The problem of absolute or positive pitch has been studied by a considerable number of researchers. This cannot be said, however, for the problem of the element of tempo, or the normal speed of the true beat in music. The reason for this probably lies in the fact that absolute pitch can be measured quite accurately, for it is dependent upon the anatomy and physiology of the ear. On the other hand, a means whereby the innate pulse in music can be externalized so as to be capable of exact expression and measure in number, presents a challenge to those interested in further investigation of this phenomenon.

<p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The topic ‘The effects of music in the supermarket on consumer behavior,</p><p>sales, and customer state of mind’ was assessed to try and analyse the emotional</p><p>differences that may occur as well as the sales variations that may arise from</p><p>playing music in a supermarket. The reason for this study is that grocery stores</p><p>are very common and abundant in most neighborhoods, as is man’s necessary</p><p>consumption of food. In almost every city grocery stores must compete hard</p><p>against each other in order to succeed in offering the most appealing options to</p><p>consumers. This has contributed to most consumers selecting the store they</p><p>find most comfortable with, both in terms of supply of quality products as well</p><p>as customer service. For a supermarket to be perceived as warm inviting and</p><p>welcoming there are many different aspects that come into play.</p><p>Music is something that has existed for many years and it is something that</p><p>people are very familiar with. Given that music is often an important part of</p><p>human life as it can affect people in different ways. Music affects us on a</p><p>psychological and physiological level; therefore one can use music for the</p><p>purposes of marketing and promotions. In this essay, however, the</p><p>psychological and physiological influences shall be excluded due to the</p><p>complexity that is associated with these concepts. Music has long been a part of</p><p>marketing processes, such as when a familiar melody is paired with a specific</p><p>product.</p><p>This issue has contributed to the aims of this paper as we examine why and</p><p>how music can influence a food consumer. In this paper, we explore the effects</p><p>of music being played in the background in grocery stores, or not. We will also</p><p>examine how different tempos of music affect the consumer’s manner during</p><p>food shopping. The study's main purpose is to try to clarify for the marketer</p><p>and the shop owner what kind of music and tempo affect consumers in a</p><p>positive light, as well as positively influencing the shops turnover. By</p><p>understanding how music affects consumers, the musical selection process may</p><p>become easier if store owner or marketer does decide to incorporate music in a</p><p>supermarket.</p><p>Our theoretical framework contained in the paper will function as a guide for</p><p>the study and lead it in the right direction. The theoretical framework that is</p><p>established in the paper includes the main topics of music, the influence of</p><p>perceptual and emotional music, tempo of the music, mood created through</p><p>3</p><p>music and the MR model, which aims to explore how the environment within a</p><p>store affects the consumer. The theory chapter describes how music influences</p><p>are complex and this is also illustrated by a variety of similar, already existing</p><p>studies. By having a description of the complexity of music we hope to improve</p><p>the readers understanding for the word ‘music’, as well as for our study. In</p><p>addition to the description, these theories operate as tools for the study analysis.</p><p>This method is used in the survey is a quantitative method. The data collection</p><p>method used was in the form of a survey approach. We also had an expected</p><p>quota to fill during the three days that the investigation would take place. The</p><p>questionnaire was pre-designed and contained pre-determined topics. Each</p><p>day, the quota was a minimum of one hundred and fifty respondents, and these</p><p>people were asked to complete seven key questions within the questionnaire.</p><p>The results from the survey were compiled and presented in the paper. The</p><p>compositional data will be important for the analysis of the data material, and</p><p>for the determination of how effective music can be in a grocery store.</p><p>Through analysis, we consider the influence of music on consumers.</p></p>

Abstract The topic ‘The effects of music in the supermarket on consumer behavior, sales, and customer state of mind’ was assessed to try and analyse the emotional differences that may occur as well as the sales variations that may arise from playing music in a supermarket. The reason for this study is that grocery stores are very common and abundant in most neighborhoods, as is man’s necessary consumption of food. In almost every city grocery stores must compete hard against each other in order to succeed in offering the most appealing options to consumers. This has contributed to most consumers selecting the store they find most comfortable with, both in terms of supply of quality products as well as customer service. For a supermarket to be perceived as warm inviting and welcoming there are many different aspects that come into play. Music is something that has existed for many years and it is something that people are very familiar with. Given that music is often an important part of human life as it can affect people in different ways. Music affects us on a psychological and physiological level; therefore one can use music for the purposes of marketing and promotions. In this essay, however, the psychological and physiological influences shall be excluded due to the complexity that is associated with these concepts. Music has long been a part of marketing processes, such as when a familiar melody is paired with a specific product. This issue has contributed to the aims of this paper as we examine why and how music can influence a food consumer. In this paper, we explore the effects of music being played in the background in grocery stores, or not. We will also examine how different tempos of music affect the consumer’s manner during food shopping. The study's main purpose is to try to clarify for the marketer and the shop owner what kind of music and tempo affect consumers in a positive light, as well as positively influencing the shops turnover. By understanding how music affects consumers, the musical selection process may become easier if store owner or marketer does decide to incorporate music in a supermarket. Our theoretical framework contained in the paper will function as a guide for the study and lead it in the right direction. The theoretical framework that is established in the paper includes the main topics of music, the influence of perceptual and emotional music, tempo of the music, mood created through 3 music and the MR model, which aims to explore how the environment within a store affects the consumer. The theory chapter describes how music influences are complex and this is also illustrated by a variety of similar, already existing studies. By having a description of the complexity of music we hope to improve the readers understanding for the word ‘music’, as well as for our study. In addition to the description, these theories operate as tools for the study analysis. This method is used in the survey is a quantitative method. The data collection method used was in the form of a survey approach. We also had an expected quota to fill during the three days that the investigation would take place. The questionnaire was pre-designed and contained pre-determined topics. Each day, the quota was a minimum of one hundred and fifty respondents, and these people were asked to complete seven key questions within the questionnaire. The results from the survey were compiled and presented in the paper. The compositional data will be important for the analysis of the data material, and for the determination of how effective music can be in a grocery store. Through analysis, we consider the influence of music on consumers.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Física, 2009. / Submitted by Allan Wanick Motta (allan_wanick@hotmail.com) on 2010-03-24T16:10:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_FelipeFrancaFaria.pdf: 699933 bytes, checksum: 4e40cbf18930db841841227f35c10200 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Lucila Saraiva(lucilasaraiva1@gmail.com) on 2010-05-07T21:59:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_FelipeFrancaFaria.pdf: 699933 bytes, checksum: 4e40cbf18930db841841227f35c10200 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-05-07T21:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_FelipeFrancaFaria.pdf: 699933 bytes, checksum: 4e40cbf18930db841841227f35c10200 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / A descrição métrica do campo gravitacional não permite a definição de uma densidade de energia gravitacional tensorial. Uma definição surge no Teleparalelismo Equivalente à Relatividade Geral, que utiliza tétradas ao invés do tensor métrico para a descrição do campo gravitacional. Consideramos tétradas como sistemas de referência locais adaptados a observadores que se movem ao longo de trajetórias do tipo tempo arbitrárias no espaço-tempo. As tétradas podem ser caracterizadas por um tensor de aceleração inercial anti-simétrico, cujas componentes são identificadas com as acelerações inerciais (translacional e rotacional) do sistema de referência. Esse tensor está relacionado às quantidades de campo gravitoeletromagnéticas. Por meio de uma transformação de Lorentz local podemos transformar tétradas arbitrárias em tétradas que sofrem o transporte de Fermi-Walker, as quais definem um padrão de não rotação para observadores acelerados. Aqui construímos tétradas adaptadas a observadores em queda livre no espaço-tempo de Reissner-Nordström, em órbita circular no espaço-tempo de Schwarzschild e estático no espaço-tempo de Kerr. Em todos os casos calculamos as acelerações inerciais dos sistemas de referência locais e a energia gravitacional do espaço-tempo em relação aos referenciais em questão. A partir da tétrada adaptada a um observador estático no espaço-tempo de Kerr construímos um sistema de referência de Fermi-Walker e obtemos suas acelerações inerciais. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The metrical description of the gravitational field does not allow the definition of a tensorial gravitational energy density. A definition appears in the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity, which makes use of tetrads instead of the metric tensor for the description of the gravitational field. We consider tetrads as local reference frames adapted to observers that move along arbitrary timelike trajectories in spacetime. The tetrad field may be characterized by an antisymmetric acceleration tensor, whose components are identified as the inertial accelerations (translational and rotational) of the reference frame. This tensor is related to gravitoelectromagnetic field quantities. By means of a local Lorentz transformation we can transform arbitrary tetrads into Fermi-Walker transported tetrads, which define a standard of non-rotation for accelerated observers. Here we construct tetrads adapted to observers in free fall in the Reissner-Nördstrom spacetime, in circular orbit in the Schwarzschild spacetime and static in the Kerr spacetime. In all these cases we calculate the inercial accelerations of the local frames and the gravitational energy of the spacetime as measured in such frames. Out of the tetrad adapted to a static observer in the Kerr spacetime we construct the Fermi-Walker transported frame and calculate its inercial accelerations.

Orientador: Silvia Maria Manfredi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-14T02:03:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_PedroWagner_M.pdf: 3297906 bytes, checksum: 09fb2d631f0e7959f9071c166b6f6de8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1989 / Resumo: O presente estudo resgata o desenvolvimento das noções espaço-temporais na história do conhecimento da Terra. A geologia trabalha com uma concepção singular de espaço e tempo correlacionada com seu objeto de estudo: o processo histórico da natureza. Esta concepção de espaço e tempo entrelaça as duas idéias formando o conceito denominado espaço geológico. A história da geologia indica que o espaço geológico se transformou desde o século XVII acompanhando as mudanças do estudo da Terra e da cosmologia. Este trabalho é uma história do conceito de espaço geológico segundo uma orientação epistemológica. Procura fazer uma reflexão das implicações deste conceito nas interrelações entre a natureza e homem. Os principais resultados da pesquisa mostram a necessidade da formalização do conceito de espaço geológico, ligado a uma concepção integrada da geologia, na formação dos geólogos e na socialização do conhecimento geológico. / Abstract: This dissertation intends to show the development of the spatio-temporal concepts in the history of the knowledge the Earth. Geology works with a particular conception of space and tine that is correlated to its subject matter: the historical process of nature. In geology the concepts of space and time are connected between them to build the idea of geologic space. The history of geology indicates that the geologic space has changed since XVII century, according the changes in the internal framework of earth sciences and cosmology. This work is a history about the concept of geologic space, following an epistemological guideline. It reflects how the transformation in the geologic space implies in changes to the interrelations between man and nature. The main results of this work show the necessity of formalization of geologic space linked to an integrated geological conception in order to improve the formation of geologists and socialize the geological knowledge. / Mestrado / Metodologia do Ensino / Mestre em Educação

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:54:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2016_1.pdf: 1071776 bytes, checksum: 0985cb7f5eb2b91e3917dac88f974fa9 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Técnicas de estimativa de Pior Caso de Tempo de Execução, como elas são complexas e demandam bastante custo para implantação, não têm sido amplamente adotadas como solução para implementação de aplicações de tempo real. Esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem simples para estimar o pior caso de tempo de execução. Sua idéia consiste em uma mudança de paradigma que permite interpretar problemas em contextos específicos, contrariando as abordagens convencionais que tentam especificar para o caso geral

Orientador: Rosane de Andrade Berlinck / Banca: Sonia Maria Lazzarini Cyrino / Banca: Maria Aparecida Torres Morais / Banca: Beatriz Nunes de Oliveira Longo / Banca: Eva Ucy Soto / Resumo: Essa pesquisa tem por objetivo um estudo descritivo-comparativo do Pretérito Perfeito Simples (PPS) e do Pretérito Perfeito Composto (PPC) do modo Indicativo do Português. Buscamos (i) testar a hipótese de uma caracterização dessas formas verbais que parta de uma definição semântica abstrata para chegar a uma explicação dos possíveis usos e funções atribuídos às duas formas pretéritas no Português; (ii) realizar um estudo diacrônico em textos escritos do Português Brasileiro (PB), do século XVI ao XX, procurando verificar se a forma composta nunca teve os mesmos valores semânticos que a forma simples e (iii) identificar semelhanças e/ou diferenças nos usos e funções desses tempos em duas diferentes variedades do português atual (Português Brasileiro e Português Europeu). Esse estudo mais aprofundado do PPC e do PPS justifica-se com base, principalmente, em argumentos tais como (i) as características aspectuais do Pretérito Perfeito Composto (PPC) e do Pretérito Perfeito Simples (PPS), (ii) o contraste entre o uso do PPC no português e nas demais línguas românicas, (iii) a baixa freqüência do PPC no Português Brasileiro atual. Dessa forma pretendemos, por um lado, estabelecer com mais clareza as diretrizes que norteiam as mudanças no sistema verbal do Português Brasileiro (PB) e, por outro lado, na comparação com o Português Europeu (PE) atual, verificar se lá essas formas possuem o mesmo uso e funções, como parece apontar Silva (1998). Tomamos como fundamentação teórica uma análise reichenbachiana, que utiliza três momentos na definição formal dos tempos verbais - momento da fala (MF), momento do evento (ME) e momento da referência (MR) - e outros estudos semânticos sobre Tempo e Aspecto Verbal, complementados por trabalhos que levam em conta a utilização das duas formas verbais estudadas em textos escritos do PB, de diferentes modalidades e estilos. / Abstract: This research aims at providing a descriptive and comparative study of the use of Pretérito Perfeito Simples (Simple Past Tense) and Pretérito Perfeito Composto (Compound Past Tense) in Portuguese. We searched: (a) a characterization that goes from an abstract semantic definition to arrive at an explanation of the possible use and functions attributed to the two past forms in Portuguese; (b) a diachronic study of these verbal forms in written Brazilian Portuguese, from 16th to 20th century; (c) the identification of similarities and/or differences in the use and functions of these verbal forms in two different varieties of current Portuguese (European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese). Some arguments justify our study, such as: (i) the aspectual features of Pretérito Perfeito Simples and Pretérito Perfeito Composto in Portuguese, (ii) the contrast of the use of Pretérito Perfeito Composto in Portuguese and other Romance languages, (iii) the decrease of frequency of Pretérito Perfeito Composto in current Brazilian Portuguese. The analysis is based on Reichenbach's temporal points - Speech, Reference and Event Point - and on other semantic and pragmatic approaches to tense and aspect. We have tried to show that both forms must be distinguished according to aspectual features, rather than on a temporal basis. To confirm our hypotheses, we build a corpus of written texts in Brazilian Portuguese (16th to 20 th century) and of European Portuguese (20th century); and we selected the cases of Pretérito Perfeito Composto and Pretérito Perfeito Simples. In the diachronic study, these data have been analyzed according to some groups of factors that help on the interpretation of the simple and complex forms: real time, aspectual features, presence and/or absence of adverbs, telic/atelic verbs and degree of formality of the texts. / Doutor

Sistemas em tempo real caracterizam-se como tal quando seu correto funcionamento depende não apenas do correto processamento lógico de entradas e saídas, mas também da observância de restrições temporais na geração dos sinais de saída. Assim sendo, uma das características principais de dispositivos usados em aplicações em tempo real é seu determinismo, ou seja, sua capacidade de responder, em qualquer circunstância, dentro de limites de tempo previamente determinados. Sendo esta característica um requisito básico, percebe-se a vantagem de dispor de um hardware que a incorpore. Facilitando o desenvolvimento de aplicações para esse tipo de controle, com um melhor desempenho. Visando atender esta necessidade, este trabalho apresenta uma arquitetura de hardware de baixo custo para desenvolvimento de aplicações com requisitos de tempo-real para sistemas de controle distribuído. Cada unidade de processamento da arquitetura distribuída é formada pelos seguintes elementos: • Processador principal: • Gerenciador de timer e de tarefas: responsável pela gerência de timer e interrupções, bem como pela gerência dos instantes de ativação das tarefas concorrentes e sincronização com outras unidades de processamento do sistema distribuído de automação. • Processador de comunicação: responsável pela comunicação entre tarefas, incluindo o mapeamento para o protocolo de comunicação usado no barramento industrial (como por exemplo o Profibus). • Periféricos, tais como memórias, co-processadores aritméticos, unidades de disco, etc. A principal novidade proposta é o aproveitamento do baixo custo dos microcontroladores comerciais, atribuindo funções específicas para cada um, deixando o peso computacional do sistema operacional, na sua maior parte, em processadores diferentes do responsável pelo processamento das tarefas da aplicação. Dentre as vantagens da arquitetura proposta cabe aqui mencionar: • Aumento do poder de processamento de uma Unidade de Processamento das tarefas da aplicação do usuário. • Maior facilidade em obter o determinismo temporal, característica fundamental em sistemas tempo-real distribuídos. • Possibilidade de utilização de algoritmos de escalonamento mais complexos e especializados, sem uma sobrecarga proibitiva no desempenho do sistema. Os primeiros resultados obtidos com esta arquitetura, quando comparados com o exemplo industrial utilizado, são promissores. A recepção da comunidade científica também foi positiva, fato que pode ser medido pela aceitação dos diversos artigos apresentados e/ou publicados que basearam-se na arquitetura proposta nesta dissertação, quais sejam o 4th IFAC Workshop on Algorithms and Architectures for Real-Time Control [PoPe97b], Special Section of IFAC Control Engineering Practice Journal [PoPe97c], Tercer Taller Iberoamericano de Microeletrónica y sus Aplicaciones [Souza97], Euromicro'97 Workshop on Real-Time Systems [Parisoto97], Seminário Interno do DELET e IEE [PoPe96], Revista Egatea [PoPe97a] e o XII Congresso Brasileiro de Automática [PPS98]. / This work presents a low-cost hardware architecture that enhances the performance and increases the predictability of real-time distributed systems. The proposed architecture overcomes one of the major drawbacks of conventional architectures based on a single processar: the overload imposed by operating system activities. The architecture makes use of dedicated hardware units based on low cost microcontrollers. One microcontroller takes care of functions involving the management of task scheduling and time-dependent activation. Since scheduling algorithm tasks do not compete with application tasks anymore, they can be even more sophisticated and specialized. Another microcontroller is responsible for all activities related to inter-process communication, including the execution of communication drivers. It uses the processing capability to exchange data with the network, allowing the last microcontroller to expend more time in operations associated with the user's application. Not only the overall system performance is increased but the system behavior tends to be more deterministic, a very important characteristic when developing real-time applications.

Tese de doutoramento. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2007

Th. Etat--Musicologie--Paris 4, 2002. / Glossaire p. 557-561. Sources, bibliogr. et discogr. p. 465-540. Index.