Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-28T17:55:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Frederico Martins Costa.pdf: 7875693 bytes, checksum: 1f9e0aaff0875ac10e2311a35da16d31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T17:55:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Frederico Martins Costa.pdf: 7875693 bytes, checksum: 1f9e0aaff0875ac10e2311a35da16d31 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-27 / CAPES / The process of well cementing is very complex, beyond the fact that cement paste presents high density, different rheology fluids are injected into the annulus, altering downhole pressure due to changes on hydrostatic pressure and frictional losses. Knowing the operational window and assuring downhole pressure inside this constraint is primordial for security and well life cycle purposes. Due to downhole variations caused by the disturbances, the superior (fracture) and inferior window limits can be exceeded. As a result, loss circulation problems (mud penetration into a fracture) or kick (reservoir fluid inflow into the annulus) can disturb the cementing process, leading to serious accidents, financial losses, environmental damage and human losses. In order to represent the most important phenomena of cementing process, an experimental unit was built using on line flow, density and pressure measurements. Downhole pressure control through pumping 8, 11 and 14 ppg (lb/gal) fluids was analyzed under loss circulation and kick phenomena. The tracking of the downhole pressure at the set point, by employing a feedback control loop (PI), was implemented through using the opening index of the choke valve as the manipulated variable. / O processo de cimenta??o de po?os ? bastante complexo, al?m da pasta de cimento apresentar elevada densidade e ocorrer o bombeio de fluidos de diferentes reologias, a press?o no fundo do po?o sofre grandes varia??es, devido ? mudan?a na press?o hidrost?tica do po?o e ?s perdas por atrito. Conhecer a janela operacional do po?o e manter a press?o anular de fundo dentro desta ? primordial para a seguran?a e a vida ?til do po?o. Devido ?s varia??es na press?o ocasionadas pelos dist?rbios, a press?o anular de fundo pode extrapolar o limite superior (press?o de fratura) e o inferior (press?o de poros), da janela operacional. Ao extrapolar tais limites, os fluidos da regi?o anular podem migrar para a fratura (perda de circula??o) ou os fluidos nativos do reservat?rio podem migrar para a regi?o anular (kick), essas situa??es s?o indesejadas durante a cimenta??o, podendo causar s?rios acidentes, perdas humanas, preju?zos financeiros e danos ambientais irrevers?veis. Para representar os fen?menos mais importantes do processo de cimenta??o, foi constru?da uma unidade experimental com instrumenta??o capaz de quantificar vaz?o, densidade e press?o em tempo real. Foram analisados o comportamento da press?o anular de fundo no bombeio de fluidos com diferentes densidades (8, 11 e 14 ppg), al?m dos fen?menos de perda de circula??o com kick de g?s, controlando a press?o em um valor desejado (set point), utilizando uma estrat?gia de controle por realimenta??o (controlador PI), atrav?s do ?ndice da abertura da v?lvula choke.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-28T18:32:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Ara?jo Dantass.pdf: 3354692 bytes, checksum: 1d9395453e1cd720f2bd08e346ef7ce7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-28T18:32:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renata Ara?jo Dantass.pdf: 3354692 bytes, checksum: 1d9395453e1cd720f2bd08e346ef7ce7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-15 / The increasing economic and technological development over the world has caused a huge demand of energy. In Brazil, the transportation sector is the main responsible for energy consumption in the country, reaching 45.2% of the diesel use. In this scenario, renewable fuels become an attractive alternative due to the numerous benefits attributed to their use, such as degradability, absence of toxicity, reduction of pollutant emission and renewable origin. As in other countries, Brazil has authorized the use of a minimum quantity of biodiesel in diesel. Currently, according to federal law n? 11.097/2005, the minimum mixing percentage is equivalent to 7% and during 2016, it will increase to 8%. However, the major challenge to produce biodiesel in a large-scale is the high operating cost. According to the literature, the raw material costs are so high, and correspond to 70-85% of the total cost of production. The use of alternative and low cost sources of triglycerides for biodiesel production has been extensively studied. Waste oil, from domestic and commercial consumption, is a potential residue because of its high quantity available and low aggregated value. In this context, the production of biodiesel in a pilot unit present in the UFRRJ was studied using the homogeneous alkaline transesterification reaction. The operational condition used in the pilot plant was previously determined from an experimental planning, choosing the best one that gave the high conversion and acceptable values of viscosity. The simulations were performed in the SuperPro Designer?, and the prices of materials, utilities, consumables and costs with operators were determined based on the domestic and international market. A previous analysis of the production of 250 kg/batch of biodiesel was economically viable considering the unit cost of biodiesel of $ 0.62/kg. The sensitivity analysis showed that the plant becomes economically viable from a biodiesel price equal or greater than $ 0.754/kg, almost 34 cents above the initially estimated value. In order to turn the biodiesel production more profitable, simulations were done with different vegetable oils with different levels of costs. The results were unsatisfactory from the economic point of view, confirming the importance of the use of low cost raw materials. A scale up was made from the pilot unit and the technical and economic data showed that the project becomes more profitable starting from the production of 2.500 kg of residual oil, presenting IRR and return time of respectively 116.9 % and 1 year. The production of biodiesel in the pilot unit was carried out and the specifications were compared to ANP. The values of viscosity, specific mass, flash point, iodine content and corrosivity were in the limit range established by ANP. / O crescente desenvolvimento econ?mico e tecnol?gico associado ao aumento populacional tem provocado uma grande demanda de energia. No Brasil, atrav?s do Balan?o Energ?tico Nacional divulgado pelo Minist?rio de Minas e Energia, foi apontado que o setor de transporte foi o maior respons?vel pelo consumo de energia no pa?s, sendo a maior parte (45,2%) referente ao uso de ?leo diesel. Neste cen?rio, os combust?veis renov?veis tornam-se uma alternativa atraente devido aos in?meros benef?cios atribu?dos ao seu uso, como degradabilidade, aus?ncia de toxicidade, redu??o da emiss?o de poluentes e origem renov?vel. Assim como em outros pa?ses, o Brasil autorizou o uso de misturas m?nimas obrigat?rias de biodiesel ao diesel. Atualmente, de acordo com a lei federal n?. 11.097/2005, o percentual de mistura m?nima ? equivalente a 7% e, para o ano de 2016, foi aprovado o aumento para 8%. Entretanto, a maior barreira para produ??o e utiliza??o de biodiesel em larga escala ? o elevado custo operacional. De acordo com a literatura, o custo de aquisi??o da mat?ria prima ? o mais alto e corresponde entre 70- 85% do custo total de produ??o. O uso de fontes de triglicer?deos alternativas e menos dispendiosas para produ??o de biodiesel tem sido amplamente estudada. O ?leo residual, proveniente do consumo dom?stico e comercial, ? uma fonte em potencial devido a sua vasta abund?ncia e baixo valor agregado. Neste contexto, a produ??o de biodiesel em uma unidade piloto presente na UFRRJ foi estudada a partir da rea??o de transesterifica??o homog?nea b?sica. A condi??o operacional empregada na planta piloto foi previamente determinada a partir de um planejamento experimental, objetivando maior convers?o e menor gasto energ?tico e material. Com aux?lio de um simulador comercial, SuperPro Designer?, o balan?o de massa e energia foi realizado. Com base no mercado nacional e internacional, os pre?os de materiais, utilidades, consum?veis e custos com operadores foram determinados. Uma an?lise pr?via da produ??o de 250 kg/batelada de biodiesel, de acordo com as opera??es unit?rias presentes na planta original, apresentou-se invi?vel economicamente considerando o custo unit?rio de biodiesel de $0,62/kg. A an?lise de sensibilidade mostrou que a planta torna-se vi?vel economicamente a partir de um pre?o de venda do biodiesel igual ou superior a $0,754/kg, 34 centavos acima do valor inicialmente estimado. Simula??es da produ??o de biodiesel na unidade piloto com ?leos vegetais de diferentes custos de aquisi??o foram realizadas. Os resultados mostraram-se insatisfat?rios do ponto de vista econ?mico, ratificando a import?ncia do uso de mat?rias-primas de baixo valor agregado. Um ?scale up? foi feito a partir da unidade piloto e os dados t?cnicos e econ?micos mostraram que o projeto torna-se mais lucrativo partindo da produ??o de 2.500 kg de ?leo residual, apresentando TIR e tempo de retorno de, respectivamente, 116,9% e 1 ano. A produ??o de biodiesel na unidade piloto foi realizada e o biodiesel produzido foi analisado e comparado quanto ?s especifica??es da ANP. Os valores de viscosidade cinem?tica, massa espec?fica, ponto de fulgor, ?ndice de iodo, corrosividade ao cobre e aspecto atenderam os limites preconizados pela ANP.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-05T18:21:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Pedro Chalfun Haouche Meneses.pdf: 6719960 bytes, checksum: ac9a27b5731b19e4693f71fae09adefe (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-05T18:21:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jo?o Pedro Chalfun Haouche Meneses.pdf: 6719960 bytes, checksum: ac9a27b5731b19e4693f71fae09adefe (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-25 / Petrobras / The drilling of wells in salt layers faces major challenges in Brazil?s oil industry. Drilling in such layers requires the development of new technologies and operational procedures to make the process economically viable. One of the main problems is the dissolution of the salt layers in water-based drilling fluids. An uncontrolled dissolution presents a potential risk for the operation and can cause abrupt changes in the properties of the fluids. The main objective of this work was to study the effects of the dissolution of sodium chloride particles in non-Newtonian fluids containing xanthan gum. The study was divided into three parts, rheological experiments, kinetics experiments in a mixing tank and a mathematical modeling. The rheological experiments aimed at studies of the effect of the addition of saline particles on the rheology of non-Newtonian fluids, the effect of the concentration of suspended particles in the rheology of saturated fluids and the effect of the size of suspended particles in the rheology of saturated fluids. The Einstein equation was used to calculate the apparent viscosity of saturated fluids, taking into account the effect of the concentration of salt particles in suspension. The experiments in the mixing tank aimed at the study of the kinetics of dissolution with time in different operating conditions. Fluids were prepared using different concentrations of xanthan gum and different initial concentrations of sodium chloride. The effects of the viscosifier concentration and the initial concentration gradient were evaluated. A phenomenological model was used to represent the dissolution process, which provides the variation of the concentration of the fluid, the variation of the volume fraction of solids, the variation of the particles mean diameter and the variation of the interfacial mass transfer area as a function of time. In the rheology studies, it was verified that the addition of sodium chloride to the non-Newtonian fluid, in the studied conditions, increased the apparent viscosity of the solution. The increase of the concentration of suspended sodium chloride particles increased the apparent viscosity of the suspensions. The increase of the size of the suspended particles decreased the apparent viscosity of the suspension. Statistical tests were made in order to evaluate the statistical relevance of the performed studies. In the kinetics study, the convective mass transfer coefficient was estimated and simulations were made for the other variables of the process. The estimations showed that the xanthan gum concentration in the fluid and the initial sodium chloride concentration in the fluid affect the mass transfer coefficient. The average relative error observed for the simulations was 2,2%. / A perfura??o de po?os em camadas salinas enfrenta grandes desafios na ind?stria de petr?leo do Brasil. A perfura??o em tais camadas exige o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e procedimentos operacionais para tornar a perfura??o economicamente vi?vel. Um dos principais problemas enfrentados ? a dissolu??o das camadas de sais em fluidos de perfura??o base ?gua. Uma dissolu??o descontrolada apresenta um risco em potencial para a opera??o, podendo causar mudan?as bruscas nas propriedades dos fluidos. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo estudar os efeitos da dissolu??o de part?culas de cloreto de s?dio em fluidos n?o-Newtonianos contendo goma xantana. O estudo foi dividido em tr?s partes, experimentos reol?gicos, experimentos de cin?tica em um tanque de mistura e modelagem matem?tica. Os experimentos reol?gicos tiveram como objetivo os estudos do efeito da adi??o de part?culas salinas na reologia de fluidos n?o-Newtonianos, do efeito da concentra??o de part?culas suspensas na reologia de fluidos saturados e do efeito do tamanho das part?culas suspensas na reologia de fluidos saturados. A equa??o de Einstein foi utilizada para calcular a viscosidade aparente dos fluidos saturados levando em conta o efeito da concentra??o de part?culas salinas em suspens?o. Os experimentos no tanque de mistura tiveram como objetivo o estudo da cin?tica de dissolu??o com o tempo em diferentes condi??es operacionais. Foram preparados fluidos com diferentes concentra??es de goma xantana e diferentes concentra??es iniciais de cloreto de s?dio. Foi analisado o efeito da concentra??o do viscosificante na cin?tica de dissolu??o bem como o efeito do gradiente de concentra??o inicial. Um modelo fenomenol?gico foi utilizado para representar o processo de dissolu??o, o qual prev? as varia??es da concentra??o do fluido, a varia??o da fra??o volum?trica de s?lidos, a varia??o do di?metro m?dio das part?culas e a varia??o da ?rea interfacial de transfer?ncia de massa em fun??o do tempo. Nos estudos de reologia, verificou-se que a adi??o de cloreto de s?dio ao fluido n?o-Newtoniano, nas condi??es estudadas, aumentou a viscosidade aparente da solu??o. O aumento da concentra??o de part?culas suspensas de cloreto de s?dio provocou um aumento na viscosidade aparente das suspens?es. O aumento do tamanho das part?culas suspensas de cloreto de s?dio diminuiu a viscosidade aparente da suspens?o. Testes estat?sticos foram feitos para analisar a relev?ncia estat?stica dos estudos realizados. No estudo da cin?tica, o coeficiente convectivo de transfer?ncia de massa foi estimado e simula??es foram feitas para as demais vari?veis do processo. As estima??es mostraram que a concentra??o de goma xantana no fluido e a concentra??o inicial de cloreto de s?dio no fluido influenciam o coeficiente de transfer?ncia de massa. O erro relativo m?dio simula??es observado para as simula??es foi de 2,2%.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-03T18:45:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renan Fraga Barbosa.pdf: 4950481 bytes, checksum: 7339d2f44b8f9102ca0d628cc4a99002 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-03T18:45:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Renan Fraga Barbosa.pdf: 4950481 bytes, checksum: 7339d2f44b8f9102ca0d628cc4a99002 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Funda??o de Apoio ? Pesquisa Cient?fica e Tecnol?gica da UFRRJ / The filtration loss is a phenomenon caused by the gradient pressure between the annular region and the rock formation during the drilling of an oil and gas well under overbalanced conditions. The invasion of fluids may provoke irreversible damages to the integrity of the well due to the solids present in their composition. Therefore, drilling fluids must be formulated in such a way that a low permeability mudcake with controlled thickness is formed in order to mitigate the filtration and invasion. Filtration cells are experimental apparatus used in the industry and at universities to study the mudcake growth in the rock formation and to measure the filtrate volume. Such devices operate off line and require a specialized operator. The objective of this work was to optimize, automate and validate a static filtration prototype cell that collected experimental data in real time. An experimental unit was built to prepare the fluids and to feed them into the filtration prototype. This unit is composed of a positive displacement pump, mixing tanks and sensors to monitor the properties of the fluid. The unit and the prototype compose the on line filtration unit. In the filtration prototype, valves and sensors were installed to operate remotely. A virtual interface was developed in order to manage the filtration unit. This interface is capable of monitoring the data provided by the sensors as well as operating the equipments (pump, agitators and automatic valves, including the ones in the filtration cell). Comparative experiments were performed in a HTHP off line filtration cell using similar operational conditions to validate the prototype. As results, the filtrate volume and the filtration properties (porosity and permeability of the mudcake) values obtained for both cells shown to be similar. The on line filtration unit was capable of reproducing the data provided by the off line filtration cell used as a model in this work. Thus, one can conclude that the on line filtration cell operates appropriately. / A filtra??o e a invas?o do fluido de perfura??o s?o fen?menos provocados pelo diferencial de press?o entre a regi?o anular e a forma??o rochosa durante a perfura??o de um po?o de petr?leo e g?s sob condi??es overbalance. A invas?o de fluidos e s?lidos presentes no fluido de perfura??o podem causar danos irrevers?veis ao po?o, portanto formulam-se os fluidos de modo que seja formado um reboco de baixa permeabilidade e espessura controlada, minimizando a filtra??o e a invas?o. Na ind?stria e na academia, para estudar o crescimento da torta na forma??o rochosa e avaliar o volume de filtrado, utilizam-se aparatos experimentais, denominados c?lulas de filtra??o, entretanto estes dispositivos s?o aparatos de bancada necessitam de um operador especializado. O objetivo desse trabalho foi otimizar, automatizar e validar um prot?tipo de filtra??o est?tica que coleta dados em linha e em tempo real. Para alimentar o fluido no prot?tipo de filtra??o, foi constru?da uma unidade de prepara??o de fluidos composta por uma bomba de deslocamento positivo, tanques de mistura e sensores para monitorar as propriedades do fluido. A unidade de preparo e o prot?tipo de filtra??o constituem a denominada unidade de filtra??o. No prot?tipo de filtra??o, foram instaladas v?lvulas e sensores para opera??o remota. Para gerenciar a unidade de filtra??o, foi desenvolvida uma interface virtual que monitora os dados fornecidos pelos sensores e opera os equipamentos (bomba, agitadores e as v?lvulas autom?ticas, inclusive as da c?lula de filtra??o). Para validar o prot?tipo, foram realizados experimentos comparativos com uma c?lula de filtra??o HTHP de bancada em condi??es de opera??o semelhantes. Como resultado das filtra??es na c?lula de bancada e com o prot?tipo, foi observado que o volume de filtrado e propriedades calculadas nos experimentos de filtra??o (porosidade e permeabilidade da torta) apresentaram valores similares indicando que a c?lula on line opera de forma adequada, reproduzindo os dados da c?lula de bancada que foi usada como modelo na proposta deste trabalho.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T17:20:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Elisa Vila Nova de Noronha.pdf: 4419781 bytes, checksum: 0804df588af66f56621082802458f769 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / For the drilling process to succeed, it is necessary the use of a drilling fluid. The measurement of rheological properties from these fluids becomes important in order to allow good hydraulic gusher maintenance and management. If these measures are taken in an on- line order that will mean agility in decision-making about the maintenance of the properties of the fluid and it will result in savings of thousands of dollars during the drilling of a well. It is in this context that this current report, developed in the UFRRJ laboratory of fluid flow, aims to evaluate the performance of a modified and calibrated process viscometer, making it a unique equipment for conducting real-time measures of apparent viscosity and thixotropy curve. The process viscometer chosen has the geometry of coaxial cylinders being, thus similar to the current workbench equipment used in drilling rigs. The modified viscometer performance was confronted with the rheometer benchtop Haake Rheostress 1. Different compositions of fluids, containing assorted concentrations of viscosifier polymers and suspension solid have been tested. The results indicated that there was an agreement on the results towards a considered error permissible for a viscometer process. The online viscometer brings a pioneering real-time measuring capacity and plotting of rheological behavior curves towards the current technology used in drilling operation. / Para que o processo de perfura??o seja bem-sucedido, ? necess?rio o uso de um fluido de perfura??o. A medi??o das propriedades reol?gicas destes fluidos torna-se importante para permitir uma boa manuten??o e gest?o hidr?ulica do po?o. Se estas medidas forem realizadas de forma online isso significar? agilidade na tomada de decis?o sobre a manuten??o das propriedades do fluido e acarretar? na economia de milhares de d?lares durante a perfura??o de um po?o. ? neste contexto que o presente trabalho, desenvolvido no Laborat?rio de Escoamento de Fluidos da UFRRJ, tem como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de um viscos?metro de processo modificado e calibrado, tornando-o em um equipamento exclusivo, para realizar medidas em tempo real de curva de viscosidade aparente e tixotropia. O viscos?metro de processo escolhido tem a mesma geometria de cilindros coaxiais sendo desta forma semelhante ao atual equipamento de bancada utilizado nas sondas de perfura??o. O desempenho do viscos?metro modificado foi confrontado com o re?metro de bancada Haake Rheostress 1. Foram testadas diferentes composi??es de fluidos contendo concentra??es variadas de pol?meros viscosificantes e s?lidos em suspens?o. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que houve concord?ncia nos resultados diante de um erro considerado admiss?vel para um viscos?metro de processo. Acredita-se que o viscos?metro online avaliado traz uma capacidade pioneira de medi??o em tempo real e plotagem de curvas de comportamento reol?gico diante da atual tecnologia utilizada na ?rea petroqu?mica.