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This thesis deals with the design process of a tensile test specimen geometry with the intention that the specimen will show failure in a shear band during a tensile test. The triggered shear band is linked to a characteristic length lc, which is required for a nonlocal approach to continuum damage mechanics that predicts the life expectancy of a combustion chamber independent of the FEM mesh size. To predict if a specimen will fail in the preferred manner, numerical simulations have been performed and were analysed with the newly defined failure-in-shear-band indicator. Ductile failure modes and the fracture process depend strongly on the stress state. Therefore the indicator is formulated as a function of the Lode parameter and the stress triaxiality. Several double-notched bar specimens have been designed with different notch radii and notch depths. The failure-in-shear-band indicator implies promising values for a small notch radius and larger notch depth. Tensile tests were performed on four specimens which successfully failed in a shear band. Furthermore, a first statement on the magnitude of the characteristic length of CuAgZr is given. / Detta arbete behandlar designprocessen för en dragprovstavskonfiguration framtagen för att uppvisa brott i ett skjuvband under draghållfasthetsprovning. Initiering av skjuvbandet är kopplat till en karakteristisk längd lc, som krävs för att kunna använda en icke lokal metod för att analysera kontinuerlig skademekanik oberoende av maskstorleken i den numeriska modellen. Metoden är utvecklad för att kunna uppskatta den förväntade livslängden för en förbränningskammare. För att förutsäga om ett provobjekt kommer att gå sönder på det sätt som önskashar datorsimuleringar utförts och analyserats med den nyligen definierade indikatorn för skjuvbrott. Plastisk deformation, och så småningom brott, är starkt beroende avspänningstillståndet. Indikatorn är därför formulerad som en funktion av en s.k. Lode parametern och det treaxliga spänningstillståndet. Flera provstavsgeometrier har utformats med dubbla brottanvisningar vars radie och storlek varierats. Indikatorn för skjuvbrott ger lovande värden för små radier och ett större anvisningsdjup. Draghållfasthetsprovning utfördes på fyra provkroppar som uppvisade önskat skjuvbrott. Dessutom erhölls en första indikation om storleken på den karakteristiska längden för CuAgZr.

Os colares das sondas de prospecção petrolíferas são fabricadas de aço inoxidável austenítico devido as suas características eletromagnéticas e de corrosão. Normalmente, a temperatura de serviço é de aproximadamente 300ºC, meio aquoso e a sonda é submetida a carregamentos cíclicos. Várias foram as tentativas de desenvolvimento de um aço que atendesse as necessidades de serviço destes colares. Neste trabalho foram determinadas as propriedades mecânicas de tração e de fadiga de baixo ciclo de um aço inoxidável austenítico do sistema Fe-Mn-Cr-N, quando ensaiado mecanicamente nas temperaturas ambiente e à 300ºC. Foi observado que os valores dos limites de escoamento e de resistência e o alongamento diminuem significativamente quando a temperatura é elevada para 300ºC. Como conseqüência destas alterações, ocorreu uma diminuição da vida em fadiga. A comparação entre as curvas tensão-deformação monotônica e cíclica mostrou que este material, ensaiado à 300ºC e nas amplitudes de deformações estudadas, apresenta amolecimento cíclico. A expressão encontrada para a relação deformação-vida é dada por &#916&#949t/2=0,0054 (2Nf)-0,064 + 0,438 (2Nf)-0,595 com ponto de transição em 2Nt = 9,5 x 103. Quanto aos métodos estimativos das propriedades mecânicas de fadiga, obtidos a partir das propriedades mecânicas de tração, foi verificado que o Método da Inclinação Universal Modificado se aproxima mais da curva experimental obtida neste trabalho. A análise fratográfica mostrou a presença de estrias no estágio II de propagação de trinca. / In this work the monotonic and low cycle fatigue mechanical properties of an Cr-Mn-N austenitic stainless steel, used to produce drill collars used for deep drilling in offshore industry, were evaluated. The low cycle fatigue testing was carried out according to the ASTM E606 standard, under strain control and R = - 1, at temperature of 300°C, which is the temperature that the drill collar reaches in service. It was observed that the yield and the ultimate tensile strength and the elongation decreased sharply with increasing temperature. As a consequence, in both high and low cycle regions, the fatigue life decreased with increasing temperature. The comparison between the stress - strain monotonic and cyclic curves, showed that this material exhibited cyclic softening for the applied strain amplitudes. The correlation between strain and number of cycles to failure was can be given by &#916&#949t/2 = 0,0054 (2Nf)-0,064 + 0,438 (2Nf)-0,595 with transition in 2Nt = 9,5x103 reverses. The experimental results were compared with some models used to predict the fatigue life based on the tensile monotonic properties. The Modified Universal Shopes a better fitting with the experimental data. The fractographic analysis showed the presence of stage II striations.

A aplicação de aços de alta resistência está fortemente difundida na indústria mecânica, principalmente em aplicações onde a redução de peso é importante, como por exemplo, a indústria de implementos rodoviários e maquinários agrícolas. Esta dissertação visa analisar a influência de diferentes aportes térmicos no comportamento microestrutural e mecânico de juntas soldadas através do processo MAG de modo a obter juntas com propriedades otimizadas. Para este estudo foram utilizadas chapas metálicas com espessura de 3 mm do aço de alta resistência e baixa liga USI LNE700. Os parâmetros nominais de energia de soldagem foram variados de acordo com os valores descritos pelo fornecedor SSAB. O processo de soldagem foi realizado com o auxílio de um sistema robotizado para manter a homogeneidade ao longo da junta, distância e posicionamento correto no comprimento total da junta soldada. Os ensaios para verificação do comportamento microestrutural e mecânico foram realizados com auxílio de microscopia ótica, perfis de microdureza e ensaios de tração. Buscaram-se utilizar aportes térmicos reduzidos para minimizar os efeitos de revenimento da martensita presente no metal de base, um dos principais responsáveis pela redução das propriedades mecânicas da junta soldada. Os resultados não mostraram significativa variações na microestrutura e propriedades de tração do material, porém o preenchimento da junta soldada formada apresenta um comportamento diretamente proporcional à energia de soldagem. / The application of high strength steels is strongly diffused in the engineering industry, especially in applications where weight reduction is important, such as the industry of agricultural machines and trailers industry. This investigation aims to analyze the influence of different heat inputs on microstructural and mechanical behavior of joint welded by GMAW in order to obtain joints with optimized properties. Sheet metal with a thickness of 3 mm high strength low alloy steel LNE700 (supplier Usiminas) were used. The welding energy was varied around the nominal value informed by the steel supplier SSAB for this study. The welding process was made using robotic system to maintain homogeneity along the joint, right distance and position during the total weld joint length. The microstructural and mechanical behaviors were performed with the optical microscope, microhardness profile and traction test. We attempted to use lower heat inputs to minimize the effects of tempering of martensite present in the base metal, a major contributor to the reduction of the mechanical properties of the welded joint. The results did not show significant microestructural and tensile properties variation, however, when the welding energy is increased, the welded joint penetration formed was increased as well.

In this study thermal and mechanical properties and chemical structure of four differentpolymers (PE, PP, polyASA and PVC) were investigated to find out if the recycled polymershad the same properties and can be used in the same applications as the virgins or not.FT-IR was used for investigation of chemical structure. TGA, DSC and thermal stability wereused to compare the thermal properties. Tensile test also used to examine the mechanicalproperties.All the tests showed the recycling process is not done completely well. The differences inresults for virgins and recycled samples are the reasons which verified this claim.The results obtained from this study clarifying that the amount of stabilizer in the recycledpolymers were considerably less than the amount in virgins, means that the company had notadded enough stabilizer during the recycling process.

L’objectif de cette étude est de quantifier la contribution intra et intergranulaire lors d’une sollicitation à haute température d’un alliage de magnésium (AZ31). Afin de répondre à cette problématique scientifique, un essai de traction in situ à haute température dans un MEB a été mis en place. Un important travail de développement a été réalisé autour de cet essai afin de lever un nombre de verrous technique conséquent. Ces verrous expliquent en partie pourquoi il existe aujourd’hui peu d’étude in situ à haute température sur des alliages de magnésium. Un marqueur local ayant la forme d’une microgrille a été déposé sur notre échantillon étant donné que celui-ci n’offre aucun contraste local pour la corrélation d’image numérique (CIN). Afin le dépôt du marqueur local, une cartographie EBSD a été réalisée. À l’aide des joints de grains issus de la carte EBSD, on peut venir superposer les joints de grains aux champs de déformation issue de la CIN.À l’aide des essais de traction in situ à haute température, on a pu mettre en avant l’effet de la température sur les différents mécanismes de déformation actif. Tout ce travail de développement nous permet ainsi de pouvoir localiser les hétérogénéités de déformation plastique à la fois en fonction de l’évolution de la déformation et pour plusieurs températures. D’après les essais menés, on a pu mettre en évidence le fait que plus la température est élevée, que plus les hétérogénéités de déformation plastique se localisent au voisinage des joints de grains. Basé sur une hypothèse cœur/manteau, on a pu venir quantifier la contribution intergranulaire, et mettre en avant que celle-ci devenait plus importante avec la température. / The aim of this study is to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution of the deformation during a high temperature micromechanical test on a magnesium alloy (AZ31). In order to answer this scientific issue, we have developed an in situ tensile test at high temperature within a SEM. It has required a significant preparation work in order to push the current technical limits of this type of test on magnesium alloy. These technical limits can partly explain why there are currently few in situ studies at high temperature on magnesium alloys. A local marker in the form of a microgrid was placed on our sample as it does not provide any local contrast for digital image correlation (DIC). Before the deposition of the microgrid, EBSD mapping was made. Using the grain boundaries from the EBSD, we can superimpose the deformed grain boundaries on the strain map from the DIC.Using high temperature in-situ tensile tests, we were able to highlight the effect of the temperature on the different active deformation mechanisms. This whole development work enables us to locate the plastic deformation heterogeneities both according to the evolution of the deformation and for several temperatures. From the tests conducted, it has been shown that the higher the temperature, the more heterogeneous the plastic deformation heterogeneities are located in the vicinity of the grain boundaries. Based on a heart/coat hypothesis, we were able to quantify the intra and intergranular contribution, and show that it became more important with temperature.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alexandre Jose de Castro Lanfredi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nanociências e Materiais Avançados, 2014. / Este trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da influencia das condicoes de deposicao de filmes finos de nitreto de titanio (TiN), observando o comportamento mecanico quando solicitados em um ensaio de tracao. Os filmes foram depositados utilizando a tecnica de deposicao fisica a vapor (PVD) Triodo Magnetron Sputtering (TMS) em substratos de Al. Atraves dos resultados dos ensaios mecanicos, estimou-se o espacamento maximo entre trincas a partir do valor de saturacao das mesmas, para cada condicao de sintese. Duas condicoes principais de sintese para obtencao dos filmes foram a variacao da tensao (bias) de polarizacao em -50, -100 e -150 V no substrato e o tempo de deposicao em 30, 60, 90 e 120 min, obtendo assim diferentes tensoes compressivas e espessura de filmes, respectivamente. Os filmes finos foram obtidos a partir de um alvo de uma liga de Ti6Al4V em atmosfera reagente de gas nitrogenio e foram utilizados substratos de aluminio comercial com 1 e 3 mm de espessura. Tanto os filmes quanto os substratos foram caracterizados pela tecnica do Ensaio de Tracao, Difracao de raios-X, Microscopia otica, Microscopia Eletronica de Varredura e Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva. Calculou-se o espacamento de saturacao de trincas utilizando o metodo proposto por Jeong, comparando esse espacamento entre as diferentes condicoes de deposicao e espessura dos filmes. A partir do metodo de sen2¿Õ (SSPP), que utiliza os resultados de difracao de raios-X obtidos em Angulos rasantes fixos (configuracao Seeman-Bohlin), calculou-se a tensao residual do filme apos a sintese com o intuito de estimar a tensao cisalhante interfacial pelo modelo proposto por Chou. Como resultado, os filmes com maior espessura tiveram um espacamento de saturacao das trincas maior quando comparados com os filmes de menor espessura. Os filmes depositados com a tensao de polarizacao negativa menor (-50V) tambem tiveram um espacamento de saturacao maior quando comparados com os filmes depositados com tensao de polarizacao negativa mais elevado (-100 e -150V). Tensoes de polarizacao tendem a gerar altas tensoes residuais compressivas no filme, o que podem levar ao destacamento do mesmo na interface. Tensoes de cisalhamento interfacial tambem estao diretamente relacionadas com tensoes residuais compressivas. Filmes com uma maior espessura podem ter uma menor tensao compressiva, mas ao mesmo tempo correm o risco de sofrerem destacamento do substrato. Assim, a escolha da amostra que obteve a melhor adesao foi aquela que ao mesmo tempo nao destacou e teve um alto valor de ¿É Sat. / This work presents a study of the influence of coating conditions on mechanical properties of titanium nitride (TiN) thin films, under tensile test. The films were deposited using a physical vapor deposition (PVD) technique, the Triode Magnetron Sputtering (TMS), on aluminum substrates. From interrupted mechanical testing results, the maximum inter-crack spacing of the cracked coating was obtained in the saturated situation (ë Sat), for each synthesis conditions applied. Two parameters used on the film deposition were the bias voltage polarization applied to the substrate (in -50, -100 and -150V) and the deposition time (30, 60, 90 and 120 min), leading to different compressive stress and film thickness, respectively. The thin films were obtained from a Ti6Al4V target in Ar and N2 atmosphere and the substrates were made from commercial laminated aluminum sheet with 1 and 3 mm thickness. The substrate and the films deposited were characterized by Tensile Test, x-ray diffraction, Optical Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. The inter-crack spacing was calculated using the method proposed by Jeong and the results were compared between the several deposition conditions utilized and thickness obtained. From sen2ø (SSPP) method, obtained from x-ray diffraction pattern in grazing configuration (Seeman-Bohlin), the residual stress of the thin films was calculated and used to estimate the interfacial shear strength by the model proposed by Chou. As result, the samples with larger thickness had a saturated inter-crack spacing greater then thinner films. The deposited films using low negative bias voltage (-50V) also had a saturated inter-crack spacing greater when compared with the higher negative bias voltage (-100 and -150V). Higher negative bias voltage applied to the substrate leads to higher compressive residual stress and can induce to the detachment of the film. The interfacial shear stress is directly related with residual compressive stress. Films with higher thickness generally have lower compressive stresses, but with increase in the risk of detachment. Finally, the sample with best adhesion was the one that in same time not presented detachment and had a higher value of ëSat.

abstract: Polymer fibers have broad applications in wearable electronics, bulletproof vests, batteries, fuel cells, filters, electrodes, conductive wires, and biomedical materials. Polymer fibers display light density and flexibility but are mostly weak and compliant. The ceramic, metallic, and carbon nanoparticles have been frequently included in polymers for fabricating continuous, durable, and functional composite fibers. Nanoparticles display large specific areas, low defect density and can transfer their superior properties to polymer matrices. The main focus of this thesis is to design, fabricate and characterize the polymer/nanocarbon composite fibers with unique microstructures and improved mechanical/thermal performance. The dispersions and morphologies of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), the interactions with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) molecules and their influences on fiber properties are studied. The fibers were fabricated using a dry-jet wet spinning method with engineered spinneret design. Three different structured fibers were fabricated, namely, one-phase polymer fiber (1-phase), two-phase core-shell composite fiber (2-phase), and three-phase co-axial composite fiber (3-phase). These polymer or composite fibers were processed at three stages with drawing temperatures of 100˚C, 150˚C, and 200˚C. Different techniques including the mechanical tester, wide-angle X-Ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) have been used to characterize the fiber microstructures and properties. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2018

<p>Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are used for reduction of component temperatures in gas turbines. The service temperature for turbines can be as high as 1100ºC and the components are exposed to thermal cycling and gases that will cause the component to oxidize and corrode. The coatings are designed to protect the substrate material from this, but eventually it will lead to failure of the TBC. It is important to have knowledge about when this failure is expected, since it is detrimental for the gas turbine.</p><p>The scope of this thesis has been to see if an existing life model for thin TBC also is valid for thick TBC. In order to do so, a thermal cycling fatigue test, a tensile test and finite element calculation have been performed. The thermal cycling fatigue test and finite element calculation were done to find correlations between the damage due to thermal cycling, the number of thermal cycles and the energy release rate. The tensile test was preformed to find the amount accumulated strain until damage.</p><p>The thermal cycling lead to failure of the TBC at the bond coat/top coat interface. The measurment of damage, porosity and thickness of thermally grown oxide were unsatisfying due to problems with the specimen preparation. However, a tendency for the damage development were seen. The finite element calculations gave values for the energy release rate the stress intensity factors in mode~I and mode~II that can be used in the life model. The tensile test showed that the failure mechanism is dependent of the coating thickness and it gave a rough value of the maximum strain acceptable.</p>

Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) are used for reduction of component temperatures in gas turbines. The service temperature for turbines can be as high as 1100ºC and the components are exposed to thermal cycling and gases that will cause the component to oxidize and corrode. The coatings are designed to protect the substrate material from this, but eventually it will lead to failure of the TBC. It is important to have knowledge about when this failure is expected, since it is detrimental for the gas turbine. The scope of this thesis has been to see if an existing life model for thin TBC also is valid for thick TBC. In order to do so, a thermal cycling fatigue test, a tensile test and finite element calculation have been performed. The thermal cycling fatigue test and finite element calculation were done to find correlations between the damage due to thermal cycling, the number of thermal cycles and the energy release rate. The tensile test was preformed to find the amount accumulated strain until damage. The thermal cycling lead to failure of the TBC at the bond coat/top coat interface. The measurment of damage, porosity and thickness of thermally grown oxide were unsatisfying due to problems with the specimen preparation. However, a tendency for the damage development were seen. The finite element calculations gave values for the energy release rate the stress intensity factors in mode~I and mode~II that can be used in the life model. The tensile test showed that the failure mechanism is dependent of the coating thickness and it gave a rough value of the maximum strain acceptable.