sites post-laurentiens du Québec et de l’Ontario méridional. Le matériel en pierre polie des sites Muldoon et Lamoureux démontre des liens technologiques vers l’Ouest tout en gardant un contact avec la sphère d’interaction postlaurentienne. La vallée de l’Outaouais semble alors prendre une place indépendante dans l’Archaïque supérieur, certaines continuités technologiques s’observent entre l’Archaïque laurentien et l’Archaïque post-laurentien. / The Late and Terminal Archaic cultural sequence of the Ottawa Valley region is not well defined. Definition of cultural boundaries should be based on stylistic, technological and functional variations, on a regional and local scale. The “chaîne opératoire” reconstruction of ground stone celts and gouges from the Muldoon and Lamoureux sites could lead to the recognition of a regional technological tradition linked to the Laurentian Archaic, the Post-Laurentian Archaic (Narrow Point) and other cultural trends from the Great Lakes. The analysis of celts and gouges from Muldoon and Lamoureux show a massive use of amphibolite. The distal half of these tools is mostly finely abraded and polished. The proximal half is frequently broken off, but sometimes abraded. These technological traits prove to have some resemblances and differences with Laurentian sites in the Ottawa Valley and some Post-laurentian sites in southern Quebec and Ontario. The ground stone material from these sites shows several links towards the west while participating in the Post-Laurentian Archaic interaction sphere. The Ottawa valley seems therefore to take an independent place in the Late Archaic, as technologic continuities are seen between Laurentian and Post-Laurentian assemblages.