Ce mémoire est consacré à l'élaboration et l'étude de polymères de coordination en solution reposant sur des ligands associant deux bras terpyridines avec un espaceur complexant tétraazamacrocycle. Un espaceur dioxocyclame permet l'édification de polymères par formation de complexes de bis-terpyridine. En milieu basique CuII conduit au mono-complexe de dioxocyclame. Ce complexe présentant des terpyridines libres forme des polymères de coordination homo- et hétérométalliques en présence de CoII, CuII, FeII, ou NiII. L'étude viscosimétrique de ces solutions atteste de l'influence de la rigidité de l'espaceur sur la longueur moyenne des espèces en solution. Sous contrôle acido-basique la migration de CuII induit la transition d'un état polymérique à un état isolé des systèmes à un et deux équivalents de CuII. Un espaceur cyclame ou diméthylcyclame affiche une compétition dynamique avec les terpyridines. D'après les études spectrales et électrochimiques NiII, FeII et CoII sont complexés préférentiellement par les terpyridines, CuII et ZnII par le cyclame. Ce jeu d'affinité permet l'obtention de polymères hétérométalliques. Les polymères homométalliques de FeII et CoII ont été appliqués à la conception de dispositifs électrochromes. La viscosimétrie révèle l'effet de la configuration de l'espaceur et un comportement original si l'espaceur cyclame est complexé en second lieu. Les polymères de coordination à espaceur cyclame présentent des propriétés de gélification dépendantes de l'affinité contre-ion/solvant. La rhéologie de ces matériaux est décrite et des modèles sont proposés d'après les résultats de SANS. Une transition gel-sol réversible des gels de CoII est induite par électrolyse.

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Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Monocamadas auto-organizadas da 2,2\':6\' ,2\" -terpiridina formadas sobre a superficie do eletrodo de Ag e Cu foram caracterizadas através da técnica SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy) em experimentos ex situ e in situ. Foram estudadas alterações nas espécies adsorvidas em função da natureza das soluções-mãe e das soluções eletrolíticas utilizadas, tais como, solvente, pH da solução, ânion-suporte e a presença de outro adsorbato orgânico: a 2-mercaptopirimidina (mpy). Para estudar-se a adsorção da tpy foram obtidos padrões espectrais em que a molécula realiza diferentes interações com a vizinhança: no estado sólido, em solução, fundida e formando complexos com os íons CU2+ e Ag+. Também foram obtidos padrões para o ânion Cl04- coordenado ao CU2+, possibilitando explicar a adsorção deste ânion à superficie. Os resultados indicam que a tpy adsorve sobre a superficie metálica através de seus átomos de nitrogênio formando complexos de superficie do tipo I e do tipo II, nos quais assume uma conformação cis-cis. A tpy protonada, preferencialmente, perde o próton para adsorver sobre o eletrodo. Em experimentos in situ, quando potenciais mais negativos são aplicados, a tpy adsorve sobre a superfície metálica em uma posição próxima à horizontal através dos elétrons π dos anéis piridínicos. Na presença da mpy a tpy adsorve horizontalmente sobre a superfície do eletrodo, não ocorrendo sua coordenação com o metal. Estudos da adsorção do composto 4\'-(5-mercaptopentil)-2,2\':6\',2\" - terpiridina (tpy-SH) sobre eletrodo de Ag indicam que a molécula adsorve através do átomo de enxofre sem que ocorra interação entre os átomos de nitrogênio da parte tpy e a superficie metálica. Isto foi confirmado pela coordenação do cátion CU2+ com a parte tpy das moléculas tpy-SH adsorvidas, bem como pela intensificação das bandas atribuídas à parte alcano-tiol da molécula devido sua proximidade com a superficie. Os estudos do complexo [Cu(II)tpyH2OCl04]Cl04 mostram que a exposição à radiação excitante produz a perda da coordenação da água ao íon metálico com o ânion Cl04- passando a coordenar por dois átomos de oxigênio. O perfil de excitação deste complexo foi realizado e constatou-se pré-ressonância do sinal Raman com a transição eletrônica da molécula na região entre 300 e 350 nm. Ao ser adsorvido sobre a superficie do eletrodo este complexo sofre redução e a tpy coordena aos átomos metálicos do eletrodo formando um complexo de superficie. / Self-assembly monolayers of 2,2\':6\',2\" - terpyridine (tpy) were grown on Ag and Cu electrode surface and studied ex situ and in situ by SERS (Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy). The nature of the adsorbate species was studied as a function of the mother-sulution changing solvent, pH and supporting-anion. The effect of 2-mercaptopyrimidine (mpy) as co-adsorbate was also investigated. For comparison purposes the Raman spectrum of tpy was obtained as solid, solution, molten and as Ag+ and CU2+ complexes. A supplementary Raman study of CU2+ perchlorates was also performed to facilitate the understanding of the Cl04- adsorption on the metal surface. The results showed that tpy adsorb on the metallic surface through the nitrogen atoms forming two different surface complexes (type I and type II) that have cis-cis conformation. Protonated tpy, preferentially, loses the proton to adsorb on the electrode. In the in situ experiments, when more negative potentials were applied, the observed spectral changes were ascribed to a modification in the adsorption geometry leading to a nearly flat arrangement. In presence of mpy, tpy adsorbs flat on the electrode surface and coordination with the metal is not observed. Studies on the adsorption of the 4\'-(5-mercaptopentyl)-2,2\':6\',2\"-terpyridine (tpy-SH) on Ag electrode showed that the molecule adsorb through the sulfur atom and there is no interaction between the nitrogen atoms of tpy moiety and the metal. This was confirmed by coordination of CU2+ with the tpy moiety of adsorbed tpy-SH molecules and by the enhancement of the alkyl-thiol bands which are close to the surface. Studies of the [Cu(II)tpyH2OCl04]Cl04 complex showed that depending on the energy density used the exciting radiation may cause the release of the coordinated water, leading to a bidentate coordination of the Cl04- anion. The Raman excitation profile for this complex was obtained and pre-resonance enhancement associated with a transition between 300 e 350 nm was observed. When adsorbed on the electrode surface this complex undergoes reduction and the tpy coordinates to the metal atoms forming a surface complex.

Os Clusters de acetato de rutênio de fórmula geral [Ru3O(AcO)6L3]n proporcionam blocos de montagem interessantes para sistemas supramoleculares, exibindo características eletrocrômicas e redox reversível, cobrindo uma ampla faixa de potenciais em solventes aquosos e orgânicos. Nesta Tese, estas espécies foram combinadas com o ligante tridentado, 4\'-piridil-2,2\':6\',2\"-terpiridina (pytpy), produzindo complexos do tipo [Ru3O(AcO)6(pytpy)3]n e [Ru3O(AcO)6(py)2(pytpy)]n, que foram totalmente caracterizados em estado sólido e solução. Nestes complexos a terpiridina permanece disponível para ligar-se a íons metálicos como o Fe(II), gerando um complexo binuclear de baixo spin muito estável, do tipo {Fe[Ru3O(AcO)6(py)2(pytpy)]2}n. Este processo pode ser monitorado eletroquimicamente, partindo de íons Fe(III), que exibem uma baixa afinidade pela terpiridina central, e ciclando o potencial para gerar íons de Fe(II). Desta forma, pode-se executar um procedimento típico de click chemistry, que leva a uma estrutura estendida, Fe-cluster-pytpy na superfície do eletrodo. Este filme conserva a funcionalidade dos blocos de montagem, permitindo aplicações interessantes em dispositivos moleculares, tais como sensores e smart Windows. / Ruthenium acetate clusters of general formula [Ru3O(AcO)6L3]n provide interesting building blocks for assembling supramolecular systems, displaying reversible redox and electrochromic characteristics, over a wide range of potentials in aqueous and organic solvents. In this thesis, such species has been combined with the tritopic, 4\'-pyridil-2,2\':6\',2\"-terpiridine (pytpy) ligand, yielding complexes of the type [Ru3O(AcO)6(pytpy)3]n and [Ru3O(AcO)6(py)2(pytpy)]n, which have been fully characterized in solid state and solution. In these complexes, the terpyridine moiety remains available for binding metals ions, such as Fe(II), generating very stable, low spin binuclear complexes, of the type n. This process can be monitored electrochemically, starting from Fe(III) ions, which exhibits a much lower affinity for the terpyridine center, and cycling the potentials in order to generate Fe(II) ions. In this way, one can start a click chemistry, ending up with an extended structure of Fe-cluster-pytpy film at the electrode surface. This film preserves the functionality of the building block complexes, a llowing many possible applications in molecular devices, such as sensors and smart windows.

New π-conjugated building blocks (unimers) for metallo-supramolecular polymers (MSPs), whose comprise: (i) substituted phosphole ring surrounded by two thiophene rings as the central block, (ii) 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-4'-yl (tpy) end-groups as ion-selectors, and (iii) different linkers inserted between the central block and tpy end-groups, are described. Chemical and physical properties of those unimers were studied with attention on correlation between properties and structure of unimers. For example the unimer without linkers shows the UV/vis absorption maximum red shifted about 60 to 100 nm compared to bis(tpy)terthiophenes, which proves that replacing of the thiophene with phosphole unit significantly enhances the delocalization of electrons within the unimer molecule and significant area of absorption spectra can be covered. Introduction of linkers (ethynediyl, ethynediyl-thiophene-2,5-diyl, ethynediyl-1,4-phenylene) has a minor effect on the bandgap energy. All prepared unimers underwent self-assembling process with various metal ions (Co2+ , Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ and Zn2+ ) resulting into metallo-supramolecular polymers. Three stages of the assembly of unimers into related MSPs were observed and characterized by absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography: 1)...

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Supramolecular chemistry is the study of discreet molecules assembled into more complex structures though non-covalent interactions such as host-guest effects, pi-pi stacking, electrostatic effects, hydrogen bonding, and metal-ligand interactions. Using these interactions, complex hierarchical assembles can be created from relatively simple precursors. Of the supramolecular interactions listed above, metal-ligand interactions are of particular interest due to the wide possible properties which they present. Factors such as the denticity, polarizability, steric hindrance, ligand structure, and the metal used (among others) contribute to a dramatic range in the physical properties of the metal-ligand complexes. Particularly affected by these factors are the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the complexes. As a result metal-ligand interactions can vary from inert to extremely transient. Of the vast number of ligands available for study, this dissertation will center on substituted terpyridine ligands, with a particular focus on terpyridine-functionalized polymers. While polymer-functionalized terpyridine ligands and their complexes with transition metals have been heavily studied, the physical properties, particularly the effects of polymer functionalization on the stability of bis complexes of terpyridines, remain unexplored. In the course of investigating the kinetic stability of these complexes, polymer functionalization techniques were developed which were found to increase the stability of the metal-ligand interactions compared to conventional techniques. In addition to studying the effect of terpyridine substituents, the effects of solvent on the stability of the complexes was studied as well. As polymer-bound terpyridine complexes are often studied in solvents other than water, knowledge of the stability of the complexes in organic solvents is important to create supramolecular structures with more precisely controlled properties. It was found that, for unsubstituted terpyridyl complexes, the stability of the complexes varied by as many as five orders of magnitude in common solvents. It is believed that this decrease in stability is the result of the ability of the solvent to facilitate the movement of the ligands from the first and second coordination spheres. Although a large part of this dissertation is dedicated to the study of the kinetic stability of terpyridine complexes, synthetic techniques involving terpyridine and its complexes were investigated as well. It was found that terpyridine functionalized polystyrene could be produced by direction functionalization of terpyridine with polystyryllithium. Additionally heterloleptic terpyridine-based iron complexes were produced with high purity by reduction of the mono terpyridine complex of iron(III) in the presence of a second, functionalized terpyridine ligand. The culmination of these studies was the synthesis of supramolecular organogels, which were crosslinked using metal-terpyridine complexes, yielding dynamic mechanical properties could be broadly tuned by varying the metal used to form the crosslinks.

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