Preventing diabetic foot ulcers among patients diagnosed with diabetes is an important element of care as diabetic foot ulcers present major medical, psychosocial and economic threats. In addition, about 20% of the diabetic foot ulcer cases will ultimately require amputation and cause greater mortality rates. The purpose of this literature review was to evaluate cellphone use to promote diabetic foot care practices among patients with diabetes. Six electronic databases were searched for articles which included text messaging and or phone interventions geared at improving foot care practices. A total of 14 articles dated 2009-2019 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Cellphone use for text messaging and phone calls to advance diabetic foot care practices appears to be promising. Cellphone interventions among clients diagnosed with diabetes were found to have higher adherence with foot examinations, more frequent foot checks, and better overall performance score of diabetic foot ulcer preventive behaviors. This literature review supports cellphone use for text messaging and phone calls to improve diabetic foot care practices. Particularly among populations with health disparities and limited access to healthcare cellphone improves access to care, is uncomplicated and presents a cost-effective approach to improving diabetic foot care practices.

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Introdução: Um dos objetivos mundiais para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população é a redução da mortalidade materna. Visto que esta expressa não só contextos relacionados à saúde, mas também, epidemiológico, social e econômico. Uma maneira de promover mudança nas taxas de mortalidade materna é por meio do enfrentamento de barreiras para a melhoria do cuidado obstétrico. Países que já superaram a falta de serviços e de acesso à assistência obstétrica enfrentam problemas relacionados à qualidade da atenção ao parto e nascimento. Como por exemplo, danos a saúde materna e neonatal decorrentes de intervenções desnecessárias ou até desaconselhadas. A utilização da tecnologia móvel por meio de mensagens enviadas às gestantes tem se mostrado eficaz, com melhorias no cuidado durante o pré-natal e pós-parto. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida por acreditar que o uso de mensagens enviadas às gestantes no pré-natal poderia modificar fatores relacionados à assistência ao parto. Objetivo: Avaliar se mensagens enviadas por celular às gestantes produz efeito sobre a satisfação das mulheres com o atendimento ao parto, sobre o uso de boas práticas no parto e sobre a percepção delas sobre a ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos durante o parto. Métodos: Esta é uma análise secundária de um ensaio aleatorizado por conglomerados em 20 unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) com maior número de seguimento pré-natal. As 20 UBS foram aleatorizadas (1:1) de forma balanceada, por meio de um software, formando um grupo Intervenção e um Controle, com dez UBS cada. Do grupo Intervenção origina o grupo que efetivamente recebeu a intervenção (grupo PRENACEL). A intervenção compreendeu o oferecimento de um pacote de mensagens enviadas para o celular das gestantes como um complemento ao pré-natal padrão da rede pública. Participaram do estudo mulheres com 18 anos ou mais, com até 20 semanas de gestação, que estavam em seguimento pré-natal nas UBS selecionadas. A coleta de dados foi realizada em quatro maternidades, e para o presente estudo, foram avaliadas mulheres que tiveram partos por via vaginal e sem gestações de alto risco. Os desfechos avaliados foram: a satisfação dasmulheres com o atendimento ao parto; o uso de boas práticas na assistência ao parto e a percepção das mulheres sobre a ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos. Resultados: Esta pesquisa foi composta por 241 mulheres no grupo Controle e 427 no grupo Intervenção, sendo 63 pertencentes ao grupo PRENACEL. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação à satisfação ou uso de boas práticas. Nem sobre a percepção das mulheres sobre a ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos durante o parto. Encontramos alta satisfação das mulheres com o atendimento e alta frequência de uso de boas práticas durante o parto comparado ao cenário nacional. Já a percepção delas sobre ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos foi baixa. Conclusão: O uso de mensagens enviadas a gestantes no pré-natal não demonstrou efeito sobre os desfechos avaliados. / Introduction: One of the world\'s goals for improving the population\'s quality of life is to reduce maternal mortality. This is because it expresses not only contexts related to health, but also epidemiological, social and economic. A way to promote change in maternal mortality rates it is by facing barriers to improve obstetric care. Countries that have overcome the lack of services and access to obstetric care face problems related to the quality of childbirth care. As for example, damage to maternal and neonatal health still occurs from unnecessary or non-advisable interventions. The use of mobile technology through messages sent to pregnant women has been shown to be effective, with improvements in antenatal and postpartum care. Objective: To evaluate whether messages sent by cell phones to pregnant women have an effect on women\'s satisfaction with delivery, on the use of good practices during childbirth and on their perception of abuse, disrespect and / or mistreatment during the delivery. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial in 20 Primary Health Care Units (PHCU) with a higher number of prenatal followup. The 20 PHCU were randomized (1:1) in a balanced manner, using software, forming an Intervention and a Control group, with ten UBS each. From the Intervention group, the group that actually received the intervention (PRENACEL group). The intervention included the provision of a package of messages sent to the pregnant women\'s cell phone as a complement to the prenatal standard of the public network. Participants were women 18 years of age or older, up to 20 weeks of gestation, who were undergoing prenatal follow-up at selected PHCU. Data were collected in four maternity hospitals, and for the present study, women who had deliveries vaginally and without high-risk pregnancies were evaluated. The outcomes evaluated were: the satisfaction of women with delivery; the use of good practices in childbirth care and women\'s perception of abuse, disrespect and / or mistreatment. Results: This study was composed of 241 women in the Control group and 427 in the Intervention group, of which 63 belonged to the PRENACEL group. There was no statistical difference between groups regarding satisfaction or use of good practices. Neither about the perception of women about the occurrence of abuse, disrespectand / or mistreatment during childbirth. We found high satisfaction of women with the attendance and high frequency of use of good practices during childbirth compared to the national scenario. Their perception of abuse, disrespect and / or mistreatment was low. Conclusion: The use of messages sent to pregnant women during prenatal care did not show any effect on the outcomes evaluated.

Introdução: Um dos objetivos mundiais para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população é a redução da mortalidade materna. Visto que esta expressa não só contextos relacionados à saúde, mas também, epidemiológico, social e econômico. Uma maneira de promover mudança nas taxas de mortalidade materna é por meio do enfrentamento de barreiras para a melhoria do cuidado obstétrico. Países que já superaram a falta de serviços e de acesso à assistência obstétrica enfrentam problemas relacionados à qualidade da atenção ao parto e nascimento. Como por exemplo, danos a saúde materna e neonatal decorrentes de intervenções desnecessárias ou até desaconselhadas. A utilização da tecnologia móvel por meio de mensagens enviadas às gestantes tem se mostrado eficaz, com melhorias no cuidado durante o pré-natal e pós-parto. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida por acreditar que o uso de mensagens enviadas às gestantes no pré-natal poderia modificar fatores relacionados à assistência ao parto. Objetivo: Avaliar se mensagens enviadas por celular às gestantes produz efeito sobre a satisfação das mulheres com o atendimento ao parto, sobre o uso de boas práticas no parto e sobre a percepção delas sobre a ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos durante o parto. Métodos: Esta é uma análise secundária de um ensaio aleatorizado por conglomerados em 20 unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) com maior número de seguimento pré-natal. As 20 UBS foram aleatorizadas (1:1) de forma balanceada, por meio de um software, formando um grupo Intervenção e um Controle, com dez UBS cada. Do grupo Intervenção origina o grupo que efetivamente recebeu a intervenção (grupo PRENACEL). A intervenção compreendeu o oferecimento de um pacote de mensagens enviadas para o celular das gestantes como um complemento ao pré-natal padrão da rede pública. Participaram do estudo mulheres com 18 anos ou mais, com até 20 semanas de gestação, que estavam em seguimento pré-natal nas UBS selecionadas. A coleta de dados foi realizada em quatro maternidades, e para o presente estudo, foram avaliadas mulheres que tiveram partos por via vaginal e sem gestações de alto risco. Os desfechos avaliados foram: a satisfação dasmulheres com o atendimento ao parto; o uso de boas práticas na assistência ao parto e a percepção das mulheres sobre a ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos. Resultados: Esta pesquisa foi composta por 241 mulheres no grupo Controle e 427 no grupo Intervenção, sendo 63 pertencentes ao grupo PRENACEL. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação à satisfação ou uso de boas práticas. Nem sobre a percepção das mulheres sobre a ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos durante o parto. Encontramos alta satisfação das mulheres com o atendimento e alta frequência de uso de boas práticas durante o parto comparado ao cenário nacional. Já a percepção delas sobre ocorrência de abuso, desrespeito e/ou maus-tratos foi baixa. Conclusão: O uso de mensagens enviadas a gestantes no pré-natal não demonstrou efeito sobre os desfechos avaliados. / Introduction: One of the world\'s goals for improving the population\'s quality of life is to reduce maternal mortality. This is because it expresses not only contexts related to health, but also epidemiological, social and economic. A way to promote change in maternal mortality rates it is by facing barriers to improve obstetric care. Countries that have overcome the lack of services and access to obstetric care face problems related to the quality of childbirth care. As for example, damage to maternal and neonatal health still occurs from unnecessary or non-advisable interventions. The use of mobile technology through messages sent to pregnant women has been shown to be effective, with improvements in antenatal and postpartum care. Objective: To evaluate whether messages sent by cell phones to pregnant women have an effect on women\'s satisfaction with delivery, on the use of good practices during childbirth and on their perception of abuse, disrespect and / or mistreatment during the delivery. Methods: This is a secondary analysis of a cluster-randomized trial in 20 Primary Health Care Units (PHCU) with a higher number of prenatal followup. The 20 PHCU were randomized (1:1) in a balanced manner, using software, forming an Intervention and a Control group, with ten UBS each. From the Intervention group, the group that actually received the intervention (PRENACEL group). The intervention included the provision of a package of messages sent to the pregnant women\'s cell phone as a complement to the prenatal standard of the public network. Participants were women 18 years of age or older, up to 20 weeks of gestation, who were undergoing prenatal follow-up at selected PHCU. Data were collected in four maternity hospitals, and for the present study, women who had deliveries vaginally and without high-risk pregnancies were evaluated. The outcomes evaluated were: the satisfaction of women with delivery; the use of good practices in childbirth care and women\'s perception of abuse, disrespect and / or mistreatment. Results: This study was composed of 241 women in the Control group and 427 in the Intervention group, of which 63 belonged to the PRENACEL group. There was no statistical difference between groups regarding satisfaction or use of good practices. Neither about the perception of women about the occurrence of abuse, disrespectand / or mistreatment during childbirth. We found high satisfaction of women with the attendance and high frequency of use of good practices during childbirth compared to the national scenario. Their perception of abuse, disrespect and / or mistreatment was low. Conclusion: The use of messages sent to pregnant women during prenatal care did not show any effect on the outcomes evaluated.

This thesis explores young people's interaction with different individuals through a variety of media. Three girls and three boys aged 16–18, from an urban school, a rural school and a suburban school, were each observed for a week, at school, at home and during leisure activities. The data analysed consist of field notes, video and audio recordings, and texts written by the participants. The aim of the study is to investigate how young people’s use of language varies in relation to different contexts. Questions are asked about what activities they participate in, what media they use and how they use them, and how they express themselves orally and in writing in different contexts and through different media. The study is based in sociolinguistic theory and activity type theory. Data were collected using ethnographical methods, and analytical tools were drawn from a broadly defined field of discourse analysis. The investigation sheds light on the relationship between what young people are doing socially in any given situation and how they interact. Variation in linguistic styles is made visible by a study of the same individuals involved in different communicative activities. Young people are shown to be a heterogeneous group who engage in different sets of activities. The study questions prevailing definitions and categorisations of adolescents’ linguistic styles and use of electronic media. The outcome is a complex description of everyday interaction, which is found to be shaped by the frames for communicative activities, the technical characteristics of the media employed, and individual factors. In conversational turns, Internet chat messages and text messages, young people select resources from their individual linguistic repertoires in order to achieve specific goals or construct particular roles through their interaction.

People connect digitally through social media, fusing their relationships with meaning in a non-space of relational potential--a translucent and fluctuating enclave where the self becomes elastic. This thesis explores how I have formed bonds in virtual space through ritual interaction. Looking at the ways I learned to use technology through the progression of a close personal relationship, I suggest that social media use is a performance of identity--a virtuality that exposes how people negotiate the digital enclosure of contemporary society. My story is one of digital nativity and reclaiming love through virtual performance. I show how these performances have had a profound impact on my understanding of self-in-relation-to-other. Finally, I put forth a theory of Real Virtuality, suggesting that virtual reality has escaped the confines of the machine. Thus, digital conversations penetrate offline social situations in ways that have stirring consequences for people in the digital age.

This research set out to determine factors associated with text bullying. It examined the relationship between personality traits and the level of hostility expressed by students in reaction to sample text messages. One hundred and ninety eight girls aged 13 and 14 in Canada and New Zealand volunteered to complete a questionnaire consisting of four personality measures - the impulsivity subscale of the PRF-E, cynical distrust scale (revised), needs for power scale (revised), and the rejection sensitivity scale (adult, short). The survey also rated their proposed likely response to eight sample text messages that covered four themes and to two levels of intensity. Results using Pearson’s r correlation of .01 demonstrated a significant relationship between hostility and impulsivity. There was no significant difference in either the results of the personality measures or their level of hostility between the results of the Canadian and New Zealand participants. How these findings contribute to the current theoretical knowledge of adolescent bullying and the practical application of these findings for schools are also discussed.