Proefschrift--Theologie--Universiteit Leiden, 2005. / Bibliogr. p. 352-398.

Three-dimensional (3D) imagery has gained a lot of importance in today's world, be it in the field of entertainment, documentation, or defense. Multiple methods for creating 3D images have been proposed in the past. A few famous methods used for 3D image matching are those that include usage of 2D images as stereo pairs or computing 3D rigid body transformations based on range information of points. The Iterative Closest Point algorithm (ICP) and its variants are well known for registration of point clouds, which can be used to create 3D surfaces. This thesis provides an algorithm, which is a continuation of the work done previously at Utah State University, to create accurate 3D images based on "texel" images obtained from the handheld texel camera built at USU. The first part of the thesis briefly reviews the structure and working of the handheld texel camera and the technique of creating texel images using the device and calibrating the images to mitigate the effect of lens distortions. A method is then suggested to reduce the errors in the range information in the image caused by walk error and wiggling error and also to compensate for the timing error induced in the individual pixels of the lidar sensor. A way to add a correcting factor to the range information to compensate for any oset in the origin assumed by the sensor and the actual center of perspective (COP) of the sensor is suggested in the later part of the thesis, thus correcting the images for the inaccuracies caused by the oset. The second half of the thesis brie y goes over the work previously done on 3D image matching and registration to produce 3D images. A few changes are suggested in some parts of the existing method, which use concepts of epipolar geometry in the RANSAC algorithm and use planar interpolation to accurately obtain the 3D co-ordinates of points from 2D coordinates. An iterative solution is proposed to correct erroneously chosen correspondences or reject bad correspondences to improve the rigid body transformation. The transformation thus obtained is used to compute more point matches, which are in turn used to estimate a more accurate least squares solution for the rigid body transformation. Results show that the calibration techniques and the changes implemented in the point cloud matching algorithm, suggested in this thesis, improve the accuracy of the images and produce 3D images with correct matching.

This thesis explores software algorithm for implementing a people counting and matching system to be used on a bus. A special camera is used, known as a texel camera, that generates depth and color information for a scene. This added information greatly facilitates both the tasks of matching and counting. Although people counting is a relatively mature field, there are several situations in which current technologies are not able to count correctly. Several of these difficult situations are tested with 82% counting accuracy. The idea of matching people on a bus is also developed. The goal is not to identify a specific person on a bus, but to find the time that a specific person is on the bus, and what bus stops were used. There are several aspects of this matching problem that differentiate it from other classification tasks that have been researched. In this thesis, multiple measurements are used to classify a person and sequence estimation techniques explored. The techniques developed classify with 92% accuracy, even with a relatively large number of people on a bus.

It has been observed the breed herd of Texel sheep in the foothills area of Orlické mountains in the year 2005-2008. The base of herd was consisted of 374 ewes, 575 lambs and 6 rams in total. These parametres of reproduction {--} conception, fertility, rearing, empty ewes, abortions, lambing, stillborn, death after born, were monitored at ewes. For the parametres of reproduction at ewes were found significant effects of ewe´s age and ram´s line.

This study aimed to determine the modulation of skeletal muscle fibers of Longissimus dorsi, Semitendinosus and Supraspinatus, due to the variation in body weight and diet, evaluating its relationship with meat quality of lambs of Texel. For assessment of body mass were used thirty lambs distributed in five treatments with six replicates each: six lambs were slaughtered at 20 kg (slaughter control), 24 animals were slaughtered at 25, 30, 35 and 40 kg. For the evaluation of the influence of diet twenty-four lambs were randomly divided into four treatments, where six lambs were soon slaughtered after adjusting the experimental conditions (slaughter control), 12 animals were submitted to two food restriction levels (55 and 70% of ad libitum intake, six per group) and 6 animals were submitted to ad libitum consumption and slaughtered with a body mass of 40 kg. The different body mass slaughter, provided modulation of muscle fibers type IIB and IIC for type IIA fibers to the Longissimus dorsi, Semitendinosus and Supraspinatus, and provide changes in diameter, area and relative frequency of muscle fibers. Regarding the quality of meat, observed effect (P <0.05) of different body masses, the moisture, lipids, cholesterol, pH, hardness, color and lipid profile. Already, for different levels of food restriction it was observed that animals submitted the restrictions 55 and 70% had lower values of the characteristics of muscle fibers, whereas the opposite for animals submitted to ad libitum intake. Food restriction also influenced the meat quality characteristics, such as moisture, ash, protein, lipids, cholesterol, loss of cooking and color attributes. Thus, we conclude that different body mass slaughter and different feeding systems influence meat quality characteristics and the modulation of skeletal muscle fibers. / Objetivou-se determinar a modulação das fibras musculares esqueléticas dos músculos Longissimus dorsi, Semitendinosus e Supraspinatus, em função da variação da massa corporal e do regime alimentar, avaliando sua relação com a qualidade da carne de cordeiros da raça Texel. Para avaliação da massa corporal foram utilizados trinta cordeiros, distribuídos em cinco tratamentos com seis repetições cada: seis cordeiros foram abatidos com 20 kg (abate controle), 24 animais foram abatidos aos 25, 30, 35 e 40 kg. Para a avaliação da influência do regime alimentar, foram utilizados vinte e quatro cordeiros, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos, onde seis cordeiros foram abatidos logo após adaptação as condições experimentais (abate controle), 12 animais foram submetidos a dois níveis de restrição alimentar (55 e 70% do consumo ad libitum, seis por grupo) e 6 animais foram submetidos ao consumo ad libitum e abatidos com massa corporal de 40 kg. As diferentes massas corporais ao abate, proporcionaram modulação das fibras musculares do tipo IIB e IIC para fibras do tipo IIA para os músculos Longissimus dorsi, Semitendinoso e Supraspinatus, além de proporcionar alterações no diâmetro, área e frequência relativa das fibras musculares. Em relação a qualidade da carne, observou efeito (P<0,05) das diferentes massas corporais, nos teores de umidade, lipídios, colesterol, pH, dureza, cor e perfil lipídico. Já, para os diferentes níveis de restrição alimentar observou-se que os animais submetidos as restrições de 55 e 70% apresentaram menores valores das características das fibras musculares, sendo observado o contrário para os animais submetidos ao consumo ad libitum. A restrição alimentar, influenciou também nas características da qualidade da carne, como a umidade, cinzas, proteína, lipídios, colesterol, perdas de cocção e atributos de cor. Sendo assim, é possível concluir que diferentes massas corporais ao abate e diferentes sistemas de alimentação influenciam as características da qualidade da carne e a modulação das fibras musculares esqueléticas.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Sheep, Federal University of Santa Maria and aimed to evaluate the effect of using different high grain diets on nutrient intake, performance, carcass characteristics, tissue composition of the palette, the feeding behavior and conduct an economic analysis of the supply of lambs finished in feedlot. Thirty-two male castrated Texel breed, born of simple birth and weaned at an average of 50 days old lambs were used. The treatments consisted of different types of grains, not processed, as follows: corn grain, oat grain, oat grain or grain of paddy. The animals were slaughtered when they reached a body weight of pre - established 32kg slaughter, which corresponds to 60 % of mature weight of their mothers. Lambs fed diets with high corn grain have higher intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients, and lower intake of neutral detergent fiber. Also present body condition score, weight gain and higher feed conversion, which leads to reduction in the number of days in confinement to reach slaughter weight. Also provide best economic outcome when compared with lambs finished in feedlot diets with the use of top-grain base of oat, oat or rice in the husk. Lambs fed diets with high corn grain have higher weights and yields of hot and cold carcass, better carcass conformation and greater loin eye area when compared to lambs from the other treatments. Also, have a higher state of greasing and back fat thickness at slaughter, which leads to reduction in the rate of break after cooling carcass. The weights of the regional courts were higher in lambs of treatment based on corn grain, although a smaller proportion of leg, most side cut and fat in the palette, a factor that may be undesirable for the consumer market. As for the feeding behavior of feedlot lambs, one can observe that the changes were caused mainly by the voluntary feed intake and the proportion of dietary NDF, but ensuring necessary to maintain rumen health conditions. Thus the use of diets high grain corn, oat, oat or rice in the husk for finishing lambs in feedlot is a viable alternative productive point of view. However, the use of corn grain provides better performance and economic results. / O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do uso de diferentes dietas de alto grão sobre o consumo de nutrientes, o desempenho, as características da carcaça, a composição tecidual da paleta, o comportamento ingestivo e realizar uma análise econômica da alimentação de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros machos, castrados, da raça Texel, nascidos de parto simples e desmamados com média de 50 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por diferentes tipos de grãos, não processados, sendo: grão de milho, grão de aveia branca, grão de aveia preta ou grão de arroz com casca. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram o peso vivo de abate pré-estabelecido de 32 kg, que corresponde a 60% do peso adulto de suas mães. Cordeiros alimentados com dietas de alto grão de milho apresentam maiores consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais, e menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro. Além disso, apresentam escore de condição corporal, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar superiores, o que leva a redução do número de dias em confinamento para atingir o peso de abate. Também proporcionam melhor resultado econômico quando comparados com cordeiros terminados em confinamento com o uso de dietas de alto grão a base de aveia branca, aveia preta ou arroz com casca. Cordeiros alimentados com dietas de alto grão de milho apresentam maiores pesos e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, melhor conformação da carcaça e maior área de olho de lombo quando comparados aos cordeiros dos demais tratamentos. Além disso, apresentam maior estado de engorduramento e de espessura de gordura subcutânea no momento do abate, o que leva a redução do índice de quebra ao resfriamento das carcaças. Os pesos dos cortes regionais foram superiores nos cordeiros do tratamento a base de grão de milho, embora tenham menor proporção de perna, maior de costilhar e de gordura na paleta, fator este que pode ser indesejado pelo mercado consumidor. Quanto ao comportamento ingestivo dos cordeiros em confinamento, pode-se observar que as alterações foram provocadas principalmente pelo consumo voluntário de alimento e pela proporção de FDN na dieta, mas garantindo condições necessárias para manutenção da saúde ruminal. Deste modo o uso de dietas de alto grão de milho, aveia branca, aveia preta ou arroz com casca para terminação de cordeiros em sistema de confinamento é uma alternativa viável do ponto de vista produtivo. Porém, o uso de grão de milho proporciona melhores resultados produtivos e econômicos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCV05MA012.pdf: 393991 bytes, checksum: 8755a862d62c91605bfe0f6eb41d8e56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-09 / The effects of the age on the 120th, 180th and 240th days, concerning the nourishing behavior and the ponderal performance of thirteen Texel lambs were studied.The research was conducted in the Sector of Sheep Raising of CAV/UDESC, Lages, SC. The lambs were weaned with 60 days of age and fed during the day, with water and mineral salt ad libitum, in enclosures of 0,8ha, with red clover manured pasture (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and at night they were sheltered in collective stalls and supplemented with alfalfa hay (Medicago sativa L.). The animals were wormed and vaccinated against enteroxotemy. Samples of veiny blood of 10mL were collected from the jugular vein, and in 3mL anti-coagulant Ethylenediaminotetraceticodissodic was added, in 10% concentration, by means of 0,1mL in each 5mL blood for the hematologic survey, while the remaining 7mL were coagulated, and its serum was used for the biochemical dosing. From the ear 1mL of artery blood was collected in order to establish the hemogasometric values. The average hematologic values which were gotten for the studied ages were, respectively, hematocrit or globular volume (VG) 32,50; 33,06 and 35,80%; the average corpuscular hemoglobinic concentration (CHCM) was 36,73; 37,02 and 38,09g/dL; erythrocyte 9,86x106; 10,69 x106 and 9,04 x106 per &#956;L; hemoglobin (Hb.) 11,92; 12,60 and 12,97 g/dL; average corpuscular hemoglobin (HCM) 12,12; 12,16 and 14,1 pg. The plasmatic biochemical values referring to the researched ages were, respectively, glucose 79,09; 81,57 and 82,96 mg/dL; cholesterol of 42,37; 45,94 and 47,51 mg/dL; magnesium pf 1,90; 1,81 and 1,87 mg/dL; phosphorus of 7,47; 7,34 and 7,19 mg/dL; total calcium 11,37; 11,18 and 11,15 mg/dL; sodium of 155,11; 150,73 and 154,18 mEq/L; potassium of 4,86; 4,76 and 4,91 mEq/L. The hematologic values, according to sex, were respectively, hematocrit or globular volume (VG) 30,35 and 30,03%; average cospuscular hemoglobinic concentration (CHCM) 37,69 and 36,95 g/dL; erythrocytes of 9,03x106 and 10,25x106 per &#956;L; hemoglobin (Hb) 11,42 and 12,96 g/dL; average corpuscular volume (VCM) of 34,29 and 34,28 fL; leucocytes of 10,45 and 13,03 cel./ &#956;L; average cospuscular hemoglobin (HCM) 12,91 and 12,67 pg. The plasmatic biochemical values according to sex, were respectively, glucose of 82,37 snf 81,48 mf/dL; cholesterol of 44,03 and 46,44 mg/dL; magnesium of 1,87 and 1,85 mg/dL; phosphorus of 6,72 and 7,95 mg/dL; total calcium 11,13 and 11,31 mg/dL; sodium of 153,31 and 153,37 mEq/L; potassium of 4,74 and 4,94 mEq/L. The average hemogasometric values, corrected for he corporal temperature of 38ºC, according to the ages of 120, 180 and 240 days were, respectively, pH 7,45; 7,44 and 7,44; PaCO2 of 34,88, 34,65; 31,94 mmHg; PaO2 81,86; 77,68; 78,52 mmHg and BE 1,08 -1,78 and 0,13mEq/L. For the sex variable it was registered, respectively as pH of 7,45 and 7,38; PaCO2 pf 37,71 and 31,00 mmHg and PaO2 of 75,29 and 83,42 mmHg and BE 1,08 and 1,04 mEq/L. There was no meaningful difference (P<0,05) for the researched variables. The behaviorial data were obtained through visual observation, on the field, with interval of 5 minutes, during consecutive daily periods of 10 hours, in the experimental age bands, corresponding to the months from December 2003 to February and april 2004. Weighing was held at each 14 days, in a total of 15 trials. The scores of time spent in pasturing in the sun presented average values of 5,58; 5,00 and 1,70 h/day; the pasturing in the shadow consisted of average times of 1,70; 2,37 and 5,28 h/day xiii 14 and the rumination time in the shadow corresponded to 1,23; 1,88 and 1,77 h/day. The average values of daily weight gain, from birth to weaning and from weaning to the 240 days were, respectively, of 25,67 and 229,74 g/d. The data were analysed and delineation was entirely determined in factorial structure for sex and age. There was no effect (P<0,05) of interaction between age and sex, and from the sex factor to the analysed variables / Foram estudados os efeitos de idades aos 120, 180 e 240 dias, sobre o comportamento alimentar e o desempenho ponderal de treze cordeiros da raça Texel. O experimento foi realizado no Setor de Ovinocultura do CAV/UDESC em Lages, SC. Os cordeiros foram desmamados aos 60 dias e alimentados durante o dia, com água e sal mineral ad libitum, em piquete de 0,8 hectare com pastagem cultivada de trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.) e trevo branco (Trifolium repens L.) e à noite eram estabulados em baias coletivas e suplementados com feno de alfafa (Medicago sativa L.). Os animais foram vermifugados e vacinados contra enterotoxemia. Foram obtidas amostras de 10 mL sangue venoso da veia jugular, sendo em 3 mL adicionado anticoagulante Etileno-diamino-tetracéticodissódico na concentração de 10%, utilizando-se 0,1mL em cada 5mL de sangue para os exames hematológicos e os restantes 7 mL foram deixados para que coagulasse e o soro do mesmo utilizado para as dosagens bioquímicas. Da artéria marginal da orelha, colheitou-se 1 mL de sangue para determinação dos valores hemogasométricos. Os valores hematológicos médios obtidos para as idades estudadas, foram, respectivamente,:hematócrito ou volume globular (VG) 32,50; 33,06 e 35,80%; concentração hemoglobínica corpuscular média (CHCM) 36,73; 37,02 e 38,09 g/dL; hemácias 9,86 × 106; 10,69 × 106 e 9,04 × 106 por &#956;L; hemoglobina (Hb) 11,92; 12,60 e 12,97 g/dL; volume corpuscular médio (VCM) 33,01; 32,90 e 36,81 fL; leucócitos 12.600; 10.730; 11.900 cel./&#956;L; hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) 12,12; 12,16 e 14,10 pg. Os valores bioquímicos plasmáticos referentes as idades estudadas foram, respectivamente,:glicose 79,09; 81,57 e 82,96 mg/dL; colesterol de 42,37; 45,94 e 47,51 mg/dL; magnésio de 1,90; 1,81 e 1,87 mg/dL; fósforo de 7,47; 7,34 e 7,19 mg/dL; cálcio total 11,37; 11,18 e 11,15 mg/dL; sódio de 155,11; 150,73 e 154,18 mEq/L; potássio de 4,86; 4,76 e 4,91 mEq/L. Os valores hematológicos, segundo o sexo, foram respectivamente, hematócrito ou volume globular (VG) 30.35 e 35,06%; concentração hemoglobínica corpuscular média (CHCM) 37,69 e; 36,95 g/dL; hemácias de 9,03 × 106 e 10,25 × 106 por &#956;L; hemoglobina (Hb) 11,42 e 12,96 g/dL; volume corpuscular médio (VCM) de 34,29 e 34,28 fL leucócitos de 10,45 e 13,03 cel./&#956;L; hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) 12,91 e 12,67 pg. Os valores bioquímicos plasmáticos segundo o sexo foram, respectivamente, glicose de 82,37 e 81,48 mg/dL; colesterol de 44,03 e 46,44 mg/dL; magnésio de 1,87 e 1,85 mg/dL; fósforo de 6,72 e 7,95 mg/dL; cálcio total 11,13 e 11,31 mg/dL; sódio de 153,31 e 153,37 mEq/L; potássio de 4,74 e 4,94 mEq/L. Os valores hemogasométricos médios, corrigidos para temperatura corporal de 38ºC, segundo as idades de 120, 180 e 240 dias foram, respectivamente: pH 7,45; 7,44 e 7,44; PaCO2 de 34,88; 34,65; 31,94 mmHg; PaO2 81,86; 77,68; 78,52 mmHg e BE 1,17, -1,78 e 0,13 mEq/L Para a variável sexo macho e fêmea registrou-se, respectivamente, pH de 7,45 e 7,38; PaCO2 de 37,71 e 31,00 mmHg e PaO2 de 75,29 e 83,42 mmHg e BE 1,08 e 1,04 mEq/L. Não houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para as variáveis estudadas. Os dados comportamentais foram obtidos por observação visual, a campo, a cada cinco minutos, por três períodos diários consecutivos de dez horas, nas faixas etárias experimentais, correspondendo aos meses de dezembro de 2003, fevereiro e abril de 2004. Efetuaram-se pesagens a cada quatorze dias, totalizando quinze pesagens. Os tempos despendidos em pastejo ao sol, apresentaram valores xi 12 médios de 5,58; 5,00 e 1,70 h/dia; em pastejo à sombra, tempos médios de 1,70; 2,37 e 5,28 h/dia e tempo de ruminação à sombra de 1,23; 1,88 e 1,77 h/dia. Os valores médios de ganho de peso diário, do nascimento ao desmame e do desmame aos 240 dias foram, respectivamente, de 257,67 e 229,74 g/d. Os dados foram analisados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em estrutura fatorial para sexo e idade. Não houve efeito (P<0,05) de interação entre idade e sexo e do fator sexo para as variáveis analisadas

This thesis explores pattern recognition in the dynamic setting of public transportation, such as a bus, as people enter and later exit from a doorway. Matching the entrance and exit of each individual provides accurate information about individual riders such as how long a person is on a bus and which stops the person uses. At a higher level, matching exits to entries provides information about the distribution of traffic flow across the whole transportation system. A texel camera is implemented and multiple measures of people are made where the depth and color data are generated. A large number of features are generated and the sequential floating forward selection (SFFS) algorithm is used for selecting the optimized features. Criterion functions using marginal accuracy and maximization of minimum normalized Mahalanobis distance are designed and compared. Because of the particular case of the bus environment, which is a sequential estimation problem, a trellis optimization algorithm is designed based on a sequence of measurements from the texel camera. Since the number of states in the trellis grows exponentially with the number of people currently on the bus, a beam search pruning technique is employed to manage the computational and memory load. Experimental results using real texel camera measurements show good results for 68 people exiting from an initially full bus in a randomized order. In a bus route simulation where a true traffic flow distribution is used to randomly draw entry and exit events for simulated riders, the proposed sequential estimation algorithm produces an estimated traffic flow distribution which provides an excellent match to the true distribution.

Textured digital elevation models (TDEMs) have valuable use in precision agriculture, situational awareness, and disaster response. However, Scientific-quality models are expensive to obtain using conventional aircraft-based methods. Photogrammetry-based techniques have no direct measurements, and thus has uncertainty in the reconstruction. The concept of a texel camera, which has both aerial imagery and ladar measurements from an inexpensive small UAV, can be used to combine the two methods. A texel camera fuses calibrated ladar measurements and electro-optical imagery upon simultaneous capture, creating a texel image. This eliminates the problem of fusing the data in a post-processing step and enables both 2D- and 3D-image registration techniques to be used. A texel camera outputs texel swaths during a UAV flight. A swath consists of an aerial image that is calibrated to associated depth measurements. This thesis describes an automatic algorithm for registering these texel swaths into a TDEM. The algorithm involves image processing, 3D geometry, and nonlinear optimization processes. The algorithm is seeded with a coarse estimate of the position and attitude of each texel swath capture, obtained using an on-board navigation system. Analysis of several data sets registered using this algorithm is shown. This method enables an inexpensive alternative to obtaining high quality textured 3D landscapes.

The ability to create three-dimensional (3D) images offers a wide variety of solutions to meet ever increasing consumer demands. As popularity for 3D cinema and television continues to grow, 3D images will remain an important area of research and development. While there are a variety of ways to create a 3D model, textel images are quickly become the preferred solution that has been captured with a texel camera. The combination of multiple texel images taken around a scene can be used to form a texel model. Offering both visual and dimensional accuracy, texel models are becoming invaluable tools for disaster management, situational awareness, and even military application. However, displaying a texel model often provides challenges, and the problems that arise when viewing texel models will be discussed and corrected in this paper.