Thesis. 1979. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Bibliography: leaves 177-182. / Ph.D.

Entrepreneurial ecosystems are an important economic consideration but remain an understudied phenomenon. In particular, research emphasising the role of the entrepreneur within entrepreneurial ecosystems is scant. Entrepreneurial universities, particularly the commercialisation activities by academic entrepreneurs, contribute to both the emergence and development of entrepreneurial ecosystems at the university-industry (U-I) boundary. Yet, an understanding of the links between university characteristics and micro-level cognition on entrepreneurial ecosystems remains limited. Furthermore, it is not clear how the dynamics of entrepreneurial ecosystems differ across different national geographies. Venture development at the U-I boundary is difficult and uncertain. Entrepreneurs must make decisions under intense ambiguity and make sense of the highly uncertain situation. Nowhere is this more evident than in knowledge and technology-intensive sectors, where venturing relies on entrepreneurial coping responses to uncertainty. However, little is known about how entrepreneurs cope with uncertainty, especially when uncertainty is irreducible. To progress understanding of entrepreneurial behaviour amidst uncertainty, and the emergence and development of entrepreneurial ecosystems at the U-I boundary, this PhD thesis investigates venturing in the field of regenerative medicine (regenmed). This is a particularly suited study context since regenmed commercialisation activities, which are driven by university-based stem cell research, are highly uncertain and the industry is still in a formative stage. This PhD thesis explores entrepreneurial behaviour amidst uncertainty and the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems at the U-I boundary. The thesis comprises of three empirical studies (essays) that can be read independently, however, together the essays provide an enhanced understanding of entrepreneurial behaviour and the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems at the U-I boundary. Essay 1 reveals how ecosystem participants make sense of venturing processes in a highly uncertain, technology-intensive field. It highlights the development of coping strategies during the sensemaking process, and illustrates an association between university entrepreneurial culture and coping strategies. A model of sensemaking process under uncertainty is presented and a typology of sensemaking types in uncertain ecosystems is proposed. Essay 2 is a cross-national study of entrepreneurial ecosystems in Edinburgh (UK) and Madison (USA). The study investigates the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems around two research-intensive universities, which have a long history in stem cell innovation. The essay highlights the effects of cultural artefacts on microlevel behaviours. The influence of behaviour and cognition on the development of entrepreneurial ecosystems is modelled. This reveals different development paths for similar ecosystems. Essay 3 explores the emergence and development of entrepreneurial ecosystems, and considers how these help drive technology-based economies. More specifically, the study explores technology transfer and contextual factors across three regenmed ecosystems (Edinburgh, Madison, and Moscow) to reveal the emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems at the U-I boundary. Findings show that ecosystem and venture characteristics emerge from institutional characteristics, micro-level cognition and regional context. Additionally, university culture and entrepreneurial coping strategies generate a typology for spinouts within the ecosystem. Collectively, these three essays reveal novel phenomena explaining how ecosystem actors make sense of uncertainty and how this influences the emergence of entrepreneurial ecosystems at the U-I boundary. Additionally, they reveal the importance of context in the venturing process and in entrepreneurial ecosystem dynamics. This provides important contributions to theories of entrepreneurial behaviour, entrepreneurial ecosystems and technology transfer. These scholarly contributions impart important practical implications.

Wong, Tsz Nga. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-77). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5 / Chapter 3 --- Model --- p.8 / Chapter 3.1 --- Discussion --- p.17 / Chapter 3.2 --- Static Market Equilibrium --- p.18 / Chapter 3.3 --- Comparative Static Studies --- p.29 / Chapter 4 --- Dynamics --- p.37 / Chapter 4.1 --- Steady States --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2 --- Open or Not? --- p.52 / Chapter 4.3 --- Optimal Timing to Foreign Production Function --- p.54 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.57 / Chapter 5 --- World Economy of Production Globalization --- p.61 / Chapter 5.1 --- Technological Progresses in Globalization Environment --- p.66 / Chapter 5.2 --- Discussion --- p.67 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.69 / Chapter 7 --- Appendix --- p.70 / Chapter 7.1 --- Al. Derivation of CES Technology from Cobb-Douglas Production Function --- p.70 / Chapter 7.2 --- A2. Proof of Lemma 2 --- p.73

Australia's space activities since the early sixties have been science-oriented and uncoordinated. As a result, Australia has been unable to develop a long-term sustainable domestic technological capability; with industry being dependent on government funding for its involvement in the nation's space plan. This thesis examines public policy aspects focussing on technology independence that is the building of competencies for the sustainable development of an industry. It compares national technological development by relating Australia's recent space-related successes and failures to those of other nations (especially selected Asian countries and Israel). The overarching research problem addressed within this thesis examined the Australian national space policy and strategy since 1984.It investigated why the Australian Space Industry Development Strategy was not a successful influence on the development of a long-term sustainable national technological base or on the establishment of a viable commercial space-related industry in Australia. The research included the development of a strategic multilevel planning system involving a network innovation model into a nation's space science and technology policy development. The outcomes of the research reported in the thesis are discussed. The level of technological capability and capacity is a direct, inversely related factor to an increase in the degree in technology dependency. Australia needs a change of philosophy by accepting the global challenge through defining and supporting, within a national strategic planning, a national space strategy that incorporates network innovation concepts: a concept that must involve a balanced supply (science) and demand (commercial) characteristics of an innovation network system. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Management)

A consecutive number of studies on the adoption trend of logistics technology since 1988 revealed that logistics organizations are not in the frontier when it comes to adopting new technology and this delayed adoption creates an information gap. In the advent of supply chain management and the strategic position of logistics, the need for accurate and timely information to accompany the logistics executives became more important than ever before. Given the integrative nature of logistics technology, failure to implement the technology successfully could result in writing off major investments in developing and implementing the technology or even in abandoning the strategic initiatives underpinned by these innovations. Consequently, the need to employ effective strategies and models to cope with these uncertainties is rather crucial. This thesis addresses the aspect of uncertainty in implementation success by process and factor research models. Process research approach focuses on the sequence of events in the technology transfer process that occurs over time. It explains the story that explains the degree of association between these sequences and implementation success. Through content analysis, this research gathers, extracts, and categorizes process data of actual stories of logistics technology adoption and implementations in organizations that are published in literature. The extracted event sequences are then analyzed using optimal matching from natural science and grouped using cluster analysis. Four patterns were revealed that organizations follow to transfer logistics technology namely, formal minimalist, mutual adaptation, development concerned, and organizational roles dispenser. Factors that contribute to successful implementation in each pattern were defined as the crucial and necessary events that characterized and differentiated each pattern from others. The factor approach identifies the potential predictors of successful technology implementation and tests empirical association between predictors and outcomes. This research develops a logistics technology success model. In developing the model, various streams of research were investigated including logistics, information systems, and organizational psychology. The model is tested using a questionnaire survey study. The data were collected from Australian companies which have recently adopted and implemented logistics technology. The results of a partial least squares structured equation modeling provide strong support for the model constructs and valuable insights to logistics/supply chain managers. The last study reports a convergent triangulation study using multiple case study of three Australian companies which have implemented logistics technology. A within and a cross case analysis of the three cases provide cross validation for the results of the other two studies. The results provided high predictive validity for the two models. Furthermore, the case study approach was so beneficial in explaining and contextualizing the linkages of the factor-based model and in confirming the importance of the crucial events in the process-based model. The thesis concludes with a research and managerial implications chapter which is devoted for logistics/supply chain managers and researchers.

The thesis explores the concept of International Arbitration, an alternative to litigation. It argues the benefits and the inherent limitations parties are likely to face while resorting to this instrument to resolve Transfer of Technology and Intellectual Property related disputes. The paper further explains how Arbitrability limitations can be taken care of in relation to transfer of technology disputes. Emphasis is placed on the institutional role of the World Intellectual Property Organization’s Arbitration and Mediation Center as an appropriate arbitration forum to deal with complex technological and Intellectual Property related disputes.

The thesis explores the concept of International Arbitration, an alternative to litigation. It argues the benefits and the inherent limitations parties are likely to face while resorting to this instrument to resolve Transfer of Technology and Intellectual Property related disputes. The paper further explains how Arbitrability limitations can be taken care of in relation to transfer of technology disputes. Emphasis is placed on the institutional role of the World Intellectual Property Organization’s Arbitration and Mediation Center as an appropriate arbitration forum to deal with complex technological and Intellectual Property related disputes.

In diesem Buch sind die Forschungsergebnisse und praktischen Erfahrungen im Wissen- und Technologietransfer des Transferzentrums der Fakultät Maschinenwesen der TU Dresden: CIMTT – Zentrum für Produktionstechnik und Organisation zusammengefasst. Sie liefern Vertretern aus Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und intermediären Einrichtungen Anregungen und Hinweise, wie die kontinuierliche Entwicklung von Innovationen – vor allem in kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen – ständig befördert und professionell unterstützt werden kann. Zum ersten führt das CIMTT Transferforschung durch, um die eigene Transferarbeit kontinuierlich an aktuelle wirtschaftliche Entwicklungen anpassen zu können. Deren Ergebnisse liefern auch Entscheidungsträgern in Wirtschaft und Politik Impulse, wie die Innovationstätigkeit in Unternehmen und der Transfer wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse in die Praxis effektiv gefördert werden können. Zum zweiten entwickelt und erprobt das CIMTT verschiedene niedrigschwellige Transferformate. Diese ermöglichen es besonders kleinen und mittleren Unternehmen sich prägnant und anwendungsnah über aktuelle Forschungsergebnisse an der Fakultät Maschinenwesen der Technischen Universität Dresden zu informieren. Dabei kommen sowohl persönlich als auch elektronisch vermittelte Formate zum Einsatz. Diese erleichtern die Kontaktaufnahme zwischen Wissenschaft und Wirtschaft und stellen einen ersten Schritt auf dem Weg zu Forschungskooperationen dar, die das Ziel der Entwicklung von Innovationen verfolgen. Zum dritten stellt das CIMTT Lehr- und Lernkonzepte sowie Workshops zur Verfügung, die es Studierenden wie Mitarbeitern in Unternehmen ermöglichen, die eigene Innovationsfähigkeit auszubilden, zu trainieren und im (späteren) Arbeitsalltag anzuwenden. Dadurch werden wichtige Voraussetzungen für die Erarbeitung von Innovationen in Unternehmen, aber auch für die Aufnahme externen Wissens aus Forschungseinrichtungen, geschaffen.

The car exhibition in Beijing in 2006, many multinational companies design car style for the Chinese customers. Why would the multinational company yield in the Chinese market? Why the multinational companies just enter the Chinese market after China joins the world trade organization? How the Chinese government manages these multinational automobile companies in China? How does the Chinese government draft the competition strategy of the automobile industry? What influence the multinational company will cause to the automotive industry of China? The conclusion of this paper is the multinational companies strengthen the control to the joint venture in the ownership, organization and the technique transfer. Chinese government uses protectionism; prop up the large automobile enterprise.

The purposes of this thesis are probing into the joint venture of China¡¦s automobile industry, because I am studying on why the development of China¡¦s automobile industry is many differences. The result of the research can help me to understand the transition in Chinese automobile industry from 1994 to 2004 and can the joint-venture policy give Chinese automobile industry any help. And then how Chinese automobile industry utilize opportunities and avoid threat by inference. No matter Taiwan, China or the western scholar analyse Chinese automobile industry by one side. Hence, this research will analyse the relationships among supply, demand and government policy in the joint-venture policy of the Chinese automobile industry. In the meanwhile, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages that the joint-venture policy brought with the role of China, and then find the reason the obstacle takes place in the development of Chinese automobile industry. The conclusion of this paper is because of the central government¡¦s and local governments¡¦ goals are inconsistent, let multinational enterprise break up Chinese motor corporation one by one in the negotiation of cooperation. This is the reason that Chinese automobile industry and market preferrence are inconsistent now.