Texte remanié de: Doct. diss.--Anthropology--Philadelphia--University of Pennsylvania. / Bibliogr. p. 421-422. index.

Thesis--University of Wisconsin. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-195).

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Central Asia, crossroads of ancient trade routes known as the Silk Road, absorbed for centuries the pulses of travelling cultural influences and created an environment for the existence of original artistic expression, which can be seen in jewellery making as well. The dissertation thesis deals with analysis of the findings from excavation units and individual pieces of jewellery, in most cases made of gold, which were often largely inspired by the culture of the ancient Mediterranean. The historical - geographic perspective of the work is focused primarily on territory of ancient Bactria and Gandhara - southern part of the former Soviet republics of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, then northern and eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan. These areas were in the past centers of military activities and political formations, followed up in many aspects on the Mediterranean traditions. These political formations contributed distinctly to the dissemination and preservation of some elements of ancient cultural heritage in Central Asian architecture, sculpture and other fine arts and crafts. Most jewelry findings come from a fairly turbulent period of the 1st century AD, when the territory of Central Asia saw the progressive formation of Kushan Empire. The main part of the thesis consists of summary of the...

The beginnings of metallurgical activity have intrigued scholars for decades. In this dissertation, I explore early metallurgical activity on the Iranian Plateau represented by the evidence at Tal-i Iblis in southern Iran, and Seh Gabi and Godin Tepe in central northern Iran. Together, these sites offer a diachronic view of metal production on the Plateau as well as a view of metallurgical activities practiced at different scales of production. The metallurgical materials from Tal-i Iblis are firmly dated to the late 6th to early 5th millennia BCE, and this corpus includes hundreds of crucible fragments excavated from multiple trash dumps. Seh Gabi and Godin Tepe offer a smaller range of production materials from the 4th through 2nd millennia BCE, but they also include a large collection of finished metal objects. These later materials differ in style and process from the Iblis debris.Thorough examination of these artifacts, combined with comparison to a series of carefully controlled casting experiments, has returned numerous significant results. The metallurgy of the Iranian Plateau does not fit the standard model of early metallurgical development. The Iblis crucibles do not reflect an early "experimental" stage in copper production. Rather, these artifacts represent a carefully controlled, production process with a narrow range of variability in both temperature and reducing atmosphere. Further, there is clear evidence for the preference of arsenical-copper alloys at Tal-i Iblis. These ancient craftspeople sought high-quality ores from a source (the Talmessi copper deposit) over 500 km from their production facility.Metallurgical production on the Iranian Plateau is also characterized by the long-term use of crucibles as the primary reaction vessel well into the 2nd millennium BCE. There are some production centers on the Iranian Plateau that see the use of furnaces during the 3rd millennium, but crucible use persists at many sites. At Godin Tepe--a site with significant evidence for contact with the Mesopotamian lowlands--variability in crucible form increases in later periods to include an Egyptian-style crucible during the 2nd millennium BCE. The presence of this crucible suggests that there was contact with foreign metallurgical processes, but the preference for small, portable reaction vessels persisted.

The study of gender identification in Neolithic iconography is a relatively unexplored area. This study will apply gender theory on the findings of reliefs in Göbekli Tepe to further the information about this area. Contemporary scientists state that there are no females present in Göbekli Tepes iconography, whether they are human or animal. Earlier research has gone from exploring the idea that a female-dominated cult that focused on a goddess with connections to fertility, originating from the discovery of Çatalhöyük, was prominent in the area to a male-dominated cult which has a focus on dominance, aggressiveness and wildness. The cult of the goddess theory came from a focus on artefacts and reliefs that showed the female sex, while ignoring all male findings. The male-centered theory comes not only from the artefacts and reliefs that have been found but also as a response to the female-dominant cults exaggeration of findings of female iconography. In this study there will be a limited analysis of previous research within these two different camps of research, as well as an analysis of six reliefs from Göbekli Tepe. This analysis will be based on gender theory mainly as it has a prominent relevance in the studies of hunter-gatherer societies. Its importance comes as a response to the heteronormative lenses that this time has been viewed through. Because the people that lived in this time period (about 10000 BCE) had an intimate relationship with both the flora and fauna that made up their world. This led to an extensive symbolic relationship between animals and humans which led to the lines between them started to blur, one representing the other symbolically. The research analysis will be limited to cultic and iconographic interpretations that have a connection to Göbekli Tepe. The choice of motifs for further analysis have also been limited because of the small number of published pictures of the T-pillars, those that have been chosen are by what species that they are (foxes and boars, two of each) and if renderings have visible genitalia or not. The other two reliefs have been chosen as a further exploration of the gender-question as it is presented in Göbekli Tepes iconography. The main results of this study are that there is no scientific basis to say that there are no females depicted at Göbekli Tepe. This conclusion is primarily based on evidence that clearly indicates that the artists of the reliefs had such a high ability and knowledge about both the animals and artistic techniques that they fully had the abilities to depict what they wanted. Neither can we be sure that the reliefs that are without male genitalia are male from their depicted biological traits. This leaves a big group of genderless individuals in Göbekli Tepe and the question if gender is at all relevant or if the depicted animals relate more of a spiritual relationship between animals and humans.

No / References Citations Metrics Reprints & Permissions Get access Abstract This paper presents the observation of lipid residue, identified as beeswax, preserved in the ceramic matrix of a Late Chalcolithic (c. 3700–3000 BC) bevelled-rim bowl (BRB) from the site of Tepe Sofalin on the Tehran Plain. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to separate and identify the lipid constituents preserved in the matrix of a BRB sherd. Lipid biomarkers were recovered including long-chain n-alkanes, n-alkenes, palmitic wax monoesters, fatty acids and n-alcohols characteristic of beeswax. In addition to two disaccharides, cholesterol and β-sitosterol as contaminants were retrieved by solvent soluble extraction from a number of different locations from the ceramic matrix of the analysed sherd.

This thesis aims to define the scope of Article 3 ECHR, concerning children with traumas in registration and identification camps. The interpretation of the scope of Article 3 ECHR is based on a case study of the cases Khan v France and J.R. and Others v Greece. The result of the case study in conjunction with relevant legislation is applied to the Mavrovouni camp in Lesvos, Greece. The normative approach in this thesis is combined with hermeneutic analysis. The case study shows that inadequate housing conditions are unlikely to violate Article 3 ECHR. Nonetheless, the threshold of Article 3 ECHR is broader when children are subject to the conditions. Children are internationally recognized as more vulnerable, especially when they are traumatized. In conclusion, it is to say that a violation of Article 3 ECHR can be made out in the Mavrovouni camp concerning children that live in the camp.

Com base nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos variacionistas (LABOV, 2006 [1966]; 2008 [1972]; 1999; 2001; 2010) e em alguns conceitos caros à terceira onda (ECKERT, 2012) da Sociolinguística, este trabalho objetiva estudar a comunidade de fala sul-mineira de Itanhandu. Itanhandu se localiza em uma região de tríplice divisa entre os estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Além dessa posição geográfica singular, os itanhanduenses revelam possuir com as capitais fluminense e paulista uma relação de identificação maior do que possuem com a própria capital de seu estado, o que parece influenciar o falar local, sobretudo na realização de (-r). O estudo de Itanhandu iniciou-se com uma coleta de 36 entrevistas sociolinguísticas na cidade, que possibilitaram constatar a presença não só de retroflexos, pronúncia considerada a mais prototípica na comunidade, mas também de tepes e fricativos, variantes comumente associadas às capitais de São Paulo e do Rio de Janeiro, respectivamente. Diante da verificação da ocorrência de tais variantes em Itanhandu, aventou-se a hipótese de que elas estariam correlacionadas aos dois grupos de identificação presentes na cidade, um que se compõe de itanhanduenses que gostam de morar lá e não desejam se mudar ou que tenham saído dela, mas desejam voltar; e outro que se define por itanhanduenses que desejam tentar a vida fora de Itanhandu ou que já se mudaram e não desejam retornar. Entretanto, a análise quantitativa dos dados mostra que as variantes não prototípicas em Itanhandu estão mais ligadas ao tempo de permanência que os itanhanduenses passaram fora de sua cidade natal, ou seja, pronúncias tepes e fricativas são menos correlatos de uma questão identitária e mais de um fenômeno que se dá naturalmente em um processo de acomodação linguística (GILES, 1973) pelo qual passam os itanhanduenses que moram em outras cidades, principalmente localizadas nos estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Além disso, este trabalho também investiga a existência de graus de retroflexão em Itanhandu. Retroflexos fortes, ou seja, mais duradouros e intensos, opõem-se a retroflexos fracos, ou melhor, mais curtos e com intensidade reduzida. A análise quantitativa dos dados mostra que tal variação correlaciona-se, principalmente, a variáveis linguísticas: são os grupos de fatores Classe Morfológica da Palavra com (-r) e Frequência do Item Lexical com (-r) os que mais explicam a existência de tal fenômeno em Itanhandu. Por fim, esta dissertação mostra a complexidade da identidade itanhanduense, composta não só de relações sociais, econômicas e linguísticas estabelecidas com cidades paulistas e fluminenses, mas também a partir das vivências individuais dos itanhanduenses, das cidades em que eles já moraram, da forma com que se relacionam com Itanhandu e com os itanhanduenses, das posturas que assumem diante de fatos da vida cotidiana e, principalmente, diante de fatos da realidade linguística da comunidade de fala em que se inserem. / Based on variationist theory and methods (LABOV, 2006 [1966]; 2008 [1972]; 1999; 2001; 2010), including third wave sociolinguistics (ECKERT, 2012), this masters thesis focuses Itanhandu, a town in Southern Minas Gerais, located near the border between Minas Gerais and São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. Itanhanduenses tend to identify themselves with the capitais of these two states more than with Belo Horizonte, the capital of Minas Gerais. Such identification has an influence in their local speech, especially when it comes to variable (-r). In a sample of 36 sociolinguistic interviews collected in Itanhandu, there are fricative and tap ocurrences of (-r), aside from the retroflex which is prototypical in the community. The fricative and tap variants are commonly associated with the capitals São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, respectively. The main initial hypothesis is that this case of variation correlates with how Itanhanduenses identify themselves: those who like to live in Itanhandu and do not wish to move to another city (and those who have moved out but would like to return to Itanhandu); and those who would like to leave their birth town (including those who live somewhere else and would not like to move back to Itanhandu). The quantitative analyses suggest that fricative and tap occurrences of (-r) are less correlated to these subgroups, and more strongly associated with how long a period Itanhanduenses spend outside of their birth town. There seems to be a process of accomodation (GILES, 1973) in the speech of those Itanhanduenses who have lived in other cities, especially in the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. This thesis also looks into degrees of (-r) retroflexion. Strong retroflex (lengthier and more intense) and weak retroflex (shorter and less intense) are analyzed as a variable, which correlates more strongly to linguistic factors: Word Class and Word Frequency. This thesis shows that the Itanhanduense identity is composed not just by social, economic and linguistic relations to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, but also by individual experiences, both in Itanhandu itself and in other cities. Such experiences are revealed in stances taken during the sociolinguistic interviews, in relation to facts of their day-to-day life, including their linguistic experiences.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marlene.pdf: 1033772 bytes, checksum: e247d4fdeec56c298ffea8b3ebb438a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-07-29 / El presente trabajo está constituido de un estudio y análisis de los datos sobre la interferencia de la lengua talian en el aprendizaje del español lengua extranjera, más específicamente sobre el uso de la vibrante simple en vez de la vibrante múltipla, a la luz de la Teoría de la Marcación Fonológica basada en Restricciones y Procedimientos de Simplificación, de Andrea Calabrese (1995), la cual defiende que hay configuraciones óptimas y configuraciones de rasgos fonológicamente complejas. La Teoría de la Marcación propone, aún, la existencia de estrategias que reparan configuraciones complejas de rasgos distintivos que componen los segmentos de diferentes lenguas. Este estudio también presenta aspectos de la fonología de las lenguas, de los rasgos distintivos, de la fonología autosegmental, de la geometría de los rasgos, de los tipos de segmentos y de los principios básicos para la aplicación de las reglas. El cuerpo teórico presenta, aún, algunos estudios realizados sobre la vibrante en Rio Grande do Sul y en Brasil. Para encontrar y presentar las interferencias, fueron grabadas lecturas de textos, las cuales, transcriptas y analizadas, permitieron el examen y la posterior descripción de fragmentos de textos en los cuales ocurren los episodios de la interferencia en cuestión. El análisis fue realizado basado en factores lingüísticos y extralingüísticos. Desde ese estudio, es posible concluir que la lengua materna interfiere en el aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera, pero el factor local de residencia se presenta como la motivación destacada para que la interferencia permanezca. / O presente estudo constitui-se de uma pesquisa e análise dos dados sobre a interferência da língua talian no aprendizado de espanhol, língua estrangeira, mais especificamente sobre o emprego do tepe no lugar da vibrante múltipla, à luz da Teoria da Marcação Fonológica, baseada em Restrições e Procedimentos de Simplificação, de Andrea Calabrese (1995), a qual defende haver configurações ótimas e configurações de traços fonologicamente complexas. A Teoria da Marcação propõe, ainda, a existência de estratégias que reparam configurações complexas de traços distintivos que compõem os segmentos de diferentes línguas. Este estudo também mostra aspectos da fonologia das línguas, dos traços distintivos, da fonologia autossegmental, da geometria de traços, dos tipos de segmentos e dos princípios básicos para a aplicação de regras. O corpo teórico apresenta, ainda, alguns estudos realizados sobre a vibrante no Rio Grande do Sul e no Brasil. Para detectar e elencar as interferências, foram gravadas leituras de textos, as quais, transcritas e analisadas, permitiram o exame e a posterior descrição de trechos em que ocorrem episódios da interferência em questão. A análise foi realizada com base em fatores lingüísticos e extralingüísticos. A partir desta pesquisa, foi possível concluir que a língua materna interfere no aprendizado de uma língua estrangeira mas o fator local de residência apresenta-se como motivador de destaque para que a interferência permaneça.