Durante as décadas de 50 e 60, muitas empresas norte-americanas iniciaram um processo intenso de diversificação. Este processo atingiu seu ponto máximo com mais uma onda de fusões do final da década de 60 e que culminou com o surgimento de conglomerados corporativos gigantes. Nos últimos 15 anos, a tendência tem se revertido como mostra os recentes estudos de COMMENT e JARREL (1994), BERGER e OFEK (1995) e LIEBESKIND e OPLER (1993), que documentam o retorno à especialização. Este movimento em direção à especialização aparentemente resultou da visão de que diversificação de empresas não-correlacionadas diminui o valor da empresa. Argumentos teóricos sugerem que a diversificação tem tanto efeito de aumentar o valor da empresa como de diminuir. Os benefícios potenciais de se operar diferentes linhas de negócio como se fossem uma única empresa incluem maior eficiência operacional, menor possibilidade de perder projetos com valor presente líquido positivo, maior capacidade de alavancagem financeira e menores impostos. Os custos potenciais da diversificação incluem o uso de recursos em projetos que diminuem o valor da empresa, subsídios entre unidades de negócios que permitem unidades com baixo desempenho se aproveitarem dos recursos gerados por unidades com alto desempenho e conflito de interesse entre os executivos das unidades de negócio e da corporação. Não há predições claras sobre o efeito global da diversificação no valor da empresa. Foram utilizados dados de unidades de negócio para estimar o efeito da diversificação no valor das empresas no setor de telecomunicações da economia norte-americana. Comparou-se a soma das unidades de negócio diversificadas com valores imputados pelo modelo com os seus valores reais dentro das corporações a que pertencem. As empresas diversificadas tiveram seus valores em média, durante o período de 1990-99, entre 0,2% e 6,4% acima dos valores imputados pelo modelo. O trabalho está dividido da seguinte forma: o capítulo 1 apresenta o problema de pesquisa, mostrando sua origem e importância; o capítulo 2 revisa a fundamentação teórica e detalha alguns resultados de estudos anteriores sobre os efeitos da diversificação; capítulo 3 descreve a amostra utilizada e o modelo de pesquisa aplicado; o capítulo 4 mostra os efeitos da diversificação nas empresas do setor de telecomunicações do mercado norte-americano entre os anos de 1990 e 1999; o capítulo 5 apresenta as considerações finais com sugestões de novos estudos sobre este assunto. / During the 1950s and ´60s many US corporations undertook massive diversification programs. This process reached its climax with the merger wave of the late 1960s and the accompanying rise to prominence of huge conglomerate firms. In the last 15 years the trends has reversed, with studies by COMMENT and JARREL (1994), BERGER and OFEK (1995) and LIEBESK and OPLER (1993) documenting a return to specialization. This push toward focus apparently resulted from the view that unrelated diversification decreases firm value. Theoretical arguments suggest that diversification has both value-enhancing and value-reducing effects. The potential benefits of operating different lines of business within one firm include greater operating efficiency, less incentive to forego positive net present value projects, greater debt capacity, and lower taxes. The potential costs of diversification include the use of increased discretionary resources to undertake value-decreasing investments, cross subsidies that allow poor segments to drain resources from better-performing segments, and misalignment of incentives between central and divisional managers. There is no clear prediction about the overall value effect of diversification. In this study, it was used segment-level data to estimate the valuation effect of diversification on US Telecom companies. It was compared the sum of imputed stand-alone values of the segments of diversified companies to the actual values of those companies. It was documented that diversified firms have values that average, during 1990-99, 0,3% to 6,4% above the sum of the imputed values of their segments. Chapter 1 describes the main goal of this study and its genesis. Chapter 2 reviews the related literature and details the predicting resulting from prior theoretical work. Chapter 3 describes the sample and explains the empirical approach. Chapter 4 assesses the overall value effect of diversification using imputed segment values and a comparison of profitability between diversified and single-segment firms. Finally, Chapter 5 describes the final considerations about the diversification’s effect on firm value.

<p>Target Audience: The management of TeliaSonera is our main target audience. Also students from management, marketing and business administration are our secondary concern.</p><p>Problem Statement: “How suitable is Bangladesh telecom market for an internationalized telecom company (TeliaSonera), and what could be a preferable entry strategy for such market?”</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate Bangladesh telecom market in order to find out the potentiality of the market which could be considered by the company to think about starting a business there and also to determine a suitable entry strategy from the company depending on the factors have been investigated.</p><p>Methodology: The project is based on both primary and secondary information retrieved in connection with the theoretical framework. A qualitative approach of research and analysis has been considered to reach the desirable result.</p><p>Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework has been created with Porter’s (1998) five forces and National Diamond together with factors that influence the international entry strategy described by Franklin R (1998)</p><p>Findings: While presenting the data, we have followed a structure. We have divided all our data in four parts. They are namely, The Focal Company Factors, Home country (Sweden) factors, the Focal country (Bangladesh) Factors, and the Focal country’s (Bangladesh) Telecom market factors. All data have been presented under the respective headings of these parts and also with some corresponding subheadings.</p><p>Analysis: The analysis is based on the result of a consolidated evaluation of relevant theory and empirical information collected accordingly. All the collected information has been observed through the gloss of theoretical framework and has been used for answering the problem statement.</p><p>Conclusion: After investigating the factors of Bangladesh telecom market, we can conclude that it will be a good idea for TeliaSonera to expand their business in Bangladesh as both the industry and the country has a lot of potential to offer. An Investment entry mode (Joint Venture) has been suggested. It is worth mentionable that this paper is a preliminary idea about the market to encourage TeliaSonera to expand in Bangladesh which reveals the opportunity for further research.</p>

This thesis describes and analyses public procurement and its processes in general against the framework of industrial marketing and purchasing. In particular, it focuses on the public procurement of telecommunications (“telecom”) and its effects on the de-monopolization and development of the Swedish telecom market based on empirical material from three case studies, interviews and publicly available written sources. Public procurement is a significant part of any country’s economy. There is a plenitude of publicly available data due to Sweden’s and other public administrations’ transparency policies. Despite this fact, public procurement has been poorly covered in business administration literature when compared with the private sector’s purchasing and selling activities. This thesis tries to bridge the theoretical gap between knowledge of purchasing in business-to-business (“B2B”) and public procurement. Public procurement can be considered as a special type of B2B transaction and, particularly in the case of bigger procurements, of project purchasing. The important difference is that public procurement must follow specific and stricter legislation compared with the private sector’s purchasing activities. Among other things, public procurement law restricts contact between the procuring organisation and tenderers in some phases of the procurement process, allows no changes after the publishing of the Request for Proposal and opens the possibility to appeal to the court if any party considers that the procuring organisation has not acted in accordance with the public procurement rules. The telecom market has, over a period of thirty years, been transformed from a monopoly with practically no choice to a fully competitive market with several service and equipment providers as well as different pricing schemes and competing technical solutions. The development of the Swedish telecom market can be divided into four stages: Full monopoly, partial de-monopolization, full competition and system integration. The main driving forces behind this development have been the political decision to liberate the telecom market and achieve full competition as well as rapid and diverse technical development, which includes the introduction of mobile communication, broadband and Internet. At the same time, the dependency on well functioning telecom in the public sector is constantly increasing due to political agendas such as agencies availability 24 hours 365 days (“24/7 agency”), use of telecom as a means of rationalization and increased internal efficiency as well as new usages in areas that previously were not using telecom in their daily routines. The public procurement of telecom has changed from being a relatively simple administrative issue through being of technical concern to becoming more and more of strategic importance, especially in case of outsourcing and/or procuring system integration from a prime contractor.

In this work, the market penetrating strategies of Chinese telecom equipment manufacturer in an emerging market was studied by using the methodology of case study with the sales cases in Taiwan. A five force model and key success factors were used to analyze the competition models and strategic logics in a Chinese telecom equipment manufacturer, Company H. The results from this work shows that the new Chinese telecom equipment manufacturer has abandoned the price leading competition strategy and shifted to integrated business strategies based on high technology, professional service, and flexibility in order to develop the market rapidly. Meanwhile, she was able to better manage the penetrating timing and expand the market share; therefore, her market share is gradually increased to the similar level of major leading telecom equipment manufacturers. As the time passes and technology evolution, the Chinese telecom equipment manufacturer will be able to become a major player by expanding the market share.

Target Audience: The management of TeliaSonera is our main target audience. Also students from management, marketing and business administration are our secondary concern. Problem Statement: “How suitable is Bangladesh telecom market for an internationalized telecom company (TeliaSonera), and what could be a preferable entry strategy for such market?” Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate Bangladesh telecom market in order to find out the potentiality of the market which could be considered by the company to think about starting a business there and also to determine a suitable entry strategy from the company depending on the factors have been investigated. Methodology: The project is based on both primary and secondary information retrieved in connection with the theoretical framework. A qualitative approach of research and analysis has been considered to reach the desirable result. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework has been created with Porter’s (1998) five forces and National Diamond together with factors that influence the international entry strategy described by Franklin R (1998) Findings: While presenting the data, we have followed a structure. We have divided all our data in four parts. They are namely, The Focal Company Factors, Home country (Sweden) factors, the Focal country (Bangladesh) Factors, and the Focal country’s (Bangladesh) Telecom market factors. All data have been presented under the respective headings of these parts and also with some corresponding subheadings. Analysis: The analysis is based on the result of a consolidated evaluation of relevant theory and empirical information collected accordingly. All the collected information has been observed through the gloss of theoretical framework and has been used for answering the problem statement. Conclusion: After investigating the factors of Bangladesh telecom market, we can conclude that it will be a good idea for TeliaSonera to expand their business in Bangladesh as both the industry and the country has a lot of potential to offer. An Investment entry mode (Joint Venture) has been suggested. It is worth mentionable that this paper is a preliminary idea about the market to encourage TeliaSonera to expand in Bangladesh which reveals the opportunity for further research.

Background: Now-a-days, the forces of globalization derive firms to go to international market. When a firm thinks to expand its business outside of the home market, it needs to explore the form of operation through which it will enter into the foreign market. International entry mode research deals with this matter. (Brouthers et.al.2007). Selection of an optimal entry mode strategy is very important because it is very difficult to change or correct and have a long-term impact on the firm’s foreign operation (Pedersen, Petersen, &amp; Benito, 2002). Actually, it is very difficult for a firm to serve in the market on a permanent basis without a well formulated entry strategy. (Pehrsson A. 2008). Market entry mode strategies are influenced by both firm and country level factors and a firm must take into consideration these factors in choosing an appropriate entry mode. Purpose: The basic purpose is to gain a deep knowledge about the critical factors in selecting an optimal international market entry mode strategy to enter into an emerging market. The minor purpose is to justify the suitability of the target market. Methodology: Due to the dependency on subjective interpretation of text or other visual material and small sample was used to investigate the specific phenomena, qualitative method has been practised in this research process. Secondary data has been mainly collected from e-sources, and primary data has been collected through phone interview with the three foreign mobile telecom companies in Bangladesh. Findings: Bangladesh mobile telecommunication market is still attractive for the foreign entrants and the optimal entry mode strategy is joint venture to enter into the moderately attractive industry. Implications: The study has showed that international entry mode strategy is affected by various organizational, economical, Institutional, and sociological factors (categorized as country and firm level factors). This research has also provided relevant information to the potential foreign firms about which country and firm level factors should consider in formulating a well entry mode strategy in perspective of an emerging market.

Durante as décadas de 50 e 60, muitas empresas norte-americanas iniciaram um processo intenso de diversificação. Este processo atingiu seu ponto máximo com mais uma onda de fusões do final da década de 60 e que culminou com o surgimento de conglomerados corporativos gigantes. Nos últimos 15 anos, a tendência tem se revertido como mostra os recentes estudos de COMMENT e JARREL (1994), BERGER e OFEK (1995) e LIEBESKIND e OPLER (1993), que documentam o retorno à especialização. Este movimento em direção à especialização aparentemente resultou da visão de que diversificação de empresas não-correlacionadas diminui o valor da empresa. Argumentos teóricos sugerem que a diversificação tem tanto efeito de aumentar o valor da empresa como de diminuir. Os benefícios potenciais de se operar diferentes linhas de negócio como se fossem uma única empresa incluem maior eficiência operacional, menor possibilidade de perder projetos com valor presente líquido positivo, maior capacidade de alavancagem financeira e menores impostos. Os custos potenciais da diversificação incluem o uso de recursos em projetos que diminuem o valor da empresa, subsídios entre unidades de negócios que permitem unidades com baixo desempenho se aproveitarem dos recursos gerados por unidades com alto desempenho e conflito de interesse entre os executivos das unidades de negócio e da corporação. Não há predições claras sobre o efeito global da diversificação no valor da empresa. Foram utilizados dados de unidades de negócio para estimar o efeito da diversificação no valor das empresas no setor de telecomunicações da economia norte-americana. Comparou-se a soma das unidades de negócio diversificadas com valores imputados pelo modelo com os seus valores reais dentro das corporações a que pertencem. As empresas diversificadas tiveram seus valores em média, durante o período de 1990-99, entre 0,2% e 6,4% acima dos valores imputados pelo modelo. O trabalho está dividido da seguinte forma: o capítulo 1 apresenta o problema de pesquisa, mostrando sua origem e importância; o capítulo 2 revisa a fundamentação teórica e detalha alguns resultados de estudos anteriores sobre os efeitos da diversificação; capítulo 3 descreve a amostra utilizada e o modelo de pesquisa aplicado; o capítulo 4 mostra os efeitos da diversificação nas empresas do setor de telecomunicações do mercado norte-americano entre os anos de 1990 e 1999; o capítulo 5 apresenta as considerações finais com sugestões de novos estudos sobre este assunto. / During the 1950s and ´60s many US corporations undertook massive diversification programs. This process reached its climax with the merger wave of the late 1960s and the accompanying rise to prominence of huge conglomerate firms. In the last 15 years the trends has reversed, with studies by COMMENT and JARREL (1994), BERGER and OFEK (1995) and LIEBESK and OPLER (1993) documenting a return to specialization. This push toward focus apparently resulted from the view that unrelated diversification decreases firm value. Theoretical arguments suggest that diversification has both value-enhancing and value-reducing effects. The potential benefits of operating different lines of business within one firm include greater operating efficiency, less incentive to forego positive net present value projects, greater debt capacity, and lower taxes. The potential costs of diversification include the use of increased discretionary resources to undertake value-decreasing investments, cross subsidies that allow poor segments to drain resources from better-performing segments, and misalignment of incentives between central and divisional managers. There is no clear prediction about the overall value effect of diversification. In this study, it was used segment-level data to estimate the valuation effect of diversification on US Telecom companies. It was compared the sum of imputed stand-alone values of the segments of diversified companies to the actual values of those companies. It was documented that diversified firms have values that average, during 1990-99, 0,3% to 6,4% above the sum of the imputed values of their segments. Chapter 1 describes the main goal of this study and its genesis. Chapter 2 reviews the related literature and details the predicting resulting from prior theoretical work. Chapter 3 describes the sample and explains the empirical approach. Chapter 4 assesses the overall value effect of diversification using imputed segment values and a comparison of profitability between diversified and single-segment firms. Finally, Chapter 5 describes the final considerations about the diversification’s effect on firm value.

Background: Companies always look for opportunities to expand their businesses internationally as it is the way for them to grow beyond its current status. Nowadays, emerging markets seem to be very attractive in terms of economic growth. Thus, there is a tendency towards foreign direct investment inflows to emerging market economies. However, these markets can be very risky and there is no guarantee of success. Companies would have to be ready to face challenges and obstacles related to the unfamiliar environment. They would have to deal with the internal confrontation of whether to accept or reject the local rules of the game as well as to face difficulties in terms of maintaining a high standard of business ethics and promoting best corporate governance practices. Overall, the conditions of these markets can negatively affect the ethical behaviour of established foreign companies which in turn can negatively affect the reputation and brand value of these companies.  This paper describes and analyzes the above issues through a case study of two Swedish companies in the market of Kazakhstan: Tele2 and TeliaSonera. Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze the effects of emerging market economy conditions of Kazakhstan on companies control structure or code of conduct, specifically how they can handle the internal confrontation and maintain a high standard of business ethics and corporate governance practices. Therefore, the tasks were also set to describe and analyze the entry process of two Swedish telecom companies into the market of Kazakhstan in order to improve the understanding of Swedish companies’ preparations, strategy of entry and operations when entering an emerging market of Kazakhstan. Methodology: The research thesis is based on the case study approach which uses a qualitative method to obtain the necessary data. Primary data was collected through interviews with the above mentioned two Swedish telecom companies in Kazakhstan. Secondary data was collected from e-sources. Findings/ Conclusions: In this research, I found that the best entry strategy for entering Kazakhstan is to form a joint-venture with the local partner, but if the company had an earlier experience in similar markets, then the acquisition strategy can be chosen. With regard to the ethical issues, factors such as a weak legal framework, a high level of corruption, poor corporate governance and cultural differences between Sweden and Kazakhstan as well as individual factors of all stakeholders including the manager may have a negative effect on the ethical behaviour of Swedish companies entering and operating in Kazakhstan. It is revealed in this study that Swedish companies manage to confront ethical dilemmas by choosing to “go at it alone”. To be able to confront these issues, companies should set their own bar for how to act as ethically and responsibly. Also, they should ensure the enforcement of codes of conduct, corporate governance, ethics training, ethical role model of top management and whistle-blowers policy.