The aim of this study was to identify the significant influences that effect the way beginning teachers in the A.C.T. incorporate music into their primary classrooms. Twenty-eight teachers from 23 different schools were interviewed in this study. These teachers were chosen on the basis that they were beginning teachers (teachers who were in their first, second or third year of teaching) and had graduated from the University of Canberra from 1988 to 1990. The teachers were interviewed over a 7 week period in Term 4 of 1990. The interview schedule incorporated aspects of a questionnaire and an interview employing both closed and open-ended questions. The study found that although 71% of the teachers taught some music in their classrooms, no teacher actually taught the whole music curriculum (as defined by the A.C.T. Curriculum Guidelines, 1990). Singing, listening and moving were taught by most teachers but areas of the music curriculum such as playing, reading and writing, improvisation and composition were rarely included. These results were influenced by factors such as the musical background of the teachers, preservice courses, the school music curriculum, whether or not teacher's colleagues taught music and the school's utilisation of the music specialist. For example, teachers who taught music were more likely to come from a school that had a music curriculum rather than from a school that did not. This study has implications for the development and implementation of primary school music curricula, the reassessment of future preservice and inservice programs, the utilisation of human resources within primary schools and the development of more positive attitudes towards music in schools and society in general.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of communication-satisfaction within and between institutions that are responsible for the administration of AMEP in the ACT. These institutions are: The TAFE Colleges Office of ACT Further Education and The Department of Immigration and Ethnic Affairs. Data were collected from the educators and administrators. Two questions were addressed and four hypotheses were tested, which addressed themselves to the following aspects of communication: corporate perspective personal feedback organizational integration relation with supervisor communication climate horizontal communication media quality relation with subordinates. The general conclusion drawn from the study was that the institutions that are responsible for the administration of AMEP in the ACT operate at different levels (i.e. policy, implementation and operations) and experience difficulty with communication between institutional boundaries. However, there is little relation between the level of individual perception within and between institutions.

Since the launch of the first earth resources monitoring satellite, remote sensing imagery has been used to provide information on the progress of urbanization, and land cover and land use change. The launch of the first SPOT satellite marked a significant improvement in spatial and spectral resolution for discriminating individual targets and increased the potential to acquire more information regarding land cover and land use. This study aims to investigate the capability of using SPOT digital imagery for monitoring land use change in the urbanised catchment of Tuggeranong Creek in the Australia Capital Territory, and assess its effects on catchment hydrology. SPOT multispectral and panchromatic imagery was acquired over the study area for January 1987 and September 1990. This imagery was digitally processed and analysed using microBRIAN (MB) V3.01 software to derive information on land cover and land use within the catchment. Multi-temporal imagery was co-registered to a base map with sub-output pixel accuracy. In order to improve spatial resolution, the multispectral imagery was merged with panchromatic imagery acquired on the same day using HIS and HPF techniques. The HPF technique retained more integrity of the original multispectral data than did the HIS technique. Both HPF merged and unmerged (original) image sets were used to assess the possibility of using higher spatial resolution imagery in subsequent classification and change detection analysis. On the basis of statistical calculation, non-vegetation classification results were found to be consistent between merged and un-merged imagery, but not consistent for vegetation classes. The inconsistency was found to be the result of seasonal differences in phenology and sun angle. However more small sub-pixel sized features such as houses and lawns were identified using merged imagery. Regression differencing and post classification comparisons were performed on both merged and unmerged image sets to detect temporal changes which had occurred between both image dates. As expected, merged imagery led to more sub-pixel sized examples of change being highlighted using both the HPF and HIS techniques. However, errors associated with multi-temporal image registration, compounded by classification errors arising viI from seasonal differences, meant that the reliability of all identified incidences of change could not be validated. Nevertheless, post classification change detection was found to be the most useful approach for identifying the nature of change from one type of land use to another. The results of classification and change detection techniques were used to diagnose likely changes in catchment hydrology attributable to changes in land use. Preliminary hydrologic analyses found that catchment yield is more sensitive to changes in land use than runoff volume or peak flood discharge. This study confirms that SPOT imagery can be used for mapping and monitoring land use change in urban areas. SPOT imagery was found to be suitable for providing information on land use and land cover changes and assessing the likely hydrologic consequences of such change. The use of imagery from anniversary dates would further improve the reliability of hydrologic assessments based on remote sensing of land use change.

Published research in Behavioural Sciences has indicated that there are some business and work environments which are more effective for the attainment of managerial objectives than others. In this study these research findings have been applied to learning activities of mature vocational students in TAFE in Canberra and to their teachers. Learning processes, learning theories and teaching are discussed. Teacher-student relationships and their impact on learning by creating sound learning environments are examined and a model of sound learning environment is created. This model is tested by investigation with final year certificate students. The impact of the model on teacher selection and teacher education is included in the discussion of results. The principal conclusion which can be drawn from the Study is that the sort of environment, which has been shown to be most effective in achievement of managerial objectives is also likely to be the most effective in achieving educational objectives for adult vocational students.

The first participatory or inter-active science centre in Australia was Questacon, which operated in Canberra for the eight years, 1980-1988. Its very success lead to its demise: it became the inspiration for the National Science and Technology Centre which opened in late 1988. Questacon, in common with many of the World's new breed of science centres and museums, was modelled on San Francisco's famous Exploratorium. These new institutions have copied ideas and even actual exhibits from the Exploratorium, but most of them have failed to copy the Exploratorium's use of Explainers, a feature which Exploratorium staff think is integral to the whole concept. Questacon is one of the institutions in which an explainer system was established, although it differed in some significant respects from that at the Exploratorium. Participatory science centres have been seen as part of the answer to the problem of increasing public awareness and understanding of science. There is a growing body of literature which is concerned with the learning of science in informal educational settings, such as in these centres, but there has been very little work done on the role of museum docents or their equivalents in this learning. One study of the Exploratorium's Explainers concentrated on the value of their work as explainers for the people involved in the system, in terms of their own personal development. The aim of the present study was to compare the two explainer systems and to investigate the work of Questacon Explainers both in terms of their own personal development and in their interaction with visitors to the centre.

This research study was in the field of adult education, focusing on the role of adult educators. Sixty four adult educators in the Australian Capital Territory, from a wide range of institutions took part in the study. The educational orientation of the adult educators, on an andragogical-pedagogical continuum, was measured by The Educational Orientation Questionnaire, (Hadley, 1974). This test was based on Knowles, theory of andragogy "the art and science of helping adults learn" and its corollary, pedagogy, "the art of teaching children" (Knowles, 1985). The E.O.Q. tested adult educators' attitudes in six areas of education to discover the extent to which educators were more andragogical or pedagogical in their orientation. Four personality dimensions of adult educators were measured by The Personal Style Inventory (Champagne and Hogan, 1979) - a test based on Jung's theory of psychological types. The data was analysed and four null hypotheses were tested. Two were rejected and two were accepted. The findings revealed that there was a statistically significant correlation at the .01 level of significance, showing a definite relationship between two of the dimensions, extraversion-introversion and sensing-intuition, and the educational orientation of adult educators: extraversion and intuition with a more andragogical orientation and introversion and sensing with a more pedagogical orientation. The interpretation of these findings raised numerous questions and issues on the role of adult educators as well as recommendations for further research on the correlation of other variables with the educational orientation of adult educators.

The Field Study reports on the research and development of a Health Assessment Program (HAP) for secondary school students over a period of three years in the ACT. The 'original' HAP is described, and its early implementation methods discussed. Changes are proposed and trialled, and further refinements made, then trialled again. Through this process a new HAP is developed. The 'Research and Development Cycle' (Borg and Gall 1983) provides the theoretical framework for the planning of the field study. (See 1.4). The 'new' HAP exhibits the characteristics of an 'education' program. The physical components have been developed to enable them to be administered by the teachers who are responsible for the organisation of the HAP in their school, and health professionals are only used for those components which require confidential counselling. This is in contrast to the 'original' HAP which was organised and conducted by health professionals. The process by which the changes took place has determined the quality of the new HAP. The developments have been based on the views of the teachers who used the HAP, the students who were tested, and the health professionals who participated. The literature has also been used to provide the direction for, and nature of, the changes. This process has ensured a program which is highly suitable for use in the school environment. It is not envisaged that the HAP has reached its final stage of development. Each school who uses the program is encouraged to modify and adapt it to suit the needs of their own teachers and students.

This study examines the perceived causes of occupational stress amongst female Registered Nurses working in the clinical setting at both Calvary Public and Calvary Private Hospitals ACT Incorporated. A modified Gray-Toft, Anderson Nursing Stress Scale (1981) was used as the instrument for the research. The questionnaire was modified by the addition of six questions. The questionnaire was distributed to seventy female Registered Nurses. Twenty questionnaires were distributed to staff working within the Private Hospital and fifty to staff in the Public Hospital. Relevant data dating back to 1956 was examined regarding stress and burnout amongst nurses and allied health professionals. The results of this study, not surprisingly, supported the finding of Gray-Toft, Anderson. That is that nursing remains an inherently stressful occupation. Respondents working in both public and private hospitals indicated that Lack of Funding and Death and Dying were considered to be major sources of perceived stress. Registered Nurses working in the Public Hospital perceive higher levels of stress than do those Registered Nurses working within the Private Hospital with respect to relative staffing levels, workload and funding. Comparisons by age group indicated a generally higher reported level for the youngest age group. Comparison of full time versus part time staff indicated a significantly higher level of perceived stress from full time staff. Analysis of reported stress by ward type indicated that staff working in the "medical" groupings experienced higher perceived levels of stress than those working in the "surgical" groupings.

Psychotropic drugs are mind affecting compounds. They range in type from illegal narcotic analgesics such as heroin, to prescribed major tranquillisers used for treatment of psychotic states, to prescribed minor tranquillisers such as the benzodiazepines, Valium and Mogadon, to the freely available, over the counter drugs, Aspirin and Panadol. Overseas and Australian data show the minor tranquilliser group, benzodiazepines, first introduced on the pharmaceutical scene in the early 1960s, to be the most commonly prescribed psychotropic drugs. Their popularity with medical practitioners as prescription drugs for conditions of anxiety, stress, insomnia and some forms of epilepsy, arises from the advertised inference by drug companies that they are free from any side effects in the patient such as dependence, tolerance and on termination of treatment, absence of withdrawal syndrome. Benzodiazepines were first introduced as a substitute for the well known dependence producing barbiturate based sedatives. Overseas and Australian data show women are prescribed psychotropic drugs, particularly benzodiazepines, twice as often as men and in many instances for conditions unrelated to those for which the drugs are recommended. Australian data comes from two sources, official statistics such as the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and from surveys of drug use. Both sources of data are incomplete, inaccurate and in many cases misleading. The true picture of prescribed psychotropic drug use in Australia therefore lacks resolution and in all probability underestimates prevalence and patterns of use in the community. There is no data on the prevalence and patterns of use of prescribed psychotropic drugs in the Australian Capital Territory. It was therefore deemed appropriate to conduct a survey to determine their prevalence and patterns of use. The survey was confined to women for several reasons: Women are a target group in the Commonwealth and State Government 'Drug Offensive'; evidence from studies overseas and in Australia shows that women are prescribed psychotropic drugs, particularly benzodiazepines, twice as often as men; Australian data suggests that this trend is uniform and therefore the Australian Capital Territory should be no different. Data shows that doctors, particularly General Practitioners, are the main source of prescribed psychotropic drugs. The main psychotropic drugs prescribed by general practitioners are benzodiazepines. It was therefore deemed appropriate to conduct a survey of general practitioner's attitudes, knowledge and beliefs about the appropriate use of benzodiazepines as these factors carry weight in a doctor's prescribing habits. The survey of women was conducted using a standardised, structured, telephone survey on a random sample of 120 women in the Australian Capital Territory. The results of the survey show that 40% of the sample had used prescribed psychotropics at some stage in their lives. Most users were older women, married, well educated and working full time. Level of knowledge about the drug was low, compliance with respect to use was high. Most prescribed psychotropic drugs were obtained from a doctor. There appears to be little drug sharing or concurrent drug use. Half of the prescribed psychotropics were benzodiazepines the other half were mostly anti-depressants. Use of over the counter psychotropics was very high. The survey of general practitioners was conducted using a standardised, structured mailed questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 25 general practitioners in the Australian Capital Territory. The results show the majority of doctors prescribe the drugs for common indications (anxiety, stress, insomnia and some forms of epilepsy) in excess of one week. For specific anxiety states however, most prescribe the drugs along with some form of counselling. The majority of doctors (77%) think counselling is not as effective as drug treatment. All doctors surveyed think patients should be advised of the drugs effects on driving and machinery operation; the drugs should not be shared with others; that the drugs should not be terminated abruptly; the drugs should not be used concurrently with alcohol. The majority (92%) believe benzodiazepines are over prescribed and most doctors (77%) believe the drugs produce dependence in patients. The majority (58%) believe women of child bearing age are at risk using benzodiazepines while 50% think pregnant women are at risk. The majority of doctors did not believe that people older than 60 years of age are at risk but most believe children are at risk. The findings of both surveys have implications for health educators and others with a concern for drug education in the community. Recommendations arising from this study have been made. They are presented at the conclusion of this thesis.

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