Les termites ont un rôle clé dans le fonctionnement de l’écosystème forêt en particulier celui du recyclage de la litière en matière organique. Cependant, quelques espèces de termites sont des xylophages spécialisés dans la dégradation du bois des forêts, mais sont considérés comme des nuisibles dans les zones anthropisées.En France, le problème « termites » lié aux constructions n’a été traité que dans les années 90. La loi n°99-471, votée le 8 juin 1999 définit les modalités de mise en oeuvre d´une politique de lutte dans laquelle sont engagés tous les acteurs: l´Etat, les collectivités locales, les professionnels ainsi que les propriétaires d´immeubles. La Guyane-française est située dans la carte établie par le FCBA des départements de France où l’arrêté est effectif. Toutefois, ce département d’outre-mer reste aujourd’hui avec beaucoup de lacunes en termes de connaissances sur ses termites.On connaît de façon exhaustive le nombre et les différentes espèces de termites xylophages et on sait également quelles sont les principales familles qui sont présentes dans les bâtiments. Mais on ne sait pas dire quelles sont les espèces de termites qui s’intéressent à nos bois d’œuvres.L’objectif de cette étude est d’identifier les genres et espèces de termites qui s’attaquent à trois essences de bois de durabilité faible ou moyenne (Gonfolo, Simarouba et Yayamadou) et de comprendre comment ces attaques se produisent, en contexte forestier, en lien avec des variables du milieu, et l’effet de la saison de mise en contact.Le Yayamadou est une espèce très appétante pour les termites de Guyane, à condition de disposer de tas de bois d’un volume suffisant (> 500cm3), c’est l’espèce qui présente la plus grande diversité de termites actifs. 18 espèces de termites ont été trouvées sur les tas de bois, mais 10 seulement avec une fréquence dépassant le %. Une description détaillée et une clé d’identification sont proposées pour ces espèces.La diversité des termites est plus importante dans les milieux forestiers naturels. Les résultats montrent, qu’Heterotermes tenuis est l’espèce la plus fréquente quel que soit le milieu. Il y a une spécificité attractive de certaines espèces de termites pour telle essence plutôt que telle autre.Enfin, la saisonnalité, correspondant au moment où l’on installe les échantillons de bois en forêt, joue un rôle dans l’apparition de termites sur telle ou telle essence de bois. Il existe dans chaque milieu des espèces qui peuvent potentiellement s’attaquer au bois des habitations / The termites have a role key in the functioning of the ecosystem forest in particular the one of the recycling of the litter in organic matter. Nevertheless, some termites species are specialized in the degradation of the wood of the forests, but are considered plagues in humans place.In France, the problem « termites » linked by the buildings was treated only in the 90’s. The law n°99-471, voted by the 8 June 1999 defines the methods of implement of politics to fights in which are engaged all the actors: the government, the local groups, the professionals as well as the owners of buildings. The French Guiana-is in the map established by the FCBA that departments of France where the law is effective. Nevertheless, this “outre-mer” department remains today with a lot of gaps in terms of knowledge on its termites. We know in a manner exhaustive the number and the different types of xylophagous termites and we know too which are the principal families that are present in the buildings. But we don’t know to say which are the types of termites that are very interested in our lumber.The objective of this study is to identify the genera and termites species that attack themselves to three sorts of wood of weak or average durability (Gonfolo, Simarouba et Yayamadou) and to understand how these attacks produce themselves, in forest context, in link with variables of the environment, and the effect of the season of placement in contact.The Yayamadou is a Wood specie that atracts a lot of termites in French Guiana, to condition to have access to pile of wood of a sufficient volume (> 500cm3), it is the type that presents the biggest diversity of active termites. 18 species of termites were found on the wood piles, but 10 only with a frequency surpassing the 80%. A detailed description and an identification key are proposed for these species. The diversity of the termites is more important in the natural forest environments. The results show, that Heterotermes tenure is the type the does more frequent whatever the environment. There is an attractive specificity of some types of termites for such wood species rather than such other.Finally, the seasonality, corresponding the moment when we installs the wood samples in forest, plays a role in the appearance of termites on such or such wood species. There are in every environment of the types that potentially can attack the wood of the buildings.

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de derivados das meliáceas Azadirachta indica (nim), Melia azedarach e Trichilia pallida e os fungos entomopatogênicos Metarhizium anisopliae (isolado 1037) e Beauveria bassiana (isolado 634) visando ao controle do cupim subterrâneo Heterotermes tenuis. Os derivados vegetais foram avaliados em relação à toxicidade e repelência para o cupim. A formulação comercial Nimkol®, à base de folhas de nim, foi tóxica para o cupim, em concentrações de 0,3% de ingrediente ativo ou superiores. Não foi constatada a transmissão do Nimkol de indivíduos alimentados com esse produto para outros indivíduos. Os demais extratos vegetais estudados não apresentaram toxicidade significativa para H. tenuis. Nenhum dos produtos avaliados foi repelente a ponto de evitar a construção de galerias em placas com ágar ou provocar o fechamento das mesmas. Entretanto, em testes de escolha em arenas de preferência, H. tenuis demonstrou repelência pelo extrato aquoso de folhas de nim (5%). Os demais derivados avaliados, incluindo o Nimkol, não foram repelentes para o cupim. O efeito dos derivados vegetais e dos entomopatógenos na sobrevivência de H. tenuis, em forma independente e associada, foi estudada em laboratório e em condições de campo, visando avaliar um possível efeito estressor dos derivados vegetais sobre o cupim. Testes de compatibilidade in vitro indicaram resposta dependente da concentração do Nimkol, para a inibição do crescimento de colônias, da produção e da germinação de conídios dos entomopatógenos. A associação de extratos vegetais e entomopatógenos, em geral, diminuiu a atividade fungitóxica sobre H. tenuis. Entretanto, observou-se benefícios da associação de Nimkol (0,2 a 0,4% i.a.) com os isolados de B. bassiana e M. anisopliae quando houve um mínimo de 24 horas de diferença entre a aplicação do produto vegetal e dos fungos no alimento dos cupins. Os resultados de campo para Nimkol, M. asinopliae e a associação de ambos, mostraram tendências semelhantes às observadas para esses tratamentos em laboratório, embora com menores níveis de mortalidade. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of by-products of the Meliaceae Azadirachta indica (neem), Melia azedarach and Trichilia pallida, and of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate 1037) and Beauveria bassiana (isolate 634) in the control of the subterranean termite Heterotermes tenuis. The vegetal by-products were evaluated in relation to the toxicity and repellency for the termite. The commercial formula Nimkol, obtained from neem leaves, was toxic for the termite at concentrations of 0.3% a.i. and higher. There was no detected transmission of the Nimkol from individuals fed with the product to other individuals. The rest of the vegetal extracts were not significantly toxic for H. tenuis. None of the tested products was repellent to the extent of preventing the gallery construction in agar plates or causing them to be closed. In selection experiments on preference, H. tenuis showed repellency towards the aqueous extract of neem leaves (5%). The rest of the by-products tested, including Nimkol-L, were not repellent for the termite. The effect of the vegetal by-products and the entomopathogens, independently and associated, was studied under field and laboratory conditions, looking for a possible stressing effect of the vegetal by-products on the termite. In vitro compatibility tests showed a response of the Nimkol-L, dependent on the concentration, on the growth of colonies, production and germination of conidia of the entomopathogens. The association of entomopathogens and vegetal extracts decreased in general the toxic activity of the fungi over H. tenuis. With a minimal difference of 24h between the application of the vegetal product and the fungi in the food of the termites, a beneficial association was detected between Nimkol-L and isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. The field results for Nimkol-L, M anisopliae and the combination of the two, showed a trend similar to the one observed in the laboratory results, but with lower mortality levels.

Commercial termite baiting systems were utilized and evaluated under real-world conditions in order to provide a comparison of efficacy in the management of subterranean termites. Three commercial termite baiting systems available for comparison included: FirstLine® (FMC Corp.), Sentricon® (Dow AgroSciences), and Terminate® (United Industries, Inc). The time required for foraging termites to locate and begin feeding on both the Sentricon® and the Terminate® bait stations was approximately one-half the time required to locate and begin feeding on the FirstLine® system, for both R. flavipes and C. formosanus. The time required for C. formosanus to locate and begin feeding on all termite baiting systems was approximately one-half the time required for R. flavipes. There were no significant differences in efficacy between the three baiting treatment systems against R. flavipes, with a mean of 84% efficacy for all systems. The Sentricon® system was able to achieve efficacy (88%) results with few additional residual liquid termiticide treatments. FirstLine® efficacy (80%) and Terminate® efficacy (84%) results required initial and subsequent multiple spot treatments with residual termiticide for comparable results. The Sentricon® baiting system yielded positive results in the management of C. formosanus, if utilized in an aggressive, active management program, involving multiple supplementary in-ground and above-ground bait stations at both points of active infestation and at areas with conditions conducive to infestation. Optimum results were achieved when monitoring of the bait stations occurred twice each month, rather than the standard monthly monitoring regime. The two termite baiting systems with Sulfluramid as the active ingredient required spot treatments with termiticides in order to protect the structures. Grids of bait stations were installed and termite activity and foraging strategies were monitored for a five-year period. Treatment with sulfluramid required 472 active ingredient tubes, over a 37-month period, in order to reduce subterranean termite populations. Observations of seasonal variation and spatial patterns of foraging by native subterranean termites, R. flavipes, in a typical urban/suburban setting provided information with direct application to an effective termite baiting system program.

Les termites forment un groupe animal important en milieu tropical, où leur richesse spécifique est plus élevée que dans n’importe quel autre écosystème. Ils se nourrissent de matière organique végétale à différent état de décomposition, du bois dur à la matière organique minérale du le sol. Cette diversification du régime alimentaire ne se produit que chez les Termitidae, parfois appelés « termites supérieurs », alors que les autres familles se nourrissent exclusivement de bois ou d’herbe. Les termites humivores sont extrêmement abondants en Amérique du Sud et en Afrique tropicale, mais sont relativement peu étudiés par rapport aux termites xylophages. C’est particulièrement vrai pour le groupe Anoplotermes, qui représente le groupe de termites le moins bien connu. Ce travail vise à faire la lumière sur l’écologie et la diversité de ce groupe strictement humivore, et comprend les sections suivantes : (1) Des échantillonnages standardisés dans sept sites de Guyane Française ont révèle, avec quelques exceptions, que les termites xylophages sont relativement peu spécialisés à un site. Au contraire, les espèces du groupe Anoplotermes, ainsi que les termites humivores en général, sont spécialisés à un type de forêt. Cette spécialisation contribue plus que probablement à la diversification écologique, et donc, à une augmentation de la richesse spécifique des termites humivores. (2) En utilisant les ratios d’isotopiques δ13C et δ15N, nous avons aussi trouvé qu’il existe une spécialisation des espèces le long d’un gradient d’humification chez le groupe Anoplotermes, de l’interface entre le bois pourri et le sol au sol pauvre en matière organique. Donc, au moins deux facteurs favorisent la richesse spécifique du groupe Anoplotermes dans le sol, malgré le manque d’évidence pour une séparation spatiale et temporelle entre les espèces. Cette spécialisation spécifique réduit la compétition interspécifique aux espèces se nourrissant de matière organique au même état de décomposition. (3) Ce mécanisme n’est probablement pas restreint aux espèces du groupe Anoplotermes et le ratio isotopique δ15N varie considérablement entre les termites humivores de manière générale. Les termites humivores comptent des espèces avec des régimes alimentaires différents ne partageant pas toujours les mêmes niches écologiques. Cette diversification du régime alimentaire ne c’est pas produit de manière aléatoire durant l’évolution des termites et les espèces proches tendent à se nourrir du même substrat. (4) Au niveau intraspécifique, il semble que la compétition contraigne la dynamique des colonies. En effet, chez A. banksi, nous avons trouvé que les nids matures sont surdispersés. Les nouveaux nids se trouvent principalement à une certaine distance des nids établis, plus particulièrement dans les trous laissés par les nids morts. Si ce patron est le résultat d’une sélection des sites de nidification, ou plutôt d’une exclusion compétitive reste sujet à discussion, mais met néanmoins en évidence la présence de compétition chez les termites humivores du groupe Anoplotermes. (5) Au vu de la richesse spécifique locale du groupe Anoplotermes, le nombre d’espèces décrites reste remarquablement bas. Après inspection du matériel type, seuls 30 espèces du groupe se sont avérés valides en Amérique du Sud, alors que 80% des espèces que nous avons collectées sont nouvelles pour la science. Cette disproportion entre ce qui est connu et la diversité réelle du groupe, met en évidence le besoin de réaliser des études supplémentaires pour améliorer la connaissance de ce groupe peu connu, le groupe Anoplotermes.

Commercial termite baiting systems were utilized and evaluated under real-world conditions in order to provide a comparison of efficacy in the management of subterranean termites. Three commercial termite baiting systems available for comparison included: FirstLine® (FMC Corp.), Sentricon® (Dow AgroSciences), and Terminate® (United Industries, Inc). The time required for foraging termites to locate and begin feeding on both the Sentricon® and the Terminate® bait stations was approximately one-half the time required to locate and begin feeding on the FirstLine® system, for both R. flavipes and C. formosanus. The time required for C. formosanus to locate and begin feeding on all termite baiting systems was approximately one-half the time required for R. flavipes. There were no significant differences in efficacy between the three baiting treatment systems against R. flavipes, with a mean of 84% efficacy for all systems. The Sentricon® system was able to achieve efficacy (88%) results with few additional residual liquid termiticide treatments. FirstLine® efficacy (80%) and Terminate® efficacy (84%) results required initial and subsequent multiple spot treatments with residual termiticide for comparable results. The Sentricon® baiting system yielded positive results in the management of C. formosanus, if utilized in an aggressive, active management program, involving multiple supplementary in-ground and above-ground bait stations at both points of active infestation and at areas with conditions conducive to infestation. Optimum results were achieved when monitoring of the bait stations occurred twice each month, rather than the standard monthly monitoring regime. The two termite baiting systems with Sulfluramid as the active ingredient required spot treatments with termiticides in order to protect the structures. Grids of bait stations were installed and termite activity and foraging strategies were monitored for a five-year period. Treatment with sulfluramid required 472 active ingredient tubes, over a 37-month period, in order to reduce subterranean termite populations. Observations of seasonal variation and spatial patterns of foraging by native subterranean termites, R. flavipes, in a typical urban/suburban setting provided information with direct application to an effective termite baiting system program.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 41-45). / v, 45 leaves, bound 29 cm

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:30:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 214986 bytes, checksum: b034bc3b766e795ea3a665cd1796542a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-07-27 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Social insects can recognize nestmates and avoid nests invasion. However, termite nests are frequently invaded by arthropods, mainly insects, including other termite species called inquilines. Mechanisms that allow nest invasion are not completely understood yet. In this work, we focus on intruders which are termite species, and how the colony builder can defend its nest from such intruders. In order to understand how builder individuals may recognize intruders, we need first to comprehend how they can distinguish themselves from other individuals with same morphology and behaviour (non nestmates). Some termite species are able to recognize non nestmate and other species do not. We do not know if inquilines may harm the original builder, or if a weak colony allows inquilines to enter. If it is true that in a stressed colony the process of inquiline s settlement is favored, we expect the colony defense system to become less efficient when the colony is subjected to some kind of stress. We tested the hypothesis that the aggressiveness of builder individuals varies with the stress that the colony is subject to. To do so we submitted Cornitermes cumulans workers to different amount of stress, changing how long they spent away from the nest. We checked workers aggressive behaviour and survival in groups only with nestmates or with non-nestmates. In low stress situation C. cumulans was more aggressive against non nestmates than against nestmates. In a high stress situation there was a increase in aggressiveness only in nestmates. This findings may be a indication that colony health is an important factor mediating colony defense against intruders. / Os insetos sociais possuem a habilidade de reconhecer indivíduos do mesmo ninho e evitar invasões de intrusos no ninho. No entanto, ninhos de cupins são freqüentemente invadidos por artrópodos, principalmente insetos, incluindo outras espécies de cupins denominados inquilinos. Os mecanismos que determinam a invasão são pouco conhecidos. Para entender como os indivíduos da espécie construtora do ninho reconhecem esses intrusos, é necessário entender o processo de reconhecimento entre indivíduos com mesma morfologia e comportamento, porém de outro ninho. Ainda não está esclarecido se os inquilinos enfraquecem a espécie construtora, visando invadir o ninho, ou se em uma colônia previamente enfraquecida, o estabelecimento de inquilinos ocorre mais facilmente. Dessa maneira, é plausível supor que em uma colônia submetida a algum estresse externo, o processo de estabelecimento de inquilinos seja favorecido. Sendo assim, espera-se que o sistema de defesa desta colônia seja menos eficiente, quando comparado a uma colônia sem estresse. Nesta tese, a principal hipótese testada foi que a agressividade dos indivíduos da espécie construtora varia em função ao estresse a que estão submetidos. Para isso, indivíduos de Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar, 1832) foram submetidos a diferentes intensidades de estresse, dependendo do tempo que permaneceram fora do ninho. Posteriormente, foi mensurada a agressividade e a sobrevivência desses indivíduos em grupos formados por apenas indivíduos do mesmo ninho e em grupos formados por indivíduos de ninhos diferentes. Nas situações de baixo estresse C. cumulans foi mais agressivo com indivíduos de outro ninho do que com indivíduos do mesmo ninho. No entanto, na situação de alto estresse indivíduos do mesmo ninho foram tão agressivos quanto indivíduos de diferentes ninhos. Esses resultados podem indicar que a saúde da colônia é um fator importante na defesa da colônia contra invasores.

Orientador: Ana Maria Costa Leonardo / Banca: José Chaud Netto / Banca: Maria Santina de Castro Morini / Resumo: O forrageamento ou busca por alimento nos cupins subterrâneos envolve os operários, os soldados e em menor número as ninfas. O presente estudo foi realizado visando esclarecer aspectos da biologia do forrageamento de ninfas, o qual é pouco conhecido na espécie exótica Coptotermes gestroi. O monitoramento por meio de coletas periódicas em um período de 22 meses em 7 diferentes colônias mostrou que as ninfas forrageiras são produzidas durante todos os meses do ano. Provavelmente, devido à influência tanto de fatores externos como internos, cada colônia de Coptotermes gestroi possui uma dinâmica diferente de formação desses indivíduos. O estudo da biometria das ninfas forrageiras foi realizado para determinar os ínstares presentes nas colônias, sendo que as variáveis analisadas foram largura da cabeça, largura do pronoto, comprimento do broto alar, comprimento da tíbia, região de crescimento da antena e comprimento do corpo. Entretanto, as variáveis região de crescimento da antena e comprimento do corpo, inicialmente propostas, não se mostraram viáveis para a discriminação dos ínstares. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise dos Componentes Principais (ACP) e plotados em diagramas de dispersão para a discriminação dos ínstares. Das 533 ninfas forrageiras coletadas, 34 eram de 3° instar, 280 eram de 4° instar e 219 eram de 5° instar. Apesar de terem sido coletadas ninfas de 3° instar, provavelmente, estas não participam das atividades de forrageamento uma vez que foram coletadas em apenas uma colônia e em quantidade ínfima. O 5° instar ninfal foi coletado nas 8 colônias estudadas, contudo o 4° instar ninfal foi mais numeroso, mesmo tendo sido coletado em apenas 4 das colônias... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The foraging or search for food in subterranean termites involves workers, soldiers and in a small number nymphs. The present study was carried out aimed at clarifying aspects of the nymph foraging biology, which is little known in the exotic species Coptotermes gestroi. The monitoring through regular collections in 7 different colonies for a period of 22 months showed a production of forager nymphs all year round. Probably due to the influence of both internal and external factors each colony of Coptotermes gestroi has a different formation dynamic of these individuals. The biometric study of the forager nymphs was conducted to determine the instars present in the colonies, and the variables head width, pronotum width, wing bud length, right hind tibia length, antennal growing region and body length were measured. However, the variables antennal growing region and body length, originally proposed, were not feasible to instars discrimination. The data were submitted to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and plotted on a scatter diagram to determine the instars. Of the 533 forager nymphs collected, 34 were from 3rd - instar, 280 were from 4th - instar and 219 were from 5th - instar. Although 3rd - instar nymphs have been collected, probably, they do not participate in the foraging activities since they were collected only in one colony and in small quantity. The 5th - nymphal instar was collected in 8 colonies, however the 4th - nymphal instar was more numerous, even being collected in only 4 of all colonies. In order to characterize the instars, the eye color and the number of antennal segments in the of forager nymphs were recorded. These individuals may have light brown or white eyes, the nymphs with white eyes appeared in larger number and were present in all colonies. The sex determination of male and female nymphs was conducted... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito de derivados das meliáceas Azadirachta indica (nim), Melia azedarach e Trichilia pallida e os fungos entomopatogênicos Metarhizium anisopliae (isolado 1037) e Beauveria bassiana (isolado 634) visando ao controle do cupim subterrâneo Heterotermes tenuis. Os derivados vegetais foram avaliados em relação à toxicidade e repelência para o cupim. A formulação comercial Nimkol®, à base de folhas de nim, foi tóxica para o cupim, em concentrações de 0,3% de ingrediente ativo ou superiores. Não foi constatada a transmissão do Nimkol de indivíduos alimentados com esse produto para outros indivíduos. Os demais extratos vegetais estudados não apresentaram toxicidade significativa para H. tenuis. Nenhum dos produtos avaliados foi repelente a ponto de evitar a construção de galerias em placas com ágar ou provocar o fechamento das mesmas. Entretanto, em testes de escolha em arenas de preferência, H. tenuis demonstrou repelência pelo extrato aquoso de folhas de nim (5%). Os demais derivados avaliados, incluindo o Nimkol, não foram repelentes para o cupim. O efeito dos derivados vegetais e dos entomopatógenos na sobrevivência de H. tenuis, em forma independente e associada, foi estudada em laboratório e em condições de campo, visando avaliar um possível efeito estressor dos derivados vegetais sobre o cupim. Testes de compatibilidade in vitro indicaram resposta dependente da concentração do Nimkol, para a inibição do crescimento de colônias, da produção e da germinação de conídios dos entomopatógenos. A associação de extratos vegetais e entomopatógenos, em geral, diminuiu a atividade fungitóxica sobre H. tenuis. Entretanto, observou-se benefícios da associação de Nimkol (0,2 a 0,4% i.a.) com os isolados de B. bassiana e M. anisopliae quando houve um mínimo de 24 horas de diferença entre a aplicação do produto vegetal e dos fungos no alimento dos cupins. Os resultados de campo para Nimkol, M. asinopliae e a associação de ambos, mostraram tendências semelhantes às observadas para esses tratamentos em laboratório, embora com menores níveis de mortalidade. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of by-products of the Meliaceae Azadirachta indica (neem), Melia azedarach and Trichilia pallida, and of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (isolate 1037) and Beauveria bassiana (isolate 634) in the control of the subterranean termite Heterotermes tenuis. The vegetal by-products were evaluated in relation to the toxicity and repellency for the termite. The commercial formula Nimkol, obtained from neem leaves, was toxic for the termite at concentrations of 0.3% a.i. and higher. There was no detected transmission of the Nimkol from individuals fed with the product to other individuals. The rest of the vegetal extracts were not significantly toxic for H. tenuis. None of the tested products was repellent to the extent of preventing the gallery construction in agar plates or causing them to be closed. In selection experiments on preference, H. tenuis showed repellency towards the aqueous extract of neem leaves (5%). The rest of the by-products tested, including Nimkol-L, were not repellent for the termite. The effect of the vegetal by-products and the entomopathogens, independently and associated, was studied under field and laboratory conditions, looking for a possible stressing effect of the vegetal by-products on the termite. In vitro compatibility tests showed a response of the Nimkol-L, dependent on the concentration, on the growth of colonies, production and germination of conidia of the entomopathogens. The association of entomopathogens and vegetal extracts decreased in general the toxic activity of the fungi over H. tenuis. With a minimal difference of 24h between the application of the vegetal product and the fungi in the food of the termites, a beneficial association was detected between Nimkol-L and isolates of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae. The field results for Nimkol-L, M anisopliae and the combination of the two, showed a trend similar to the one observed in the laboratory results, but with lower mortality levels.

Submitted by Alisson Mota (alisson.davidbeckam@gmail.com) on 2015-07-10T19:37:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ginarajadça Ferreira dos Santos Oliveira.pdf: 9560866 bytes, checksum: 8378626eb6bc25585ca498edb92173a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-13T13:23:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ginarajadça Ferreira dos Santos Oliveira.pdf: 9560866 bytes, checksum: 8378626eb6bc25585ca498edb92173a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-13T13:28:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ginarajadça Ferreira dos Santos Oliveira.pdf: 9560866 bytes, checksum: 8378626eb6bc25585ca498edb92173a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-13T13:28:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese - Ginarajadça Ferreira dos Santos Oliveira.pdf: 9560866 bytes, checksum: 8378626eb6bc25585ca498edb92173a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-11 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / Termites are eusocial insects of the Isoptera order. They are best known for its economic importance as pests, causing damage in urban areas, countryside, especially in sugarcane fields, pastureland and forests. Biological control with entomopathogenic fungi have been shown to be a viable option not compromising the handler and does not have any harmful effects on animals, as may occur when chemicals is used. This work aimed to analyze four species of fungi biologically active against termite Nasutitermes corniger and seek new sources of inoculums production, seeking the development of a product for biological control of termites in the Amazonas State. The bioassay in vitro, conidia were produced, quantified and inoculated. Several substrates were tested for fungal growth (coconut shell, clear and dark sawdust and residue of passion fruit seed) with the control treatment using rice. The in vitro test results showed fungi high efficiency against Nasutitermes corniger, especially Isaria javanica with the highest potential for biological control with 100% mortality at a concentration of 108 conidia / mL from second day. The highest average production of conidia obtained from cadavers of N. corniger was found in Penicillium sp. and I. javanica at a concentration 107 and 108 conidia / mL. For the production of fungal inoculate on the tested substrates. The best results were found in substrates of rice and seed residue for Metarhizium anisopliae, Penicillium sp. and I. javanica in five, and eight days for Beauveria bassiana culture in humidity at 28 ° C. For field tests, the best result was observed over the Penicillium sp. at a concentration 108 conidia / mL. / Os cupins são insetos eusociais da ordem Isoptera, mais conhecidos por sua importância econômica como pragas, causando prejuízos em áreas urbanas, campo, sobretudo em canaviais, áreas de pastagens e florestas. O controle biológico com fungos entomopatogênicos tem demonstrado ser uma opção viável, pois não compromete o manejo e nem apresenta efeitos deletérios sobre os animais, como pode ocorrer no uso de produtos químicos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar quatro espécies de fungos biologicamente ativos contra o cupim Nasutitermes corniger e buscar novas fontes de produção dos inóculos, visando o desenvolvimento futuro de um produto para controle biológico de cupim no Amazonas. O bioensaio in vitro: conídios foram produzidos, quantificados e inoculados. Vários substratos foram testados para crescimento dos fungos (casca de coco, serragem clara, serragem escuro e resíduo de semente de maracujá) tendo como controle o arroz. Os resultados dos testes in vitro mostraram que os fungos apresentaram alta eficiência contra Nasutitermes corniger, destacando-se I. javanica que apresentou maior potencial para o controle biológico com 100% de mortalidade na concentração de 108 conídios/mL a partir do segundo dia. O maior índice médio de produção de conídios obtidos de cadáveres de N. corniger foram encontrados em Penicillium sp. e I. javanica na concentração 107 e 108 conídios/mL. Para a produção dos inóculos fúngicos nos substratos testados, os melhores resultados foram encontrados nos substratos de arroz e de resíduo de semente de maracujá para Metarhizium anisopliae, Penicillium sp. e Isaria javanica em cinco dias e em oito para Beauveria bassiana de cultivo em umidade relativa a 28 °C. Para testes em campo, o melhor resultado foi observado com o Penicillium sp., na concentração 108 conídios/mL .