As bioinvasões marinhas têm impactos em diversos níveis no ecossistema da região receptora, incluindo aqueles relacionados às interações com espécies nativas, especialmente com aquelas que compartilham nichos ecológicos semelhantes. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo a investigação da distribuição, abundância e biomassa das espécies Temora stylifera (nativa) e T. turbinata (invasora) na plataforma continental sudeste do Brasil nos períodos do verão e inverno de 2002 e suas relações com as variáveis físicas e concentração de clorofila a total. A distribuição de T. stylifera foi mais homogênea considerando toda a região de estudo comparado com T. turbinata. A primeira ocupou principalmente regiões costeiras enquanto que T. stylifera foi mais freqüente em estações oceânicas, nas quais a espécie exótica não ocorreu. O evento de ressurgência observado no verão, cujo reflexo pôde ser observado no aumento da concentração de clorofila, foi relacionado positivamente com a abundância da espécie invasora, provavelmente indicando a melhor utilização das células do fitoplâncton ou microzooplâncton como recurso alimentar. Temperatura e salinidade foram positivamente relacionadas com a abundância de T. stylifera. A abundância de ambas as espécies foi maior no verão, enquanto que as concentrações do inverno foram baixas. O maior valor encontrado para a primeira espécie foi 1.334 org.m?³ e para a segunda 572 org.m?³ ambos os valores na camada superficial (0-20 m) no verão. Em termos de biomassa, nenhuma das duas espécies contribuiu com altas porcentagens para o zooplâncton total. O ciclo de vida de ambas as espécies não estavam sincronizados: os copepoditos juvenis foram mais abundantes no caso de T. stylifera, enquanto que os mais tardios predominaram nas populações de T. turbinata. A espécie exótica apresentou a razão macho/fêmea mais variável. Os resultados apontam para vantagens da espécie invasora sobre a nativa em relação à utilização de recursos alimentares e comportamento reprodutivo. / Marine biological invasions have impacts in several different levels in the recipient ecosystem, including those related to interactions with native species, especially those sharing similar ecological niches. The main goal of the present work was to investigate the distribution, abundance and biomass of Temora stylifera (native species) and T. turbinata (exotic species) on the southeastern Brazilian continental shelf in the summer and winter of 2002, and their relation to physical variables and chlorophyll a concentration. The distribution of T. stylifera was more homogeneous within the entire study area compared to T. turbinata. The former occupied mainly coastal sites while T. stylifera was frequent in oceanic stations where the exotic species did not occur. An upwelling event recorded during summer causing an increase in chlorophyll a concentration was concurrent with abundance peaks of the exotic species, probably indicating a more efficient use of phytoplankton or microzooplankton as food resource. Temperature and salinity were positively related to T. stylifera abundance. Both species peaked in summer, while winter concentrations were low. The higher abundance value found for T. turbinata was 1,334 org.m?³ and 572 org.m?³ for T. stylifera, both at the surface layer (0-20 m) in summer. Neither species contributed with a high percentage of the total zooplankton biomass. The life cycle of both species was not synchronized: young copepodites were more abundant in the case of T. stylifera, while oldest copepodites predominated in the T. turbinata populations. The exotic species had a more variable male/female ratio. The results indicate possible advantages of the introduced species over the native species in relation to food resources utilization and reproductive behavior.

As bioinvasões marinhas têm impactos em diversos níveis no ecossistema da região receptora, incluindo aqueles relacionados às interações com espécies nativas, especialmente com aquelas que compartilham nichos ecológicos semelhantes. O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo a investigação da distribuição, abundância e biomassa das espécies Temora stylifera (nativa) e T. turbinata (invasora) na plataforma continental sudeste do Brasil nos períodos do verão e inverno de 2002 e suas relações com as variáveis físicas e concentração de clorofila a total. A distribuição de T. stylifera foi mais homogênea considerando toda a região de estudo comparado com T. turbinata. A primeira ocupou principalmente regiões costeiras enquanto que T. stylifera foi mais freqüente em estações oceânicas, nas quais a espécie exótica não ocorreu. O evento de ressurgência observado no verão, cujo reflexo pôde ser observado no aumento da concentração de clorofila, foi relacionado positivamente com a abundância da espécie invasora, provavelmente indicando a melhor utilização das células do fitoplâncton ou microzooplâncton como recurso alimentar. Temperatura e salinidade foram positivamente relacionadas com a abundância de T. stylifera. A abundância de ambas as espécies foi maior no verão, enquanto que as concentrações do inverno foram baixas. O maior valor encontrado para a primeira espécie foi 1.334 org.m?³ e para a segunda 572 org.m?³ ambos os valores na camada superficial (0-20 m) no verão. Em termos de biomassa, nenhuma das duas espécies contribuiu com altas porcentagens para o zooplâncton total. O ciclo de vida de ambas as espécies não estavam sincronizados: os copepoditos juvenis foram mais abundantes no caso de T. stylifera, enquanto que os mais tardios predominaram nas populações de T. turbinata. A espécie exótica apresentou a razão macho/fêmea mais variável. Os resultados apontam para vantagens da espécie invasora sobre a nativa em relação à utilização de recursos alimentares e comportamento reprodutivo. / Marine biological invasions have impacts in several different levels in the recipient ecosystem, including those related to interactions with native species, especially those sharing similar ecological niches. The main goal of the present work was to investigate the distribution, abundance and biomass of Temora stylifera (native species) and T. turbinata (exotic species) on the southeastern Brazilian continental shelf in the summer and winter of 2002, and their relation to physical variables and chlorophyll a concentration. The distribution of T. stylifera was more homogeneous within the entire study area compared to T. turbinata. The former occupied mainly coastal sites while T. stylifera was frequent in oceanic stations where the exotic species did not occur. An upwelling event recorded during summer causing an increase in chlorophyll a concentration was concurrent with abundance peaks of the exotic species, probably indicating a more efficient use of phytoplankton or microzooplankton as food resource. Temperature and salinity were positively related to T. stylifera abundance. Both species peaked in summer, while winter concentrations were low. The higher abundance value found for T. turbinata was 1,334 org.m?³ and 572 org.m?³ for T. stylifera, both at the surface layer (0-20 m) in summer. Neither species contributed with a high percentage of the total zooplankton biomass. The life cycle of both species was not synchronized: young copepodites were more abundant in the case of T. stylifera, while oldest copepodites predominated in the T. turbinata populations. The exotic species had a more variable male/female ratio. The results indicate possible advantages of the introduced species over the native species in relation to food resources utilization and reproductive behavior.

Paracalanus quasimodo and Temora turbinata are two calanoid copepods prominent in the planktonic communities of the southeastern United States. Despite their prominence, the species and population level structure of these copepods is yet unexplored. The phylogeographic, temporal and phylogenetic structure of P. quasimodo and T. turbinata are examined in my study. Samples were collected from ten sites along the Gulf of Mexico and Florida peninsular coasts. Three sites were sampled quarterly for two years. Individuals were screened for unique ITS-1 sequences with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Unique variants were sequenced at the nuclear ITS-1 and mitochondrial COI loci. Sampling sites were analyzed for pairwise community differences and for variances between geographic and temporal groupings. Genetic variants were analyzed for phylogenetic and coalescent topology. Paracalanus quasimodo is highly structured geographically with populations divided between the Gulf of Mexico, temperate Atlantic and subtropical Atlantic, in addition to isolation by distance. No significant differences were detected between the T. turbinata samples. Both P. quasimodo and T. turbinata are stable within sites over time and between sites within a sampling period, with two exceptions. The first was a pilot sample from Miami taken two years prior to the general sampling whose community showed significant differences from most of the other Miami samples. Paracalanus quasimodo had a positive correlation of Fst with time. The second was high temporal variability detected in the samples from Fort Pierce. Phylogenetically, both P. quasimodo and T. turbinata were in well supported, congeneric clades. Paracalanus quasimodo was not monophyletic, divided into two well-supported clades. Temora turbinata variants were in one clade with insignificant support for topology within the clade and very little intraspecific variation. Paracalanus quasimodo and T. turbinata populations show opposite trends. Paracalanus quasimodo occurs near shore and shows population structure mediated by hydrological features and distance, both geographic and temporal. The phylogeny shows two deeply divergent clades suggestive of cryptic speciation. In contrast, T. turbinata populations range further offshore and show little geographic or temporal structure. However, the low genetic variation detected in this region suggests a recent bottleneck event.

Blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Karenia brevis are common on the West Florida Shelf (WFS), yet little is known of the relationships between zooplankton and K. brevis. A comprehensive analysis was undertaken to examine 1) perturbations in zooplankton community composition within K. brevis blooms 2) the contribution of zooplankton ammonium and phosphate excretion to K. brevis bloom nutrient requirements, and 3) the role of zooplankton grazing in K. brevis bloom termination. Prior to undertaking the first portion of the study, an examination of the perturbations in the normal zooplankton assemblage within K. brevis blooms, it was first necessary to define the normal zooplankton assemblage on the WFS. To this end, a seasonal analysis of abundance, biomass and community composition of zooplankton was undertaken at 6 stations on the WFS. Monthly sampling was conducted for one year at the 5, 25 and 50- m isobaths. Two major groups in community composition were observed at the near shore (5-m and 25-m) and offshore (50-m) stations. Considerable overlap was seen in community composition between the 5-m to 25-m and 25-m to 50-m isobaths, but little overlap in community composition was observed between the 5-m and 50-m isobaths. Of the 95 species identified, only 25 proved to be important (>90%) contributors to community composition. Near shore, important contributors were Parvocalanus crassirostris, Penilia avirostris, Paracalanus quasimodo, Oithona colcarva, Oikopleura dioica, Centropages velificatus and Pelecypod larvae. As distance offshore increased, important contributors to community composition were Euchonchoichiea chierchiae, Clausocalanus furcatus, Oithona plumifera, Oithona frigida, Oncaea mediteranea, Calaocalanus pavoninius, Oithona similis, and Gastropod larvae. Variations in abundance and biomass between non-bloom and bloom assemblages were evident, including the reduction in abundance of 3 key species within K. brevis blooms. One potential source of nutrients to support K. brevis blooms may be zooplankton regeneration of nutrients. To test this hypothesis, ammonium and phosphate excretion rates of several West Florida Shelf copepods (Labidocera aestiva, Acartia tonsa, Temora turbinata, and Paracalanus quasimodo) were measured and prorated to a 24-hour day. These excretion rates were then extrapolated to other West Florida Shelf zooplankton, combined with available literature excretion rates for some taxa, and applied to zooplankton abundances found for K. brevis blooms on the West Florida Shelf in 1999 and 2001. Ammonium excretion rates were found to be inadequate to support all but 104 cells l-1 of K. brevis, though phosphate excretion rates were adequate to support even 106 cells l-1 of K. brevis. Grazing assessment was conducted for three common zooplankton species that were found within two K. brevis blooms, A. tonsa, P. quasimodo, and L. aestiva, using 14C labeled K. brevis cells. Grazing rates were then applied to the zooplankton community and grazing assessed. Grazing pressure was occasionally heavy, and was capable of reducing K. brevis to background concentrations at stations in the 1999 bloom and at 1 station in the 2001 bloom. Generally, however, grazing pressure proved to be insufficient to reduce K. brevis to background concentrations during the 1999 and 2001 blooms.

Com o objetivo de se conhecer a comunidade zooplanctônica da zona de arrebentação da Praia de Tramandaí – RS e identificar a variação sazonal das espécies e sua relação com os padrões de ventos e influências de massas de água, foram realizadas 24 amostragens com intervalo de quinze dias entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006. Dados de temperatura do ar e da água, salinidade, velocidade do vento e direção do vento e da corrente de deriva foram obtidos no campo no momento de cada coleta. A concentração de clorofila-a foi obtida em laboratório, assim como a identificação e quantificação do zooplâncton e sua biomassa em peso seco. Copepoda foi o grupo mais diverso com maior importância representada pela espécie Temora turbinata, seguida de Acartia tonsa e Subeucalanus pileatus. O misidáceo Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica apresentou entre todos os taxa encontrados, a maior freqüência de ocorrência e abundância relativa, correspondendo a grande parte da biomassa em peso seco encontrada. Biomassa de zooplâncton e clorofila-a não apresentaram correlação significativa, apresentando picos de 96 mg.m-³ e 138 μg.L-¹, respectivamente. O copépode Ctenocalanus vanus, apesar de originário de Águas Subantárticas e Subtropicais foi freqüente na região de estudo e a falta de conhecimento sobre seu comportamento e exigências reprodutivas nos levou a realizar testes de laboratório que permitiram observar sua forma de desova e eclosão, assim como estimar valores de produção de ovos, pelotas fecais e náuplios em duas dietas diferentes. Assim os dados levantados servirão de base para novos estudos que permitam um maior entendimento dos processos que ocorrem na coluna d’água da Praia de Tramandaí - RS. / This article aims at the research of the zooplanktonic community of the Tramandaí Beach – RS surf zone and at the identification of the seasonal variation of the species; its relations with wind patterns and water mass influence. To reach such objective, 24 samplings were done between August 2005 and August 2006 at intervals of fifteen days. Data about air and water temperature, salinity, wind speed, drift current, and wind direction were collected in the field at the same time of each sampling. The chlorophyll-a concentration was measured in laboratory as well as the identification and quantification of the zooplankton and its dry biomass. Copepoda was the most diverse group. Temora turbinata was the most important species followed by Acartia tonsa and Subeucalanus pileatus. The Mysidacea Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica expressed the highest frequency of occurrence and relative abundance among all taxa, corresponding to a considerable part of the total dry biomass. Zooplankton biomass and chlorophyll-a did not present significant correlation. The highest concentrations found were 96 mg.m-³ and 138 μg.L-¹ respectively. In spite of being originated in Subtropical and sub-Antarctic waters, the copepod Ctenocalanus vanus was frequently found in the study area. Because of the lack of knowledge about their behaviour and reproductive requirements, we accomplished laboratorial tests which allowed the observation of their kind of spawning and hatching. It also allowed estimating at the number of eggs, fecal pellets and number of nauplius in two different diets. Such data is going to be the basis for new studies to provide a higher understanding of the processes occurring in the water column of Tramandaí Beach - RS

Com o objetivo de se conhecer a comunidade zooplanctônica da zona de arrebentação da Praia de Tramandaí – RS e identificar a variação sazonal das espécies e sua relação com os padrões de ventos e influências de massas de água, foram realizadas 24 amostragens com intervalo de quinze dias entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006. Dados de temperatura do ar e da água, salinidade, velocidade do vento e direção do vento e da corrente de deriva foram obtidos no campo no momento de cada coleta. A concentração de clorofila-a foi obtida em laboratório, assim como a identificação e quantificação do zooplâncton e sua biomassa em peso seco. Copepoda foi o grupo mais diverso com maior importância representada pela espécie Temora turbinata, seguida de Acartia tonsa e Subeucalanus pileatus. O misidáceo Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica apresentou entre todos os taxa encontrados, a maior freqüência de ocorrência e abundância relativa, correspondendo a grande parte da biomassa em peso seco encontrada. Biomassa de zooplâncton e clorofila-a não apresentaram correlação significativa, apresentando picos de 96 mg.m-³ e 138 μg.L-¹, respectivamente. O copépode Ctenocalanus vanus, apesar de originário de Águas Subantárticas e Subtropicais foi freqüente na região de estudo e a falta de conhecimento sobre seu comportamento e exigências reprodutivas nos levou a realizar testes de laboratório que permitiram observar sua forma de desova e eclosão, assim como estimar valores de produção de ovos, pelotas fecais e náuplios em duas dietas diferentes. Assim os dados levantados servirão de base para novos estudos que permitam um maior entendimento dos processos que ocorrem na coluna d’água da Praia de Tramandaí - RS. / This article aims at the research of the zooplanktonic community of the Tramandaí Beach – RS surf zone and at the identification of the seasonal variation of the species; its relations with wind patterns and water mass influence. To reach such objective, 24 samplings were done between August 2005 and August 2006 at intervals of fifteen days. Data about air and water temperature, salinity, wind speed, drift current, and wind direction were collected in the field at the same time of each sampling. The chlorophyll-a concentration was measured in laboratory as well as the identification and quantification of the zooplankton and its dry biomass. Copepoda was the most diverse group. Temora turbinata was the most important species followed by Acartia tonsa and Subeucalanus pileatus. The Mysidacea Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica expressed the highest frequency of occurrence and relative abundance among all taxa, corresponding to a considerable part of the total dry biomass. Zooplankton biomass and chlorophyll-a did not present significant correlation. The highest concentrations found were 96 mg.m-³ and 138 μg.L-¹ respectively. In spite of being originated in Subtropical and sub-Antarctic waters, the copepod Ctenocalanus vanus was frequently found in the study area. Because of the lack of knowledge about their behaviour and reproductive requirements, we accomplished laboratorial tests which allowed the observation of their kind of spawning and hatching. It also allowed estimating at the number of eggs, fecal pellets and number of nauplius in two different diets. Such data is going to be the basis for new studies to provide a higher understanding of the processes occurring in the water column of Tramandaí Beach - RS

Com o objetivo de se conhecer a comunidade zooplanctônica da zona de arrebentação da Praia de Tramandaí – RS e identificar a variação sazonal das espécies e sua relação com os padrões de ventos e influências de massas de água, foram realizadas 24 amostragens com intervalo de quinze dias entre agosto de 2005 e agosto de 2006. Dados de temperatura do ar e da água, salinidade, velocidade do vento e direção do vento e da corrente de deriva foram obtidos no campo no momento de cada coleta. A concentração de clorofila-a foi obtida em laboratório, assim como a identificação e quantificação do zooplâncton e sua biomassa em peso seco. Copepoda foi o grupo mais diverso com maior importância representada pela espécie Temora turbinata, seguida de Acartia tonsa e Subeucalanus pileatus. O misidáceo Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica apresentou entre todos os taxa encontrados, a maior freqüência de ocorrência e abundância relativa, correspondendo a grande parte da biomassa em peso seco encontrada. Biomassa de zooplâncton e clorofila-a não apresentaram correlação significativa, apresentando picos de 96 mg.m-³ e 138 μg.L-¹, respectivamente. O copépode Ctenocalanus vanus, apesar de originário de Águas Subantárticas e Subtropicais foi freqüente na região de estudo e a falta de conhecimento sobre seu comportamento e exigências reprodutivas nos levou a realizar testes de laboratório que permitiram observar sua forma de desova e eclosão, assim como estimar valores de produção de ovos, pelotas fecais e náuplios em duas dietas diferentes. Assim os dados levantados servirão de base para novos estudos que permitam um maior entendimento dos processos que ocorrem na coluna d’água da Praia de Tramandaí - RS. / This article aims at the research of the zooplanktonic community of the Tramandaí Beach – RS surf zone and at the identification of the seasonal variation of the species; its relations with wind patterns and water mass influence. To reach such objective, 24 samplings were done between August 2005 and August 2006 at intervals of fifteen days. Data about air and water temperature, salinity, wind speed, drift current, and wind direction were collected in the field at the same time of each sampling. The chlorophyll-a concentration was measured in laboratory as well as the identification and quantification of the zooplankton and its dry biomass. Copepoda was the most diverse group. Temora turbinata was the most important species followed by Acartia tonsa and Subeucalanus pileatus. The Mysidacea Metamysidopsis elongata atlantica expressed the highest frequency of occurrence and relative abundance among all taxa, corresponding to a considerable part of the total dry biomass. Zooplankton biomass and chlorophyll-a did not present significant correlation. The highest concentrations found were 96 mg.m-³ and 138 μg.L-¹ respectively. In spite of being originated in Subtropical and sub-Antarctic waters, the copepod Ctenocalanus vanus was frequently found in the study area. Because of the lack of knowledge about their behaviour and reproductive requirements, we accomplished laboratorial tests which allowed the observation of their kind of spawning and hatching. It also allowed estimating at the number of eggs, fecal pellets and number of nauplius in two different diets. Such data is going to be the basis for new studies to provide a higher understanding of the processes occurring in the water column of Tramandaí Beach - RS