The first 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Middle Jurassic Entrada Sandstone were derived from tephra beds found in central Utah. Eight air fall ash beds in the Entrada Sandstone, with 40Ar/39Ar biotite ages ranging from 168.1 ± 0.2 to 160.8 ± 0.2 Ma, help to establish the age of Entrada deposition. They were also used to create the first chronostratigraphic divisions within the mudstone-dominated Entrada Sandstone. Statistical cluster analysis of chemical data from electron microprobe analyses of phenocrysts were used as a second line of evidence to test absolute age and stratigraphic correlations. The first direct correlations of two distinct air fall ash beds within Jurassic rocks were correlated using three criteria: (1) stratigraphic position, (2) absolute ages, and (3) mineral chemistry. These tephra beds were identified and correlated across significant lateral distances (~40 km) of the San Rafael Swell in central Utah, and one can be correlated farther southwest to Cannonville, Utah (~160 km) using absolute age relationships. This latter tephra bed allows for stratigraphic correlation across significant facies and thickness changes thereby establishing a regional framework that future studies can use to make more accurate and precise litho- and sequence stratigraphic correlations. Absolute ages from a tephra bed ~20 m below the J-3 unconformity provide a lower age boundary for formation of the J-3 surface. Mega- and microfossil assemblages in the overlying Curtis Formation together with the radiometric ages reported in this study indicate that the age of the Callovian-Oxfordian boundary in the 2004 geologic time scale (161.2 ± 4.0 Ma) is more correct than the current boundary age (163.5 ± 1.1 Ma) in the 2012 geologic time scale.

Lakes sediments from the Lofoten Islands, Norway, can be used to generate well resolved records of past climate and environmental change. This dissertation presents three lacustrine paleoenvironmental reconstructions that show evidence for Holocene climate changes associated with North Atlantic climate dynamics and relative sea-level variations driven by glacio-isostatic adjustment. This study also uses distal tephra deposits (cryptotephra) from Icelandic volcanic eruptions to improve the chronologies of these reconstructions and explores new approaches to crypto-tephrochronology. Past and present conditions at Vikjordvatnet, Fiskebølvatnet, and Heimerdalsvatnet were studied during four field seasons conducted from 2007-2010. Initially, each lake was characterized by measuring water column chemistry, logging annual temperature fluctuations, and conducting bathymetric and seismic surveys. Sediment cores were then collected and analyzed using multiple techniques, including: sediment density, magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, total carbon and nitrogen, δ13C and δ15N of organic matter, and elemental compositions acquired by scanning X-ray fluorescence. Chronologies were established using radiocarbon dating and tephrochronology. A 13.8 cal ka BP record from Vikjordvatnet provides evidence for glacial activity during the Younger Dryas cold interval and exhibits trends in Ti, Fe, and organic content during the Holocene that correlate with regional millennial-scale climate trends and provide evidence for more rapid events. A 9.7 cal ka BP record from Fiskebølvatnet shows a strong signal of sediment inwashing likely driven by local geomorphic conditions, although there is evidence that increased inwashing at the onset of the Neoglacial could have been associated with increased precipitation. Heimerdalsvatnet provides a record of relative sea-level change. A 7.8 cal ka BP sedimentary record reflects changes in salinity and water column conditions as the lake was isolated and defines sea-level regression following the Tapes transgression. Cryptotephra horizons were identified in sediments of Heimerdalsvatnet, Vikjordvatnet, and Sverigedalsvatn. They were also found in a Viking-age boathouse excavated along the shore of Inner Borgpollen. These include the GA4-85, BIP-24a, SILK-N2, Askja, 860 Layer B, Hekla 1158, Hekla 1104, Vedde Ash, and Saksunarvatn tephra. This research project also explored the use of scanning XRF to locate cryptotephra in lacustrine sediments and presents experimental results of XRF scans of tephra-spiked synthetic sediment cores.

Yes / Grotta del Romito has been the subject of numerous archaeological, chronological and palaeoenvironmental investigations for more than a decade. During the Upper Palaeolithic period the site contains evidence of human occupation through the Gravettian and Epigravettian periods, multiple human burials, changes in the pattern of human occupation, and faunal, isotopic and sedimentological evidence for local environmental change. In spite of this rich record, the chronological control is insufficient to resolve shifts in subsistence and mobility patterns at sufficiently high resolution to match the abrupt climate fluctuations at this time. To resolve this we present new radiocarbon and tephrostratigraphic dates in combination with existing radiocarbon dates, and develop a Bayesian age model framework for the site. This improved chronology reveals that local environmental conditions reflect abrupt and long-term changes in climate, and that these also directly influence changing patterns of human occupation of the site. In particular, we show that the environmental record for the site, based on small mammal habitat preferences, is chronologically in phase with the main changes in climate and environment seen in key regional archives from Italy and Greenland. We also calculate the timing of the transitions between different cultural phases and their spans. We also show that the intensification in occupation of the site is chronologically coincident with a rapid rise in Mesic Woody taxa seen in key regional pollen records and is associated with the Late Epigravettian occupation of the site. This change in the record of Grotta del Romito is also closely associated stratigraphically with a new tephra (the ROM-D30 tephra), which may act as a critical marker in environmental records of the region. / Leverhulme Trust (F/0 0235/I) and by a Natural Environment Research Council ORADS radiocarbon dating award (NF/2011/2/7).

La marge sud-chilienne constitue la seule masse continentale de l’hémisphère sud qui intercepte l’intégralité de la ceinture des vents d’ouest (SWW), en interaction avec la circulation océanique. Elle occupe donc une position stratégique pour les reconstructions paléoclimatiques et a fait l’objet d’une attention croissante ces dernières décennies. Dans le contexte des hautes latitudes sud de la marge chilienne, les objectifs de cette thèse se sont portés sur (1) l’établissement d’une chronostratigraphie précise basée sur des datations radiocarbone et la téphrochronologie et (2) sur la reconstruction de la dynamique de la calotte nord-Patagonienne en lien direct avec le régime des précipitations, les températures et/ou la dynamique interne des glaciers sur les derniers 22 ka BP à partir de l’étude d’un enregistrement marin à ultra haute résolution et à fort taux de sédimentation, collecté au large de la péninsule de Taitao (~46°S). Basé sur un modèle d’âge robuste par des datations radiocarbone associées à une étude téphrochronologique, l’enregistrement marin MD07-3088 permet une couverture temporelle large depuis le dernier maximum glaciaire, la déglaciation et l’Holocène. Plusieurs traceurs (minéralogie des argiles, granulométrie, géochimie inorganique) ont été utilisés afin de retracer la variabilité des sources et les fluctuations de la calotte nord patagonienne. Couplée aux paléoreconstructions des températures des eaux de surface et de la variabilité des proportions polliniques, cette étude a permis de retracer les variations dans le régime des précipitations et les interconnections entre les réservoirs océaniques et atmosphériques. Les résultats ont montré qu’au cours du DMG (22-18 ka BP), les températures globalement plus froides semblent contrôler les apports terrigènes en provenance de la chaine côtière proximale et la dynamique des glaciers. Lors de la déglaciation (18-11,5 ka BP), les conditions globalement plus chaudes marquent un changement radical dans la source des apports détritiques, avec une dominance de la cordillère andéenne distale. Cet intervalle est ponctué par 3 évènements de refroidissement, dont l’ACR (14,3-12,7 ka BP) pendant lesquels un regain de l’activité glaciaire est enregistré. Au cours de cet intervalle, l’expansion des tourbières Magellanes suggère des conditions climatiques plus froides et très humides résultant de la migration progressive vers le nord des Westerlies. L’Holocène Inférieur (11,5-8 ka BP) se caractérise par des conditions similaires à celles de la déglaciation avec la présence d’un événement plus grossier témoignant soit de l’influence de la légère baisse des températures (~2°C), soit d’un rôle plus important de la dynamique interne des glaciers. L’Holocène Moyen (8-3 ka BP) est illustré par la mise en place de la phase de Néoglaciation qui se traduit par un déplacement vers le nord de la cellule des vents d’ouest caractérisé par des forts apports de précipitations dans notre zone d’étude bien que peu de variations soient enregistrées dans les estimations des SST. Enfin, la faible variation des SST et la légère augmentation des précipitations enregistrées au cours de l’Holocène Inférieur (3 ka BP à l’actuel) témoignent d’un retour de la cellule des vents à une position similaire à l’actuel. / The south-chilean margin is the one continental mass to intercept the entire Westerly Winds cell (SWW), closely linked to the oceanic circulation. It constitutes a strategic area for paleoclimatic reconstructions and represents a peculiar interest since the last decades. In the southern high latitude chilean margin setting, the main objectives of this thesis were focused on (1) the establishment of a precise chronology based on radiocarbon dates and tephrochronology and (2) to restore the north-Patagonian icefield dynamic strongly linked to the rainfall features, temperatures and/or internal glaciers dynamic over the last 22 ka BP from a High-resolution and High sedimentation rate deep-sea core collected offshore the Taitao peninsula (~46°S). Based on robust age model by radiocarbon dates and tephrochronology study, the marine record MD07-3088 allows a large time-span since the Last Glacial Maximum, the deglaciation and the Holocene. Several proxies (clay mineralogy, grain-size and inorganic geochemistry) were used to restore the variability in continental source inputs and north-patagonian icefield fluctuations. Coupled to SST estimations and palynological dataset, this study allows to reconstruct rainfall changes and interconnections between oceanic and atmospheric features. Results show that during the LGM (22-18 ka BP), the globally colder temperatures play a major role in the detrital supplies from Coastal Range and glacier dynamic. During the deglaciation (18-11,5 ka BP), warmer conditions mark a drastic change in the terrigenous source with a dominance of Andean Cordillera influence. This interval is punctuated by 3 colder events, in particularly the ACR event (14,3-12,7 ka BP) during which a renewed glacial activity is recorded as shown by the expansion of Magellanes moorlands, typical of colder and more humid climate as a result of the northward migration of the Westerly Winds. The Early Holocene (11,5-8 ka BP) is marked by climatic conditions similar to those of the deglaciation with only the presence of one colder event resulting either by slightly temperatures decreasing (~2°C) or the internal glacier dynamic contribution. The Middle Holocene (8-3 ka BP) is illustrated by the settlement of the Neoglaciation phase resulting from the northward displacement of the SWW cell favouring more intense rainfalls in the study site even Tough any significant temperature variations are observed. Finally, the low SST variability and the slight increase of rainfalls recorded during the Upper Holocene (3 ka BP to present) give clues about the return of the SWW to modern location.

Yes / Icelandic settlement (Landnám) period farmsteads offer opportunities to explore the nature and timing of anthropogenic activities and environmental impacts of the first Holocene farming communities. We employ Bayesian statistical modelling of archaeological, paleoenvironmental and documentary datasets to present a framework for improving chronological robustness of archaeological events. Specifically, we discuss events relevant to the farm Hrísbrú, an initial and complex settlement site in southwest Iceland. We demonstrate that tephra layers are key in constraining reliable chronologies, especially when combined with related datasets and treated in a Bayesian framework. The work presented here confirms earlier interpretations of the chronology of the site while providing increased confidence in the robustness of the chronology. Most importantly, integrated modelling of AMS radiocarbon dates on Hordeum vulgare grains, palynological data, documented evidence from textual records and typologically diagnostic artefacts yield increased dating reliability. The analysis has also shown that AMS radiocarbon dates on bone collagen need further scrutiny. Specifically for the Hrísbrú farm, first anthropogenic footprint palynomorph taxa are estimated to around AD 830–881 (at 95.4% confidence level), most likely before the tephra fall out of AD 877 ± 1 (the Landnám tephra layer), demonstrating the use of arable fields before the first known structures were built at Hrísbrú (AD 874–951) and prior to the conventionally accepted date of the settlement of Iceland. Finally, we highlight the importance of considering multidisciplinary factors for other archaeological and paleoecological studies of early farming communities of previously uninhabited island areas.

Three continuous terrestrial high-resolution palaeoenvironmental records for the Late-glacial and the Holocene have been reconstructed for different ecosystems in Fuego-Patagonia on a longitudinal transect at latitude 53°S. The records describe the nature and extent of environmental and climatic changes inferred from palynological evidence supported by lithostratigraphy, tephrochronology and radiocarbon dating. The environmental changes recorded at the three sites displays a significant degree of synchrony in response to similar large-scale climatic changes. Clear stratigraphical evidence alongside the pollen record indicates a shift to warmer interstadial conditions between c. 14,800 Cal yr BP and 14,400 Cal yrs BP. During the period coeval with ACR the vegetation was dominated by cold resistant dry land herbs such as Poaceae, Asteraceae (Suf. Asteroideae) and Acaena, by c. 13,200 Cal yr BP the vegetation changed from the dominance of cold resistant dry land herbs towards more mesic conditions and the expansion of steppe dominated by Poaceae with patches of Nothofagus forest. The establishment of the forest and an eastward shift of the forest-steppe ecotone by c. 12,500 Cal yr BP from which a gradual shift from colder to warmer conditions and the relatively stronger influences of the SSWs is inferred. The sequence of Late-glacial environmental changes places Fuego-Patagonia within the new palaeoecological data provided by this study includes “the earliest” evidence for the establishment of subantarctic Nothofagus forest during the LGIT in Fuego-Patagonia. During the Early-Holocene two major phases of Nothofagus forest expansion were registered between c. 11,700 - 10,500 Cal yr BP and c. 9,500 - 8,200 Cal yr BP. These intervals of expansion of Nothofagus forest are separated by an interval of forest contraction in response to lower effective moisture between c. 10,500 - 9,500 Cal yr BP. An intense arid phase is inferred between c. 8,250 Cal yr BP and 6,800 Cal yr BP and probably leading to an increase in the amount of dry fuel available during the mid-Holocene in Fuego-Patagonia leading to the highest fire activity promoted by very weak SSWs at this time. The later Holocene was characterised by an increase in humidity and an inferred intensification of the SSWs.

To provide an increased breadth in the knowledge of tephra dispersal, this pilot study examines a peat core from Lakselv in Finnmark County in northern Norway. Peat samples are exposed to burning, HCl, density separation and polarized light microscopy. One sample from a depth of 37.5-40 cm was analysed using an electron microprobe analyser (EMPA). At least two tephra horizons were identified, one at a depth of 12.5-17.5 cm and one at 37.5-40 cm. The lower horizon shows a chemical composition similar to eruptives from Jan Mayen and São Miguel, Azores while the origin of the upper horizon is unknown as no geochemical analysis was performed for that depth.

No description available.