Un système technologique piloté est constitué d’une variété de composants interagissant ensemble et combinant de multiples phénomènes physiques. Ces composants, subissant un stress en fonctionnement, finissent par être affectés par des défauts pouvant avoir de graves conséquences pour l’intégrité du système lui-même ou son environnement. Ces défauts sont généralement répertoriés par des techniques de sureté de fonctionnement et classés par ordre de criticité.Une solution, pour réduire les sinistres consécutifs à la survenue d’un défaut critique, est de mettre en place un diagnostiqueur embarqué capable, dans un délai bref, de détecter cette survenue puis d’identifier le défaut, en vue de placer le système dans un mode de fonctionnement plus sûr. Il apparaît alors impératif, durant la conception du diagnostiqueur, d’étudier la diagnosticabilité des défauts, étude consistant à s’assurer que le diagnostiqueur sera toujours capable de détecter et d’identifier sans ambiguïté les défauts préalablement répertoriés.Cette thèse établit une chaîne complète de développement d’un diagnostiqueur embarqué pour les systèmes technologiques pilotés. Y sont décrites, dans un cadre théorique unifié et cohérent basé sur l’utilisation de modèles homogènes, toutes les étapes depuis la conception jusqu’à la réalisation du diagnostiqueur : représentation comportementale du système et modélisation des défauts, étude de la diagnosticabilité de ces défauts, puis génération du diagnostiqueur lui-même. Le lien rigoureux établi entre l’étude de la diagnosticabilité et la génération du diagnostiqueur, qui fonde la correction et la cohérence de l’approche, constitue un aspect saillant et original de ces travaux.Cette thèse résulte d’un projet collaboratif réunissant l’entreprise Sherpa Engineering, le Laboratoire de Recherche en Informatique (LRI) unité mixte de recherche de l'Université Paris-Sud et du CNRS et enfin le Laboratoire d’Ingénierie des Systèmes Embarqués (LISE) du CEA LIST. / A technological system is constituted with many components interacting with each other and combining multiple physical phenomena. Those components may be affected by faults resulting in serious damage to the system integrity or its environment. Those faults are generally listed by using safety analysis methodology and classified according to their severity level.A solution for reducing damages resulting from the occurrence of a critical fault is to embed a diagnosis system, which can quickly detect its occurrence and identifying the fault, this in order to put the system in the appropriate safety mode. Therefore the design process of this diagnosis system must include a diagnosability study of faults. It consists in checking that the diagnosis system will always be able to detect and identify any of the listed faults without ambiguity.This thesis introduces a complete tool-chain to develop a diagnosis system for technological systems. By using a unified theoretic and coherent framework relying on homogeneous models, all steps from the conception to the construction of the diagnosis system are described: behavioral representation of the system and faults modeling, diagnosability study of faults, generation of the diagnosis system. The rigorous link established between the diagnosability study and the associated diagnosis system generation, which ensures the coherence and correction of this approach, constitutes a salient and original aspect of this work.This thesis results from a collaborative project between the company Sherpa Engineering, the Laboratory for Computer Science (LRI) at Université Paris-Sud, joint with CNRS, and the Laboratory of Model driven engineering for embedded systems (LISE) from the CEA/LIST.

This dissertation is intended to further technology studies by analyzing some of its important methodological tools and using those tools in combination to study complex technological systems in an historical context. The first chapter of the dissertation examines in detail four influential models by which complex technological systems have been analyzed: Hughes's system model, Bijker's social construction model, Latour, Callon, and Law's actor-network model, and Ruth Schwartz Cowan's consumption junction model. For each model, I summarize the seminal works, analyze the uses of the model in the literature, and offer some refinements to the models based on that analysis. Chapter 2 presents three case studies applying these models two different technological systems. First, the early development of the American automobile industry, 1895 to 1940, is studied using Hughes's concepts of technological momentum and reverse salients. Second, the automobile's impact on American society is explored over the same time period relying on Ruth Schwartz Cowan's consumer-oriented perspective and Wiebe Bijker's concept of technological frames. The third case study examines the technological means by which, over a long period of time, American cities were rendered impervious to huge conflagrations—commonplace until the end of the 19th century. For the analysis of this system, I use actor-network theory, Wiebe Bijker's technological frames, and Hughes's reverse salients. / Ph. D.

Large, ever more complex, technological systems surround us and provide products and services that both construct and define much of what we consider as modern society. Our societal bargain is the trade-off between the benefits of our technologies and our constant vigilance over the safe workings and the occasional failures of these often hazardous sociotechnical systems during their operating life. Failure of a system's infrastructure, whether a complex subsystem or a single component, can cause planes to crash, oil rigs to burn, or the release of radioactivity from a nuclear power plant. To prevent catastrophes, much depends not only on skilled and safe operations, but upon the effective maintenance of these systems. Using the commercial nuclear power industry, of the United States, as a case study, this dissertation examines how nuclear power plant maintenance functions to ensure the plants are reliable and can safely operate for, potentially, eighty years; the current, government regulation defined limit, of their functional life. This study explores the history of U.S. nuclear maintenance regulatory policy from its early Cold War political precursors, the effect of the 1979 Three Mile Island reactor melt-down accident, through its long development, and finally its implementation by nuclear power licensees as formal maintenance programs. By investigating the maintenance of nuclear power plants this research also intends to expand the conceptual framework of large- technological-system (LTS) theory, in general, by adding a recognizable, and practically achievable, end-of-life (EOL) phase to the heuristic structure. The dissertation argues that maintenance is a knowledge producing technology that not only keeps a sociotechnical system operating through comprehension, but can be a surveillance instrument to make system end-of-life legible; that is both visible and understandable. With a discernible and legible view of system end-of-life, operators, policy makers, and the public can make more informed decisions concerning a system's safety and its continued usefulness in society. / Doctor of Philosophy / Large, ever more complicated, technical systems surround us and provide products and services that define much of what we consider as modern society. Our societal bargain is the trade-off between the benefits of our technologies and our constant vigilance over the safe workings and the occasional failures of these often hazardous systems during their operating life. Failure of a system's infrastructure, whether a complex subsystem or a single component, can cause planes to crash, oil rigs to burn, or the release of radioactivity from a nuclear power plant. To prevent catastrophes, much depends not only on skilled and safe operations, but upon the effective maintenance of these systems. Using the commercial nuclear power industry, of the United States, as a case study, this dissertation examines how nuclear power plant maintenance functions to ensure the plants are reliable and can safely operate for, potentially, eighty years; the current, government regulation defined limit, of their functional life. This study explores the history of U.S. nuclear maintenance regulatory policy from its early Cold War political precursors, the effect of the 1979 Three Mile Island reactor melt-down accident, through its long development, and finally its implementation by nuclear power licensees as formal maintenance programs. By investigating the maintenance of nuclear power plants this research also intends to develop a method to determine when a nuclear power plant, or other large technological system, is approaching or has reached the end of its reliable and safe operational life. The dissertation presents maintenance as a technology of knowledge that not only keeps a system operating through understanding of its components, but can be a general surveillance instrument to make system end-of- life legible. With a discernible and understandable view of end-of-life, operators, policy makers, and the public can make more informed decisions concerning a system's safety and its continued usefulness to society.

A presente dissertação expõe os resultados provenientes da pesquisa desenvolvida junto ao Projeto Arqueológico Quebra Anzol - MG, a qual versa sobre o estudo das cadeias operatórias e sistema tecnológico relacionado às indústrias líticas provenientes dos sítios ATM-691, localizado no Município de Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé e Buraco Seco, localizados no Município de Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, além de uma correlação junto aos dados que dizem respeito às ocupações mais recuadas do sítio Rezende, este localizado no município de Centralina - MG, em todos os casos caracterizados como sítios a céu aberto tocantes a contextos de ocupações de populações com economia extrativista de provisão relacionada às atividades de caça, coleta e pesca e que tem como único remanescente sua cultura material lítica. Pelo viés da tecnológica lítica, tivemos como principal objetivo analisar as dinâmicas socioculturais em sua compreensão intrassítio, de modo realizar um estudo pormenorizado dos sítios arqueológicos numa perspectiva da análise da cadeia operatória e sistema tecnológico dos vestígios líticos, bem como a análise inter-sítio, que visa à correlação dos dados obtidos no estudo dos cinco sítios propostos junto aos dados de outro sítio já estudado na região, de modo que foi possível verificar possíveis permanências e mudanças culturais manifestadas por meio da tecnologia presente nos conjuntos artefatuais oriundos das dinâmicas de populações caçadoras-coletoras, o que nos permitiu conceber um modelo empírico regional de ocupação baseado na caracterização da paisagem, economia de aprovisionamento, organização social e tipificação da tecnologia lítica para o médio vale do Paranaíba. / The Archaeological Project Quebra Anzol - MG, which deals with the study of the operative chains and technological system related to the lithic industries from the ATM- 691 sites, located in the municipality of Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé and Buraco Seco, located in the municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, in addition to a correlation with the data referring to the most backward occupations of the Rezende site, located in the Municipality of Centralina - MG, in all cases characterized as open - air sites touching contexts of occupations of populations with extractive economy of provision related to the activities of hunting, gathering and fishing and that has as its only remaining material lytic culture. The main objective of this study was to analyze the sociocultural dynamics in its intra-site understanding, so as to carry out a detailed study of the archaeological sites from the perspective of the analysis of the operative chain and the technological system of the lithic vestiges, as well as the inter-site analysis, which aims to correlate the data obtained in the study of the five sites proposed together with the data of another site already studied in the region, so that it was possible to verify possible permanences and cultural changes manifested through the technology present in the artifactual ensembles derived from the dynamics of hunting populations which allowed us to conceive a regional empirical model of occupation based on the characterization of the landscape, economy of supply, social organization and typification of lithic technology for the middle valley of Paranaíba

A presente dissertação expõe os resultados provenientes da pesquisa desenvolvida junto ao Projeto Arqueológico Quebra Anzol - MG, a qual versa sobre o estudo das cadeias operatórias e sistema tecnológico relacionado às indústrias líticas provenientes dos sítios ATM-691, localizado no Município de Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé e Buraco Seco, localizados no Município de Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, além de uma correlação junto aos dados que dizem respeito às ocupações mais recuadas do sítio Rezende, este localizado no município de Centralina - MG, em todos os casos caracterizados como sítios a céu aberto tocantes a contextos de ocupações de populações com economia extrativista de provisão relacionada às atividades de caça, coleta e pesca e que tem como único remanescente sua cultura material lítica. Pelo viés da tecnológica lítica, tivemos como principal objetivo analisar as dinâmicas socioculturais em sua compreensão intrassítio, de modo realizar um estudo pormenorizado dos sítios arqueológicos numa perspectiva da análise da cadeia operatória e sistema tecnológico dos vestígios líticos, bem como a análise inter-sítio, que visa à correlação dos dados obtidos no estudo dos cinco sítios propostos junto aos dados de outro sítio já estudado na região, de modo que foi possível verificar possíveis permanências e mudanças culturais manifestadas por meio da tecnologia presente nos conjuntos artefatuais oriundos das dinâmicas de populações caçadoras-coletoras, o que nos permitiu conceber um modelo empírico regional de ocupação baseado na caracterização da paisagem, economia de aprovisionamento, organização social e tipificação da tecnologia lítica para o médio vale do Paranaíba. / The Archaeological Project Quebra Anzol - MG, which deals with the study of the operative chains and technological system related to the lithic industries from the ATM- 691 sites, located in the municipality of Tupaciguara - MG, Novo 1, Novo 2, Canindé and Buraco Seco, located in the municipality of Monte Alegre de Minas - MG, in addition to a correlation with the data referring to the most backward occupations of the Rezende site, located in the Municipality of Centralina - MG, in all cases characterized as open - air sites touching contexts of occupations of populations with extractive economy of provision related to the activities of hunting, gathering and fishing and that has as its only remaining material lytic culture. The main objective of this study was to analyze the sociocultural dynamics in its intra-site understanding, so as to carry out a detailed study of the archaeological sites from the perspective of the analysis of the operative chain and the technological system of the lithic vestiges, as well as the inter-site analysis, which aims to correlate the data obtained in the study of the five sites proposed together with the data of another site already studied in the region, so that it was possible to verify possible permanences and cultural changes manifested through the technology present in the artifactual ensembles derived from the dynamics of hunting populations which allowed us to conceive a regional empirical model of occupation based on the characterization of the landscape, economy of supply, social organization and typification of lithic technology for the middle valley of Paranaíba

La réalité que recouvre la notion d’œuvre d'art est complexe et plurielle. Maintes fois remise en question, on lui préfère fréquemment aujourd'hui les termes de "production", "travail", "pièce", "situation". Néanmoins, et malgré les transformations de l'art à l'heure actuelle, peut-on se passer de l’œuvre sans que cet abandon ne relève d'un "extrême artifice"? Nous proposons de l'analyser sous l'angle d'une précarité à la fois intrinsèque et conjoncturelle. L’œuvre est précaire, d'une part, parce qu'elle est un objet de pensée voué à la critique et à la réflexivité depuis son apparition à la Renaissance et sa réception esthétique au dix-huitième siècle. D'autre part, parce qu'elle s'expose aux risques et aux transformations liés aux évolutions de la modernité et de la postmodernité. Une autre forme de précarité, propre à la société contemporaine dans ses fondements capitalistes et technologiques, est interrogée notamment au travers de la production de trois artistes - Pierre Huyghe, Ryan Trecartin et Camille Henrot - dont les œuvres consistent davantage en des champs de relations aux variations multiples qu'en des objets. Quel type d'expérience accompagne la traversée, contingente et fugitive, latérale et fragmentaire, des expositions et des espaces discursifs de ces "œuvres précaires"? / The definition of the artwork is complex and plural. Repeatedly called into question, the terms of "production", "work", "piece", "situation", are frequently preferred nowadays. Nonetheless, and in spite of the current transformations of art, could we do without this notion? Our thesis analyses the work of art from the angle of an intrinsic and temporary precariousness. It is precarious, on one hand, because the work is an object devoted to criticism and reflexiveness ever since its appearance during the Renaissance and its aesthetic reception in the eighteenth century, and on the other hand, because it is exposed to the risks and disruptions of modernity and postmodernity's developments. Another form of precariousness, specific to the capitalist and technological age, is examined through the production of three contemporary artists - Pierre Huyghe, Ryan Trecartin and Camille Henrot. Their works consist more in a field of relations with multiples variations than in objects. What sort of experience should we expect from those exhibitions and discursive spaces of the "precarious work"?

Ce mémoire présente l’analyse technologique d’un assemblage lithique du Dorsétien récent provenant des Îles Nuvuk au Nunavik. L’approche technologique et la chaine opératoire ont été employées pour définir le système technique des occupants de la maison 3 du site KcFs-2, daté entre 940±20 ans et 970±15 ans AA. Les analyses technologiques ont permis d’aborder une multitude de sphères comportementales en relation avec la technologie lithique dorsétienne de KcFs-2. Celles-ci concernent l’acquisition des matières, la gestion des supports, les intentions de production, les techniques de taille et enfin, les conceptions volumétriques des occupants du site. Dans le but de questionner le cadre chronoculturel en vigueur et de pallier aux manquements de l’approche typologique traditionnellement employée dans l’Arctique de l’est, ces données ont été comparées à celles des sites GhGk-63 (Kuujjuarapik) et Tayara (KbFk-7) ayant servi à définir la période du Dorsétien classique au Nunavik (Desrosiers 2009). L’analyse comparative des systèmes techniques du Dorsétien classique et du Dorsétien récent a permis de mettre en lumière la continuité des traditions techniques dorsétiennes sur une période d’environ mille ans. / This thesis presents the technological analysis of a Late Dorset lithic assemblage from the Nuvuk Islands in Nunavik. The technological approach and the chaine opératoire have been used to define the “technological system” of the occupants of House 3 at KcFs-2, dated between 940±20 and 970±15 BP. The technological analysis has provided information about many spheres of technological behavior related to the acquisition of raw material, to the management of blanks and preforms, to production objectives, to knapping techniques and finally to the “volumetric conceptions’’ of the site’s occupants. In order to question the actual chronocultural framework and to overcome problems associated with the typological approach traditionally used in the Eastern Arctic, this data has been compared to the data from the GhGk-63 (Kuujjuarapik) and Tayara (KbFk-7) sites, which have been use to define the Classic Dorset in Nunavik (Desrosiers 2009). The comparative analysis of Classic Dorset and Late Dorset “technological systems” has shed light on the continuities that characterise Dorset technological traditions over approximatively a millennium.