Une approche de métagénomique fonctionnelle a été mise en œuvre afin d’étudier les arsenaux enzymatiques produits par les microbiotes intestinaux de termites phytophages et d’identifier de nouvelles enzymes impliquées dans l’hydrolyse des polysaccharides végétaux, notamment des hétéroxylanes. Le criblage à haut débit des banques métagénomiques constituées à partir de trois espèces de termites sur une gamme de substrats chromogéniques a permis d’identifier plusieurs centaines de clones à activité dépolymérisante (glucanase, xylanase, mannanase, arabinanase), ainsi que des clones exprimant des activités auxiliaires (α-L-arabinofuranosidases, β-D-xylosidases, cellobiose hydrolases). Un total de 42 clones métagénomiques a été séquencé, générant 1,5 Mpb d’ADN assemblé en 58 séquences contigües d’une taille moyenne de 37,8 Kbp. 63 nouvelles Glycoside Hydrolases (GH) ont été identifiées. Ces dernières représentent 19 familles de la classification CAZy, dont les familles GH3, GH8, GH10, GH11, GH43 et GH51. Enfin, huit nouvelles enzymes des familles GH43 et GH51 ont été produites chez E. coli et leurs propriétés biochimiques ont été étudiées. Ces enzymes présentent des activités α-L-arabinofuranosidase, β-D-xylosidase ou L-arabinanase / A functional metagenomics approach was used to reveal the enzymatic diversity present in the guts of biomass-feeding termites and to identify enzymes involved in the degradation of biomass components, notably heteroxylans. High-throughput screening of metagenomic libraries, created using three different termite species, was performed using a variety of chromogenic substrates. This allowed the discovery of hundreds of clones expressing targeted biomass-degrading activities (e.g. depolymerases such as glucanase, xylanase, mannanase arabinanase and auxiliary activities such as α-L-arabinofuranosidases, β-D-xylosidases and cellobiohydrolases). A total of 42 clones were selected for a DNA sequence analysis, thus generating 1.5 Mbp that were assembled into 58 contiguous sequences. 63 new Glycoside Hydrolases (GH) belonging to 19 different families of the CAZy classification were identified, including ones from families GH3, GH8, GH10, GH11, GH43 and GH51. Finally, eight new enzymes, from families GH43 and GH51, were produced in E. coli and their biochemical properties were studied. These enzymes display α-L-arabinofuranosidase, β-D-xylosidase or arabinanase activities

Chez de nombreuses espèces d'insectes sociaux, le nid joue un rôle central dans la survie de la colonie. Une fonction supposée du nid est d'assurer une protection contre les fluctuations climatiques importantes. Il est donc nécessaire d'étudier la façon dont les nids construits par les animaux régulent les facteurs abiotiques et réciproquement comment ces facteurs modulent le comportement constructeur et en conséquence l'architecture de ces nids. Pour toutes ces questions, des réponses partielles et fragmentaires existent dans la littérature. Le premier objectif de cette thèse consiste à étudier les propriétés thermorégulatrices supposées des nids de termites. Nous avons choisi comme modèles d'étude deux espèces de termites du cerrado brésilien, Cornitermes cumulans et Procornitermes araujoi. Ces deux espèces sympatriques construisent toutes les deux des nids composés d'une partie hypogée et d'une partie épigée. Si les nids de ces deux espèces offrent une morphologie externe similaire, les architectures internes diffèrent nettement et les parois externes semblent également posséder des propriétés différentes. Nous avons exploré si ces différences de structure étaient liées à des différences dans leurs propriétés thermorégulatrices. Nous avons enregistré les températures dans les nids de ces deux espèces et proposé une méthodologie pour étudier la dynamique de diffusion de la chaleur en leur sein. Des mesures de l'humidité relative, plus difficiles à traiter, sont également discutées. En complément de ces travaux de terrain, nous avons testé la survie des termites soumis à différentes conditions de température et d'hygrométrie. Ces expériences ont permis de tester l'hypothèse d'adaptation des individus aux conditions abiotiques potentiellement différentes, en relation avec les milieux de vie de ces deux espèces. Le second objectif de cette thèse vise à apprécier l'effet des facteurs abiotiques, notamment de la température, dans les processus de construction du nid. En effet, les facteurs abiotiques sont connus pour affecter les comportements des insectes, aussi bien au niveau individuel que collectif. Pour aborder ce sujet, nous avons travaillé avec la fourmi Lasius niger dont le comportement constructeur, analogue à celui des termites, a déjà été modélisé. Cette espèce de fourmi très commune dans l'hémisphère nord, construit un nid également composé d'une partie sous-terraine et d'une partie épigée, comme les deux espèces de termites étudiés. En laboratoire, les ouvrières de L. niger construisent en quelques heures des piliers qu'elles finissent par recouvrir de plafonds formant les premières bases de la construction. Nous avons étudié le comportement de construction des fourmis sous différentes conditions de températures afin de mesurer l'effet de ce paramètre abiotique sur l'architecture des structures émergentes. Une analyse quantitative et qualitative de l'architecture a été réalisée après avoir scanner ces structures à l'aide d'un scanner de surface et d'un tomographe à rayon X. Avant d'étudier le comportement constructeur, nous avons préalablement réalisé une expérience visant à étudier le préférendum thermique des fourmis. Nos résultats indiquent que la régulation des températures dans les nids suit l'équation classique de la chaleur où l'architecture pourrait jouer un rôle sur la dynamique de diffusion dans le nid. Les facteurs abiotiques étudiés ont un effet sur la survie des termites, la distribution des fourmis et l'architecture émergente, en accord avec les prédictions d'un modèle de construction précédemment établi. Cependant, nous restons loin d'une compréhension globale de l'interaction entre la régulation des facteurs abiotiques par le nid, leur effet sur l'architecture de ce dernier et leur influence sur les traits d'histoire de vie des individus qui l'occupent. / For many social insects, the nest is a central element for the colony's survival. A presumed function of the nest is to ensure protection against climatic fluctuations of the environment. One has to ask how the nests achieve to regulate such abiotic factors, and whether this factors modulate the construction behavior and thus the architecture of the nests. For all these questions only partial and fragmentary answers exist in the literature. The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the putative thermo regulating property of termite nests. We focused on two termite species found in the Brazilian cerrado: Cornitermes cumulans and Procornitermes araujoi. These two sympatric species both build nests consisting of an hypogeous and of an epigeous part. If these structures might seem similar, the internal architecture and the nest composition are quite different. We first aim to investigate whether these differences between the two structures influence their thermo regulating property. To do so, we monitored the temperatures inside the nests of the two species and we proposed a methodology to study the heat diffusion dynamics inside the structures. We also monitored the relative humidity, a factor that is essential for termite survival but that proved to be more complicated to understand. To complement this field work, we tested the survival of the two termite species in different conditions of temperature and relative humidity to test whether they present some adaptations to resist to such conditions related to their living environment. The second aim of this thesis was to study the effects of abiotic factors and more precisely temperature on the nest construction process. In fact, abiotic factors are known to affect insects' behavior, as much on the individual than on the collective level. Here we used the ant Lasius niger in which the construction behavior had already have modelled. This really common species of the northern hemisphere build a nest also made of an hypogeous and of an epigeous part. In the lab, the workers quickly build pillars that they covered by caps and thereby established the first basis of the structure. We performed an experiment where we constrained ants to build under different temperature conditions to test the effect of this abiotic factor on the emerging architecture. It is then possible to establish a quantitative and qualitative description of the architecture by scanning the structure thanks to a surface scanner or with X-ray tomography. Before studying the construction behavior, we first did an experiment to study the ants thermal preferendum. We found temperature regulation in the nest to follow the common heat equation where architecture only modifies the speed of heat diffusion in the nest. The studied environmental factors had complex effects on termite survival, ant distribution and the emerging ant architectures, the latter in agreement with the predictions of the construction model. However, we are still far from a coherent understanding of the interplay between the regulation of abiotic factors by the nest, their effect on his architecture architecture, and their influence on the animal's life history parameters.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Marcus Nascimento Santos.pdf: 462545 bytes, checksum: 46bb8f8940f38566f10544863c83cbb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-25 / This work was made in the Research Institute Botanic Garden of Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ) where two experiments were carried out in two steps. The first step had the following objectives: to study the attack behavior of subterranean termites over stakes of pinus trap in three areas of different compositions floristic seed source in the JBRJ, appointed by cerrado-JB, lawn - JB and forest-JB over one year. To study the environmental influences on the pinus baits attack by subterranean termites monthly over year of observation. The subterranean termites belonged to the species, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (areas cerrado-JB and lawn-JB) and Heterotermes longiceps (Snyder) (area forest-JB), (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). The second step aimed to study botanical extracts with bioinseticida action for the control of subterranean termite, C. gestroi. In each area 6 blocks with three plot were buried stakes and collected and replaced monthly over 12 months. The stakes of Pinus sp were previously immersed in distilled water for three periods (0, 24 or 48 hours). The environmental variables were evaluated: luminosity (morning and afternoon), soil temperature (morning and afternoon), air temperature (maximum and minimum), rainfall, soil moisture, humidity, pH and carbon (C) organic soil. The results showed that the attack on baits of Pinus sp occurred all the year without a preference for different periods of immersion in distilled water. The peak of the attack on stakes occurred in months march and september. The environmental variables: humidity, soil moisture and rainfall had significant correlation with the attack on the stakes of Pinus sp by subterranean termites. C. gestroi attack had negative correlation with environmental variables. H. longiceps attack had negative correlation with humidity and positive correlation with soil moisture. The acid pH soil areas studied appeared to be helpful to the activities of the foraging termites. The amount of organic C available in the soil seems don t have influence on foraging activities of the two species of termites. The attack on baits of Pinus sp by the species C. gestroi was more severe that the attack by H. longiceps. In the second step the termites were exposed to seven treatments with five replications each for 20 days. The aqueous extract of the leaves of Melia azedarach, Tectona grandis, Carapa guianensis, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Myracrodruon urundeuva and Leucaena leucocephala, the concentration of 10%, were impregnated with pieces of corrugated cardboard. With the exception of L. leucocephala, which was lower consumption of cardboard, the other plant extracts and control (paper and distilled water) were also consumed. The insecticidal activity of the extracts of M. azedarach, M. urundeuva and T. grandis was responsible for 100, 100 and 95.38% mortality of termites, respectively. The extracts of L. leucocephala, A. polyneuron and C. guianensis showed no activity insecticide for the control of C. gestroi. / Este trabalho foi realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot?nico do Rio de Janeiro (JBRJ) onde foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos descritos em duas etapas. A primeira etapa teve como objetivos: avaliar mensalmente ao longo de 12 meses estacas de Pinus sp como isca-armadilha para cupins subterr?neos em tr?s ?reas de composi??es flor?sticas distintas no arboreto do JBRJ, nomeadas de cerrado-JB, gramado-JB e mata-JB, e verificar a influ?ncia dos fatores ou vari?veis ambientais sobre o ataque as iscas de Pinus sp pelos cupins subterr?neos das esp?cies, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (?reas cerrado-JB e gramado-JB) e Heterotermes longiceps (Snyder) (?rea mata- JB), (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). A segunda etapa teve como objetivo avaliar extratos bot?nicos com a??o bioinseticida para o controle do cupim subterr?neo, C. gestroi. As estacas foram enterradas em cada ?rea em 6 blocos com tr?s parcelas cada e mensalmente coletadas e substitu?das ao longo de 12 meses. As estacas de Pinus sp foram previamente imersas em ?gua destilada por tr?s per?odos (0, 24 ou 48 horas). Foram avaliadas as seguintes vari?veis ambientais: luminosidade (manh? e tarde), temperatura do solo (manh? e tarde), temperatura relativa do ar (m?xima e m?nima), precipita??o pluviom?trica, umidade do solo, umidade relativa do ar, pH e Carbono (C) org?nico do solo. O ataque ?s iscas de Pinus sp pelos cupins subterr?neos ocorreram durante todo o ano e sem uma prefer?ncia do pinus sob diferentes per?odos de imers?o em ?gua destilada. O pico do ataque ?s estacas ocorreu nos meses de mar?o e setembro. Umidade relativa do ar, umidade do solo e precipita??o pluviom?trica tiveram correla??o significativa com o ataque ?s estacas de Pinus sp pelos cupins subterr?neos. Entretanto, para C. gestroi essas vari?veis ambientais tiveram correla??o negativa com o ataque as estacas. Para H. longiceps a umidade relativa do ar teve correla??o negativa e a umidade do solo positiva. O pH ?cido dos solos das ?reas estudadas pareceu ser prop?cio ?s atividades de forrageamento dos cupins. A quantidade de C org?nico dispon?vel no solo pareceu n?o ter influenciado a atividade de forrageamento das duas esp?cies de cupins. O ataque ?s iscas de Pinus sp pela esp?cie C. gestroi foi mais severo que o ataque por H. longiceps. Na segunda etapa do trabalho os cupins foram expostos a sete tratamentos com cinco repeti??es cada durante 20 dias. Os extratos aquosos das folhas de Melia azedarach, Tectona grandis, Carapa guianensis, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Myracrodruon urundeuva e Leucaena leucocephala, na concentra??o de 10%, foram impregnados em peda?os de papel?o corrugado. Com exce??o de L. leucocephala, cujo consumo do papel?o foi menor, os demais extratos vegetais e a testemunha (papel?o e ?gua destilada) foram consumidos igualmente. A atividade inseticida dos extratos de M. azedarach, M. urundeuva e T. grandis foi respons?vel por 100, 100 e 95,38% de mortalidade de cupins, respectivamente. Os extratos de L. leucocephala, A. polyneuron e C. guianensis n?o apresentaram atividade inseticida para o controle de C. gestroi.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:58:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2004-Henrique Noronha Figueredo de Brito.pdf: 2218652 bytes, checksum: 99b76927025a1c7d2189d065209f2c9b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-06-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work was a conducted at the campus of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, objectifying to study the behavior of the Asian subterraneous termite Coptotermes gestroi under various aspects to find new strategies to manage this insect through the knowledge its ecology. The first experiment remained in the field from June 04th to July 28th, 2003 having as objective to monitor environmental variables that could be influencing the foraging of this termite in 13 selected areas with distinct visual characteristics, according to the type of vegetation, luminosity, proximity of constructed areas and humidity. The environmental variables considered were: morning and afternoon brightness; temperature of the soil in the morning and afternoon and soil moisture. The absence of foraging during the dry period of the year indicated that drought is one of the main factors for the movement of this subterraneous termite species. The subsequent experiments were performed in laboratory under dark environment and designed, as a randomized complete block design with split-plots. Each block consisted of a central container with humid substrate (vermiculite), linked to five other containers by tubes. Laborers and soldiers of C. gestroi were introduced in the interior of the central container, on the ratio of 5:1, totalizing 120 individuals. One of the experiments had as objective to verify their attractiveness to four woods, the survival of these individuals and the consumption of each. The odor of the wood exerted basic role in the consumption; the density of each one influenced on the period of permanence of the individuals while that the flavor was an important factor for the consumption, mainly, in longer periods. The second study evidenced the influence of two nitrogen sources (nitrate and ammonia) and three concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1 molar) on the attractiveness and the consumption of treated wood. Positive influence in the wood consumption exists when nitrogen was applied. On the other hand, nitrogen. also exerted great influence in the mortality , caused by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizum anisoplae on the wood. However, nitrogen under ammonium form, resulted in lower comsumption preference and worse conditions for the development of M. anisoplae. / Este trabalho foi realizado no campus da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, objetivando estudar o comportamento do cupim subterr?neo asi?tico Coptotermes gestroi sob diversos aspectos para encontrar novos mecanismos de manejo atrav?s do conhecimento da ecologia desse inseto. O primeiro trabalho permaneceu no campo durante o per?odo de 04 de junho a 28 de julho de 2003, tendo como objetivo monitorar quais vari?veis ambientais estariam influenciando o forrageamento desse cupim em 13 ?reas selecionadas a partir de caracter?sticas visuais distintas relacionadas, ao tipo de vegeta??o, luminosidade, proximidade de ?reas constru?das e umidade. As vari?veis ambientais avaliadas foram: luminosidade de manh? e ? tarde; temperatura do solo, pela manh? e ? tarde; umidade do solo pela manh?. A aus?ncia de forrageamento durante o per?odo seco do ano indicou que a falta de umidade ? um dos fatores principais para a movimenta??o do cupim subterr?neo. Os experimentos subseq?entes foram realizados em laborat?rio com ambiente escurecido e montados, seguindo um mesmo modelo experimental de blocos ao acaso com arranjo em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Cada bloco constituiu-se de um recipiente central preenchido com substrato ?mido (vermiculita) e interligado a outros cinco recipientes por interm?dio de tubula??es. No interior do recipiente central foram introduzidos oper?rios e soldados de C. gestroi, mantendo a propor??o de 5:1, totalizando 120 indiv?duos. Um dos experimentos teve como objetivo verificar a atratividade de quatro ess?ncias florestais ? sobreviv?ncia desses indiv?duos e o consumo de cada madeira. O odor da madeira exerceu papel fundamental no consumo e a densidade de cada uma influenciou no per?odo de perman?ncia dos indiv?duos sobre as mesmas enquanto que a palatabilidade foi fator preponderante para o consumo, mormente, em per?odos mais longos. O segundo estudo permitiu constatar a influ?ncia de duas fontes de nitrog?nio (nitrato e am?nia) em tr?s doses (0, 0.5 e 1 molar) sobre a atratividade e o consumo da madeira tratada. O estudo permite ainda verificar que existe influ?ncia positiva no consumo de madeira quando o nitrog?nio ? aplicado. Em contrapartida, esse mesmo nitrog?nio exerceu maior influ?ncia na mortalidade dos indiv?duos submetidos ao tratamento, em virtude da presen?a do fungo entomopatog?nico Metarhizum anisoplae sobre as estacas. No entanto, o nitrog?nio sob a forma amoniacal, apresentou menor prefer?ncia de consumo e piores condi??es para o desenvolvimento do M. anisoplae.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-09-15T18:31:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Vinicius Jos? Fernandes.pdf: 1911449 bytes, checksum: be7cc0bc21735a414b6214599fc45adc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-15T18:31:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017 - Vinicius Jos? Fernandes.pdf: 1911449 bytes, checksum: be7cc0bc21735a414b6214599fc45adc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-14 / CAPES / Termites are well known for their great economic importance as pests of various woods and other cellulosic materials. Among the termites harmful to the urban environment, standing out Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), a species introduced in Brazil and frequently occurs in the Southeast region, causing incalculable economic losses to cellulosic materials and to living trees. The objectives of this study were to determine the foraging and feeding preference of the C. gestroi in relation to five types of wood (four forest species and MDF), with or without foraging monitoring device (bait-holder), in eight sites distribuited in different neighborhoods of the municipalities of Rio de Janeiro (Campo Grande, Padre Miguel and two sites in Santa Cruz), S?o Gon?alo (two sites in Alc?ntara) and Serop?dica (UFRRJ and Canto do Rio), RJ. These sites were selected because of the high foraging activity of C. gestroi. In each site, wood stakes of Allantoma lineata (Mart ex O. Berg) Miers, Didymopanax morototonii (Aubl.) Dcne. et Planch., Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Cheval., Pinus elliottii Engel. and MDF-Medium Density Fiberboard stakes were buried in the soil inside a PVC pipe and free (without pipes), simultaneously, in a situation of choice, equidistant from each other. The stakes remained buried in the soil for 15, 30, 60 and 90 days (n = 320), 50% within the bait-holder. At the end of each exposition period that the stakes remained in the soil, they were unearthed, the frequency of occurrence of C. gestroi on each stake was determine, and they were taken to the laboratory to determine the weight of the stake to calculate the wood consumption by termites. Forage castes, when present at the stakes, they were collected for conclusive identification. The experimental design adopted was the sub-sub split plot, where each type of wood represented a plot, each exposition period a sub-plot and the use or not of bait-holder a sub-sub plot. The Alc?ntara 2 site was the one that obtained the highest occurrence of C. gestroi foragers in the wood stakes. There was no occurrence of foraging in the stakes by C. gestroi in Alc?ntara 1, Santa Cruz 2 and Serop?dica 1 in all periods of exposure, although there was activity of this termite when the stakes were installed. The termite was able to recruit individuals to forage equally all the stakes of the forest species and the MDF. The longer the exposure time of the buried stakes, the greater the occurrence of C. gestroi and the consumption of the stakes by the termite, except in 30 days, since there could have been disturbances during the previous collection. The P. elliottii stakes were more consumed by C. gestroi followed by those of MDF, which were preferentially more consumed than stakes of D. morototonii and A. lineata. When there was both low and medium density woods in contact with the soil C. gestroi did not consume high density M. huberi wood. There was no difference in the occurrence of foraging and consumption of the stakes of the five types of wood with or without bait holder, indicating that this device facilitates the monitoring without interfering in these activities of C. gestroi. / Os t?rmitas s?o conhecidos por sua grande import?ncia econ?mica como pragas de diversas madeiras e de outros materiais celul?sicos. Em ?rea urbana, destaca-se Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), esp?cie introduzida no Brasil, com ocorr?ncia frequente na regi?o Sudeste, causando preju?zos econ?micos incalcul?veis a materiais celul?sicos e ?s ?rvores vivas. Este trabalho objetivou determinar o forrageamento e a prefer?ncia alimentar de C. gestroi em rela??o a cinco tipos de madeira (quatro esp?cies floretais e o MDF), com ou sem dispositivo de monitoramento do forrageamento (porta-isca), em oito locais distribu?dois em diferentes bairros dos munic?pios do Rio de Janeiro (Campo Grande, Padre Miguel e dois locais em Santa Cruz), S?o Gon?alo (dois locais em Alc?ntara) e Serop?dica (UFRRJ e Canto do Rio), RJ. Esses locais foram selecionados por apresentar alta atividade de forrageamento de C. gestroi. Em cada local, estacas de madeira de Allantoma lineata (Mart ex O. Berg) Miers, Didymopanax morototonii (Aubl.) Dcne. et Planch., Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Cheval., Pinus elliottii Engel. e estacas de MDF- Medium Density Fiberboard (Painel de Madeira de Densidade M?dia), previamente pesadas, foram enterradas no solo dentro de tubos de PVC e livres (sem tubos), em situa??o de escolha, equidistantes uma das outras. As estacas permaneceram enterradas no solo durante 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias (n=320), sendo 50% dentro do porta-isca. Ap?s cada per?odo de perman?ncia das estacas no solo, estas foram desenterradas, determinou-se a frequ?ncia de ocorr?ncia de C. gestroi em cada estaca e em seguida levadas para o laborat?rio para determina??o do peso para o c?lculo do consumo de madeira pelos t?rmitas. Castas forrageadoras, quando presentes nas estacas, foram coletadas para identifica??o conclusiva. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de parcela sub-sub dividida, onde cada tipo de madeira representou uma parcela, cada ?poca de avalia??o uma sub-parcela e o uso ou n?o de porta-isca uma sub-sub parcela. O local Alc?ntara 2 foi a que obteve a maior ocorr?ncia de forrageadores de C. gestroi nas estacas de madeira. N?o houve ocorr?ncia de forrageamento nas estacas por C. gestroi em Alc?ntara 1, Santa Cruz 2 e Serop?dica 1 em todos os per?odos de exposi??o, embora existisse atividade desse t?rmita quando da instala??o das estacas. O t?rmita foi capaz de recrutar indiv?duos para forragear igualmente todas as estacas das esp?cies florestais e de MDF. Quanto maior o tempo de exposi??o das estacas enterradas, maior foi a ocorr?ncia de C. gestroi e o consumo das mesmas pelo t?rmita, exceto em 30 dias, pois pode ter ocorrido perturba??es durante a coleta anterior. As estacas de P. elliottii foram mais consumidas por C. gestroi, seguida das de MDF, as quais foram preferencialmente mais consumidas que estacas de D. morototonii e A. lineata. Quando houve simultaneamente madeiras de densidade baixa e m?dia em contato com o solo C. gestroi n?o consomiu a madeira de M. huberi, de densidade alta. N?o houve diferen?a na ocorr?ncia de forrageamento e consumo das estacas dos cinco tipos de madeira com ou sem porta-isca, indicando que este dipositivo facilita o monitoramento sem interferir nessas atividades de C. gestroi.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-11-21Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 leitaolima_ps_dr_botfca.pdf: 306635 bytes, checksum: 4f6181eca68c4922d73158dcb45f9363 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A preferência de Cornitermes cumulans a diferentes substratos foi avaliada em condições de laboratório e em túnel plástico. No laboratório, foram preparados ninhos artificiais, com estrutura de plástico, contendo 300 operários, 50 ninfas e 50 soldados. Cada ninho foi colocado em uma arena, na qual foram oferecidos aleatoriamente os materiais testados, acondicionados em tubos de vidro. Os substratos foram oferecidos por período de 30 dias e, ao final, foi medido o volume carregado. Os tratamentos dos sete experimentos foram: 1 (bagaço de cana, serragem de Pinus, papelão ondulado, Multiplant, folhas secas de Brachiaria brizantha, feno de Cynodon sp. e vermiculita); 2 (esfagno, Plantmax estaca, Plantmax sementes, VCP 60%, Multiplant e vermiculita); 3 (esfagno, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita); 4 (bagaço de cana, esfagno, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, Plantmax estaca, feno e vermiculita); 5 (esfagno, casca de arroz, vermiculita, VCP 60% e raízes do clone de eucalipto); 6 (Aracruz, Multiplant, Plantmax estaca, VCP 60%, VCP 20% e vermiculita). 7 (bagaço de cana, Cynodon, Plantmax estaca, esfagno, raízes de eucalipto, raízes de eucalipto + substrato VCP20% e vermiculita). Em túnel plástico, 10 colônias inteiras foram mantidas em vasos de 30 L, conectadas com as arenas com 20 mL de cada material. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos realizados no laboratório. O delineamento experimental, nas duas condições, foi o de blocos ao acaso com 10 repetições com 7 tratamentos nos experimentos 1, 4 e 7; 6 nos experimentos 2 e 6; 5 nos experimentos 3 e 5. A determinação dos danos de cupins, foi com a utilização de 10 colônias de cupins, cada colônia mantida em vasos de 30 L foi conectada a 4 mudas de eucalipto, outras 4 mudas não foram conectadas às colônias de cupins (testemunhas). As avaliações dos danos foram aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após... / The preference of Cornitermes cumulans was evaluated in the laboratory and in a plastic tunnel in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. In laboratory, 300 workers, 50 nymphs, and 50 soldiers were maintained in arenas containing holes to fit glass vials filled with 7 mL of each treatment. The final volume was measured after 30 days. The treatments in the seven experiments consisted of: 1 (sugarcane bagasse, Pinus sawdust, corrugated cardboard, Multiplant, dry Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon leaves, and vermiculite). 2 (sphagnum, Plantmax cuttings, Plantmax seeds, VCP 60%, Multiplant, and vermiculite). 3 (sphagnum, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, carbonized rice hulls, and vermiculite. 4 (sugarcane bagasse, sphagnum, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, Plantmax cutting, Cynodon, and vermiculite). 5 (sphagnum, rice hulls, vermiculite, VCP 60%, and roots of the VR 3748 clone). 6 (Aracruz, Multiplant, Plantmax cutting, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, and vermiculite. 7 (sugarcane bagasse, Cynodon, Plantmax cutting, sphagnum, eucalyptus roots, eucalyptus roots + VCP20% substrate, and vermiculite). In a plastic tunnel, 10 whole colonies were maintained in 30 L pots, connected with arenas containing 20 mL of each material. Treatments were the same as used in the laboratory. In both conditions, a random block experimental design was used, with 10 replicates, and 7 treatments in experiments 1, 4, and 7; 6 treatments in experiments 2 and 6; and 5 treatments in experiments 3 and 5. Termite damage was determined by using ten termite colonies; each colony, maintained in 30 L pots, was connected to four eucalyptus seedlings; another four seedlings were not connected to the termite colonies (control). Damage evaluations were done at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after transplanting, with determinations for epigeal and root dry matter, height, leaf area, as well as eucalyptus root length, surface, volume, and diameter. The experimental...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Carlos Frederico Wilcken / Banca: Wilson Badiali Crocomo / Banca: Evoneo Berti Filho / Banca: Ronald Zanetthi Bonetti Filho / Banca: José Eduardo Marcondes Almeida / Resumo: A preferência de Cornitermes cumulans a diferentes substratos foi avaliada em condições de laboratório e em túnel plástico. No laboratório, foram preparados ninhos artificiais, com estrutura de plástico, contendo 300 operários, 50 ninfas e 50 soldados. Cada ninho foi colocado em uma arena, na qual foram oferecidos aleatoriamente os materiais testados, acondicionados em tubos de vidro. Os substratos foram oferecidos por período de 30 dias e, ao final, foi medido o volume carregado. Os tratamentos dos sete experimentos foram: 1 (bagaço de cana, serragem de Pinus, papelão ondulado, Multiplant, folhas secas de Brachiaria brizantha, feno de Cynodon sp. e vermiculita); 2 (esfagno, Plantmax estaca, Plantmax sementes, VCP 60%, Multiplant e vermiculita); 3 (esfagno, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, casca de arroz carbonizada e vermiculita); 4 (bagaço de cana, esfagno, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, Plantmax estaca, feno e vermiculita); 5 (esfagno, casca de arroz, vermiculita, VCP 60% e raízes do clone de eucalipto); 6 (Aracruz, Multiplant, Plantmax estaca, VCP 60%, VCP 20% e vermiculita). 7 (bagaço de cana, Cynodon, Plantmax estaca, esfagno, raízes de eucalipto, raízes de eucalipto + substrato VCP20% e vermiculita). Em túnel plástico, 10 colônias inteiras foram mantidas em vasos de 30 L, conectadas com as arenas com 20 mL de cada material. Os tratamentos foram os mesmos realizados no laboratório. O delineamento experimental, nas duas condições, foi o de blocos ao acaso com 10 repetições com 7 tratamentos nos experimentos 1, 4 e 7; 6 nos experimentos 2 e 6; 5 nos experimentos 3 e 5. A determinação dos danos de cupins, foi com a utilização de 10 colônias de cupins, cada colônia mantida em vasos de 30 L foi conectada a 4 mudas de eucalipto, outras 4 mudas não foram conectadas às colônias de cupins (testemunhas). As avaliações dos danos foram aos 15, 30, 60 e 90 dias após...(Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The preference of Cornitermes cumulans was evaluated in the laboratory and in a plastic tunnel in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. In laboratory, 300 workers, 50 nymphs, and 50 soldiers were maintained in arenas containing holes to fit glass vials filled with 7 mL of each treatment. The final volume was measured after 30 days. The treatments in the seven experiments consisted of: 1 (sugarcane bagasse, Pinus sawdust, corrugated cardboard, Multiplant, dry Brachiaria brizantha and Cynodon leaves, and vermiculite). 2 (sphagnum, Plantmax cuttings, Plantmax seeds, VCP 60%, Multiplant, and vermiculite). 3 (sphagnum, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, carbonized rice hulls, and vermiculite. 4 (sugarcane bagasse, sphagnum, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, Plantmax cutting, Cynodon, and vermiculite). 5 (sphagnum, rice hulls, vermiculite, VCP 60%, and roots of the VR 3748 clone). 6 (Aracruz, Multiplant, Plantmax cutting, VCP 60%, VCP 20%, and vermiculite. 7 (sugarcane bagasse, Cynodon, Plantmax cutting, sphagnum, eucalyptus roots, eucalyptus roots + VCP20% substrate, and vermiculite). In a plastic tunnel, 10 whole colonies were maintained in 30 L pots, connected with arenas containing 20 mL of each material. Treatments were the same as used in the laboratory. In both conditions, a random block experimental design was used, with 10 replicates, and 7 treatments in experiments 1, 4, and 7; 6 treatments in experiments 2 and 6; and 5 treatments in experiments 3 and 5. Termite damage was determined by using ten termite colonies; each colony, maintained in 30 L pots, was connected to four eucalyptus seedlings; another four seedlings were not connected to the termite colonies (control). Damage evaluations were done at 15, 30, 60, and 90 days after transplanting, with determinations for epigeal and root dry matter, height, leaf area, as well as eucalyptus root length, surface, volume, and diameter. The experimental...(Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-24T12:55:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliana Maria dos Passos.pdf: 388635 bytes, checksum: e5d6eb95c9d3a471c040f1951f046959 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-24T12:55:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliana Maria dos Passos.pdf: 388635 bytes, checksum: e5d6eb95c9d3a471c040f1951f046959 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The termite Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) is an urban and agricultural pest that has been established in many areas of the world. The use of entomopathogenic fungi is an option to minimize the economic loss caused by this termite. It is known, however, that physiological disorders caused by a pathogen trigger defence reactions of the insects, such as humoral and cellular responses (hemocytes). Thus, this research had as objectives: 1. to verify the pathogenicity of Isaria farinosa and I. fumosorosea to the termite C. gestroi and 2. to qualify and quantify the hemocytes in workers of this insect challenged by the pathogenic and virulent isolates. All fungi isolates tested, in the concentration of 107 conidia mL-1, were pathogenic and virulent causing more than 60% mortality, with an average survival of 2.0 to 3.9 days. However, the isolate URM-4995 of I. farinosa was one of the most virulent, being selected for the LC50 determination, estimated at 6.7 x 105 conidia mL-1, and to study the cellular immune response.The total average of hemocytes found in the hemolymph of workers termites treated with that isolate, in the concentration of 107 conidia mL-1, was not different from the hemocytes average recorded for the control, within 12, 24, 36 and 48 hours intervals. Regarding the cell types, the analysis in light microscopy revealed that the most frequent cells were plasmatocytes. The differential counts in infected and uninfected insects, did not differ significantly within the timeintervals assessed, there was only a change in function of time for plasmatocytes and prohemocytes. Thus, the results of total and differential counts show that I. farinosa in the concentration 107 conidia mL-1, did not affect quantitatively and qualitatively in the number of hemocytes of C. gestroi and that this pathogen appears as a promising candidate for controllingthis insect. / O cupim Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) é uma praga urbana e agrícola que vem se estabelecendo em muitas áreas do mundo. A utilização de fungos entomopatogênicos é uma opção para minimizar os prejuízos econômicos causados por este cupim. Sabe-se, contudo, que distúrbios fisiológicos ocasionados por um patógeno desencadeiam reações de defesa pelos insetos, como respostas humorais e celulares (hemócitos). Desta forma, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos: 1. verificar a patogenicidade de isolados de Isaria farinosa e Isaria fumosorosea ao cupim C. gestroi e 2. avaliar qualitativamente e quantitativamente os hemócitos em operários deste inseto desafiado por isolado patogênico e virulento. Todos isolados se mostraram patogênicos, na concentração 107 conídios mL-1, ocasionando mortalidades acima de 60% e virulentos, apresentando uma sobrevivência média de 2,0 a 3,9 dias. Porém, o isolado URM-4995 de I. farinosa destacou-se como um dos mais virulentos, sendo selecionado para a determinaçãoda CL50, estimada em 6,7 x 105 conídios mL-1, e estudo da resposta imunológica celular. A média total de hemócitos encontrada na hemolinfa de operários tratados com este isolado, na concentração de 107 conídios mL-1, não foi diferente da média de hemócitos registradas para a testemunha, nos intervalos de 12h, 24h, 36h e 48h. Com relação aos tipos celulares, a análise em microscopia de luz revelou que as células mais frequentes foram plasmatócitos A contagem diferencial nos insetos infectados e não infectados, não diferiu significativamente nos intervalos de tempo avaliado, constatou-se somente uma variação em função do tempo para os plasmatócitos e prohemócitos. Assim, os resultados das contagens total e diferencial apresentados demonstram que I. farinosa, na concentração 107 conídios mL-1, não interferiu quantitativamente e qualitativamente no número de hemócitos de C. gestroi e que tal patógeno apresenta-se como promissor para o controle deste inseto.

This thesis reports on the number of individuals in Macrotermes natalensis (Hav.) colonies, their biomass and food consumption in the northern Kruger National Park (KNP). The ecology of M. natalensis is largely undocumented despite the abundance of colonies in southern African savannas. New approaches to mound excavation, sub-sampling and data management are introduced. Via the intracolonial demography of colonies the contribution of each caste in number or proportion is determined. Using this information in combination with body mass and mound density data, biomass per unit area has been computed indicating the importance of this termite in synecology. The measurement of food consumption gives further insight as to how much litter is removed, fragmented and redistributed as nutrients in the ecosystem. Mounds were completely excavated, termites collected by means of vacuuming, and colony size estimated by sub-sampling. It was estimated that, on average, small mounds contain more than 5 000, medium mounds more than 45 000, and large mounds more than 200 000 individual termites. A highly significant relationship between total number of individuals (N ) and mound height (h ) was found, given by lnN = 7.893 + 1.093h (r = 0.92). The proportion of soldiers was found to change as colonies grew larger. In order to derive biomass estimates, a statistical bootstrap procedure was carried out using three databases: body mass, colony population sizes and mound density. Live biomass for small, medium and large mounds was found to be 0.17, 1.40 and 4.16 kg. Dry/wet body mass ratios were established for workers (23.7 %), major soldiers (20.3 %), minor soldiers (35.3 %), nymphs (17.1 %), king (35.4 %) and queen (20.8 %). Average live and dry biomass was calculated to be 0.51 kg/ha (0.051 g/m2) and 0.11 kg/ha (0.011 g/m2). Geology, geomorphology, elevation, local relief, soil patterns and annual rainfall were the abiotic factors shown to be most influential in determining termite biomass, either directly or indirectly. Termite biomass is high in undulating areas where the elevation is 250-400 m, where granitic and rhyolitic soils occur, and where annual rainfall is high (650-700 mm) in the context of the region. Major workers fetch woody litter outside the nest through ingestion into the section of the crop and gizzard. Gut contents were dried, weighed, ashed and reweighed. The ash mainly represents soil particles. The ash-free mass of food that is consumed during a single foraging trip by a foraging individual is 0.166 ± 0.009 mg (CI). Frequency of foraging trips between the mound and food source was observed using translucent tubing. The annual food consumption is given by the formula 365mnp/t , where m = individual mass of ashed crop-gizzard contents, n = number of foraging major workers, p = daily foraging period, and t = individual time spent between nest and food source. Food consumption of this termite in the northern KNP is calculated to be 20.2 kg/ha/yr. It is shown that termites are primary decomposers and contribute to litter fragmentation and the recycling of nutrients into the soil. This thesis gives greater insight into aspects such as colony development, biomass investment and resource utilization of M. natalensis in the northern KNP. / Dissertation (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

The fungus growing termite species Macrotermes bellicosus (M. bellicosus) is used in nutrition and traditional medicine in the Republic of Benin for the treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases. Previous findings demonstrated evidence of anti-inflammatory and spasmolytic properties of M. bellicosus. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potential of different extracts of M. bellicosus samples and determine the chemical profile of an ethanolic M. bellicosus extract. Chemical profiling was conducted using centrifugal partition chromatography and 13C-NMR, followed by MALDI-TOF MS. Major identified compounds include hydroquinone (HQ), methylhydroquinone (MHQ), 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl glycol (DHPG), N-acetyldopamine (NADA) and niacinamide. The fatty acid mixture of the extract was mainly composed of linoleic and oleic acid and highlights the nutritional purpose of M. bellicosus. Using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion and broth microdilution assay, an antibacterial activity of M. bellicosus samples was observed against various clinical strains with a highest growth inhibition of S. aureus. In addition, HQ and MHQ as well as fractions containing DHPG, niacinamide and NADA inhibited S. aureus growth. The reported antimicrobial activity of M. bellicosus and identified active substances provide a rationale for the traditional medicinal use of M. bellicosus.