Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Sheep, Federal University of Santa Maria and aimed to evaluate the effect of using different high grain diets on nutrient intake, performance, carcass characteristics, tissue composition of the palette, the feeding behavior and conduct an economic analysis of the supply of lambs finished in feedlot. Thirty-two male castrated Texel breed, born of simple birth and weaned at an average of 50 days old lambs were used. The treatments consisted of different types of grains, not processed, as follows: corn grain, oat grain, oat grain or grain of paddy. The animals were slaughtered when they reached a body weight of pre - established 32kg slaughter, which corresponds to 60 % of mature weight of their mothers. Lambs fed diets with high corn grain have higher intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients, and lower intake of neutral detergent fiber. Also present body condition score, weight gain and higher feed conversion, which leads to reduction in the number of days in confinement to reach slaughter weight. Also provide best economic outcome when compared with lambs finished in feedlot diets with the use of top-grain base of oat, oat or rice in the husk. Lambs fed diets with high corn grain have higher weights and yields of hot and cold carcass, better carcass conformation and greater loin eye area when compared to lambs from the other treatments. Also, have a higher state of greasing and back fat thickness at slaughter, which leads to reduction in the rate of break after cooling carcass. The weights of the regional courts were higher in lambs of treatment based on corn grain, although a smaller proportion of leg, most side cut and fat in the palette, a factor that may be undesirable for the consumer market. As for the feeding behavior of feedlot lambs, one can observe that the changes were caused mainly by the voluntary feed intake and the proportion of dietary NDF, but ensuring necessary to maintain rumen health conditions. Thus the use of diets high grain corn, oat, oat or rice in the husk for finishing lambs in feedlot is a viable alternative productive point of view. However, the use of corn grain provides better performance and economic results. / O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Ovinocultura da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do uso de diferentes dietas de alto grão sobre o consumo de nutrientes, o desempenho, as características da carcaça, a composição tecidual da paleta, o comportamento ingestivo e realizar uma análise econômica da alimentação de cordeiros terminados em confinamento. Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros machos, castrados, da raça Texel, nascidos de parto simples e desmamados com média de 50 dias de idade. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por diferentes tipos de grãos, não processados, sendo: grão de milho, grão de aveia branca, grão de aveia preta ou grão de arroz com casca. Os animais foram abatidos quando atingiram o peso vivo de abate pré-estabelecido de 32 kg, que corresponde a 60% do peso adulto de suas mães. Cordeiros alimentados com dietas de alto grão de milho apresentam maiores consumos de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais, e menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro. Além disso, apresentam escore de condição corporal, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar superiores, o que leva a redução do número de dias em confinamento para atingir o peso de abate. Também proporcionam melhor resultado econômico quando comparados com cordeiros terminados em confinamento com o uso de dietas de alto grão a base de aveia branca, aveia preta ou arroz com casca. Cordeiros alimentados com dietas de alto grão de milho apresentam maiores pesos e rendimentos de carcaça quente e fria, melhor conformação da carcaça e maior área de olho de lombo quando comparados aos cordeiros dos demais tratamentos. Além disso, apresentam maior estado de engorduramento e de espessura de gordura subcutânea no momento do abate, o que leva a redução do índice de quebra ao resfriamento das carcaças. Os pesos dos cortes regionais foram superiores nos cordeiros do tratamento a base de grão de milho, embora tenham menor proporção de perna, maior de costilhar e de gordura na paleta, fator este que pode ser indesejado pelo mercado consumidor. Quanto ao comportamento ingestivo dos cordeiros em confinamento, pode-se observar que as alterações foram provocadas principalmente pelo consumo voluntário de alimento e pela proporção de FDN na dieta, mas garantindo condições necessárias para manutenção da saúde ruminal. Deste modo o uso de dietas de alto grão de milho, aveia branca, aveia preta ou arroz com casca para terminação de cordeiros em sistema de confinamento é uma alternativa viável do ponto de vista produtivo. Porém, o uso de grão de milho proporciona melhores resultados produtivos e econômicos.

This study contributes to the debate surrounding the suitability of Regional Economic Community (REC) courts as avenues for protection of human rights in view of the economic focus of RECs. Recommends adjustments that can be made within the African Human Rights System (AHRS) to deal with the challenges associated with the development of REC courts both in the interim and in the long-term. / A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Dr. Jacqui Gallinetti, Faculty of Law, University of Western Cape. / LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Cette thèse porte sur « les contrôles des Cours régionales des comptes sur la gestion financière locale au Maroc ». L'enjeu est d'étudier la performance des différents contrôles confiés au CRC et surtout celle du contrôle de la gestion qui constitue la mission principale des juridictions financières. Les Cours régionales des comptes sont chargées d'effectuer le contrôle des comptes et le contrôle de la gestion des collectivités territoriales et de leurs groupements conformément à l'article 98 de la constitution. Toute la difficulté réside dans l'articulation entre le contrôle de régularité et le contrôle de la gestion ainsi que l'efficacité de ce dernier à réguler la gestion des finances locales au Maroc. Le dilemme s'accentue lors de la non-conformité des règles juridiques qui relatent la relation existante entre État et collectivité locales et l'objectif d'efficacité optimale dicté par les règles de bonne gestion des collectivités territoriales. [...] Toutefois, le constat est que la gestion communale se fait sans développement remarquable. Ainsi pour gérer les collectivités territoriales il revient aux conseils de mettre en place les moyens nécessaires pour optimiser leurs dépenses courantes de fonctionnement et de dégager des ressources pour l'investissement. Une réflexion poussé nous conduit à poser la question du comment combiner le contrôle vérification adaptée pour un objectif juridique et politique et le contrôle régulation adapté pour un objectif de gestion? Le contrôle des finances locales occupe une position privilégié au sein du modèle de développement économique et social du Maroc. Sur toute la chaîne du contrôle pratiqué sur les collectivités locales, le contrôle de la gestion exercé par les Cours régionales des comptes constitue un outil de pilotage et de redressement du management public local dont l'objectif est celui de comparer les résultats aux objectifs préalablement fixés afin de corriger les actions et de rapprocher les résultats aux objectifs. C'est ainsi que le contrôle de la gestion ne serait se réaliser sans une refonte approfondie de l'organisation des Cours régionales des comptes et de leur mode de fonctionnement ainsi que le développement de l'environnement interne et externe des collectivités territoriales. Tout en partant des constats, l'objectif du travail est de mener une réflexion sur la mise en place d'une nouvelle gouvernance financière locale et sur l'amélioration de la qualité et de la performance des interventions des Cours régionales des comptes en matière de contrôle de la gestion. Ainsi nous faisons allusion à l'efficacité interne et à l'efficacité externe. La première est relative à la qualité des interventions des Cours régionales des comptes quant à la deuxième elle est afférente à l'environnement externe dans lequel interviennent ces hautes institutions de contrôle. Ainsi après avoir passé en revue la pratique du contrôle de la gestion comme il est appliqué actuellement et décortiquer minutieusement les autres types de contrôle avoisinants afin de lever l'amphibologie et analyser les points forts et les limites de chacun, l'étude consiste à pencher à expliquer le comment d'un contrôle plus adapté au contexte évolutif des collectivités territoriales. / This thesis focuses on "controls of Regional Courts of account on local financial management in Morocco." The challenge is to study the performance of different control exerced by CRC and especially that of management contrai, which is the main mission of the financial jurisdictions. The Regional Audit is responsible for carrying out the audit and control of the management of local authorities and their groupings in accordance with Article 98 of the constitution. The difficulty lies in the link between contrai of regularity and control of the management and the effectiveness of the latter to regulate the management of local finances in Morocco. The dilemma is accentuated when the non-compliance of legal rules which tell the relationship between state and local communities and the goal of optimal efficiency dictated by the rules of good management of local authorities. Indeed, all contrai is effective only through its ability to adapt to the environment in which it operates. Such an environment is inevitably a changing component over time influences the way to involve local authorities. Indeed, the decentralization and deconcentration that knows the Morocco was accompanied by the reduction of guardianship and the adoption of the proposed advanced regionalization. Such a movement has erected local authorities in an integrated space in which local elected officiais, regulators, businesses, civil society, the Regional Courts of accounts and all the partners should seek to make contributions to improve the experienGe of citizens. However, the fact is that community management is without remarkable development. And to manage the local authorities it is for councils to implement the necessary means to optimize their current operating expenses and free up resources for investment. A reflection pushed leads us to the question of how to combine the audit adapted to control a legal and policy objective and regulatory control adapted to a management objective ?Local finance control occupies a privileged position in the economic and social development model of Morocco. The whole chain of control practiced on local communities, the management control exercised by the Regional Courts of accounts is a management- tool and recovery of local public management whose objective is to compare the results with agreed targets to correct actions and bring the results to the objectives. Thus the management control would be achieved without a thorough overhaul of the organization of the Regional Courts of accounts and their mode of operation and the development of the internai and extemal environment of local authorities. While starting the findings, the work aims to reflect on the creation of a new local financial govemance and improving the quality and performance of the interventions of Regional Court of account. So we're referring to the internai efficiency and extemal effectiveness. The first relates to the quality of interventions Regional Audit regarding the second is related to the extemal environment in which operate these high control institutions. So after reviewing the practice of management control as currently applied and thoroughly dissect other neighboring control types in order to lift the ambiguity and analyze the strengths and limitations of each study is to look to explain how a more sui table control to the evolving context of local authorities.

In a democracy it is the citizens who choose their leaders. Through elections, the people constitute government to preside over public affairs. However, in several African countries the quality of the elections has been vitiated by fraud, incompetence, unequal playing field and violence. Part of the problem is historical. Within the first decade of attaining independence in the 1950s and 1960s, many African regimes rapidly descended into autocracy and many countries formally recognised one-party regimes. Despite many one-party regimes having been abolished after the democratisation wave of the late 1980s and early 1990s, challenges of holding free and fair elections persist. Several elections held since this democratic wave were generally not considered by independent observers as free and fair. Indeed Africa has become well known for flawed elections, such as was the case in the 2007 elections in Kenya, the 2008 elections in Zimbabwe and the 2010 elections in Ivory Coast. Due to the stifled democratic climate, where even elections had a predetermined outcome, coups became a common and regular method of showing discontent or removing government. While the phenomenon of problematic elections is going on, at the continental level, Africa seems to be making renewed commitment towards democratic governance. With the transformation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) into the African Union (AU) through the adoption of the Constitutive Act of the African Union in 2000, the AU, inter alia, committed to promoting “democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance” and seems determined to depart from the legacy of poor governance. It is in view of the foregoing background that this research sought to investigate the challenges the judiciary in Africa has faced in adjudicating presidential election disputes. And, in light of the growing trend towards establishing common African democratic standards and seeking collective solutions, the research also sought to explore the viability of establishing a continental supranational mechanism for resolving disputed presidential elections through adjudication. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LLD

In a democracy it is the citizens who choose their leaders. Through elections, the people constitute government to preside over public affairs. However, in several African countries the quality of the elections has been vitiated by fraud, incompetence, unequal playing field and violence. Part of the problem is historical. Within the first decade of attaining independence in the 1950s and 1960s, many African regimes rapidly descended into autocracy and many countries formally recognised one-party regimes. Despite many one-party regimes having been abolished after the democratisation wave of the late 1980s and early 1990s, challenges of holding free and fair elections persist. Several elections held since this democratic wave were generally not considered by independent observers as free and fair. Indeed Africa has become well known for flawed elections, such as was the case in the 2007 elections in Kenya, the 2008 elections in Zimbabwe and the 2010 elections in Ivory Coast. Due to the stifled democratic climate, where even elections had a predetermined outcome, coups became a common and regular method of showing discontent or removing government. While the phenomenon of problematic elections is going on, at the continental level, Africa seems to be making renewed commitment towards democratic governance. With the transformation of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) into the African Union (AU) through the adoption of the Constitutive Act of the African Union in 2000, the AU, inter alia, committed to promoting “democratic principles and institutions, popular participation and good governance” and seems determined to depart from the legacy of poor governance. It is in view of the foregoing background that this research sought to investigate the challenges the judiciary in Africa has faced in adjudicating presidential election disputes. And, in light of the growing trend towards establishing common African democratic standards and seeking collective solutions, the research also sought to explore the viability of establishing a continental supranational mechanism for resolving disputed presidential elections through adjudication. / Public, Constitutional and International Law / LL. D.

Les crimes internationaux constituent des infractions dont les conséquences dramatiques affectent la communauté internationale dans son ensemble. Cette dernière s'est engagée dans la poursuite d'auteurs présumés de ces crimes à travers les différents mécanismes juridiques mis en place par la justice pénale internationale. Il incombe essentiellement aux États d'assurer l'effectivité de cette justice. Ainsi, quand des auteurs présumés de crimes internationaux se trouvent sur le territoire ou dans la juridiction d'un État, ce dernier est tenu de les poursuivre ou de les extrader vers d'autres États ou juridictions pénales internationales lorsque cela est nécessaire. Depuis la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, certains États mettent en application ces obligations en engageant des poursuites à l'encontre de criminels internationaux. La répression nationale des crimes internationaux se heurte à de nombreuses difficultés afférentes, le plus souvent, au manque de moyens ou de volonté, à l'inadéquation de certains systèmes juridiques nationaux, à la realpolitik (de l'allemand politique réaliste), à la nécessité de préserver les relations interétatiques, etc. Par ailleurs, il n'existe pas encore d'instance supranationale capable de contraindre les États à respecter leurs obligations internationales de répression des crimes internationaux. Par conséquent, l'idée de l'implication des cours régionales des droits de l'Homme dans la répression nationale des crimes internationaux s'impose davantage eu égard aux exigences internationales de répression des crimes internationaux qu'elles rappellent constamment aux États / International crimes constitute offences whose dramatic consequences affect the international community as a whole. This international community has committed itself to prosecute alleged perpetrators of these crimes through various legal mechanisms created by international criminal justice. The States are primarily responsible for ensuring the effective implementation of international criminal law. Consequently, when alleged perpetrators of international crimes are on the territory or under the jurisdiction of a given State, national authorities must prosecute them in their own national courts or extradite them to others States or international criminal courts when necessary. Since the Second World War, some States implement these international obligations by prosecuting international criminals. The national prosecution of international crimes faces many barriers related most of the time to a lack of financial resources or political will. This can also result from the inadequacy of some national legal systems, realpolitik, the need to safeguard inter-state relations... In addition to this, a supranational body compelling States to respect their international obligations to prosecute international crimes has not yet been created. Therefore, the legal involvement of regional human rights courts in the implementation of national prosecution of international crimes is necessary. This is the consequence of international requirements related to the pursuit of international criminals reminding the States of their legal duties

La criminalité organisée constitue une préoccupation pour les pouvoirs publics français et haïtiens et sa répression pénale se situe au cœur des droits français et haïtien. Pour ce faire, les deux législateurs ont dû adapter leur législation pénale afin de doter l’institution judiciaire de nouveaux instruments répressifs permettant la détection et la répression des infractions de criminalité organisée. Celles-ci sont réprimées via une double approche répressive proactive et réactive. On remarque que le droit pénal de la criminalité organisée tant substantiel que formel opère un glissement du réactif vers le proactif. Il s’agit d’une logique répressive qui privilégie l’efficacité répressive sur le respect des principes fondamentaux. Le droit à un procès équitable s’y trouve alors malmené. Dans les deux droits, les personnes impliquées dans des infractions organisées sont sévèrement sanctionnées et la confiscation des avoirs criminels est utilisée à des fins préventives et répressives. Cette répression se fait dans le cadre d’une coopération policière et judiciaire efficace qui favorise l’émergence de nouveaux instruments de coopération provoquant ainsi la mutualisation et la régionalisation des normes destinées à la répression pénale de la criminalité organisée. Cette étude comparative montre qu’Haïti peut bénéficier de l’expertise judiciaire française fondée sur la spécialisation des acteurs judiciaires qui interviennent dans le procès pénal. / Organized crime is a major concern for the French and Haitian public forces and the related crime repression methods are at the core of the French and Haitian Criminal Law. In that sense, both legislators had to adapt their criminal legislation in order to provide the judicial system with new instruments of crime control to help detect and punish organized crime offenses. The latter are fought down via a double punishment approach that is proactive and reactive. We notice that the criminal law of organized crime, whether substantive or formal, slides from the reactive towards the proactive. It is a repressive logic that favours efficient repressive methods over the respect of fundamental principals. And therefore, the right of a fair trial is ill-used. In both Rights, the people involved in organized offences are severally sanctioned and the criminal assets are forfeited in order to apply preventive and repressive measures. This repression takes place within a cooperative efficient framework between the police and the judicial body and causes the emergence of new instruments of cooperation and the sharing and regionalization of the norms of criminal sanctions against organized crime. This comparative study shows that Haiti can benefit from the French judiciary expertise founded on the specialisation of the judiciary actors who participate in the criminal proceedings.