Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is adapted to the measurement of adhesion forces between indoor-air-pollutant bioparticulates and synthetic carpet fiber materials. This novel technology is used to characterize the adhesion and release of a model bioparticulate, the bacterium E. coli on Nylon. This knowledge will lead to expanded studies of a wider range of biocontaminants, and ultimately to the ability to design carpet and rugs upholstery that reduce the spread of indoor air pollutants. Such an advance would improve life significantly for the 20+ million Americans who suffer from asthma, and countless others who are afflicted with allergies and illness spread via bioparticulates.

Η παρούσα εργασία μελετά την ανάπτυξη ενός ευέλικτου συστήματος αντιμικροβιακής προστασίας για εφαρμογή σε είδη ρουχισμού και υφάσματα οικιακής χρήσης. Πιο συγκεκριμένα αναπτύχθηκαν διασυνδεδεμένα πολυμερικά νανοσφαιρίδια πολυστυρολίου-διβινυλοβενζολίου στα οποία ενσωματώθηκε Triclosan, μία ευρέος φάσματος εμπορική αντιμικροβιακή ουσία. Σημειώνεται ότι στο πλαίσιο ανάσχεσης των ενδονοσοκομειακών λοιμώξεων η ανάπτυξη αντιμικροβιακών νοσοκομειακών στολών, σεντονιών και άλλων σχετικών κλωστοϋφαντουργικών προϊόντων αποτελούν τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες αντικείμενο έντονου επιστημονικού ενδιαφέροντος. Το μέγεθος των νανοσωματιδίων βρέθηκε μετά από εξέταση με ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία σάρωσης (SEM) και δυναμική σκέδαση φωτός (DLS) να κυμαίνεται μεταξύ 35-350 nm ανάλογα την σύσταση. H θερμική συμπεριφορά τους μελετήθηκε μέσω διαφορικής θερμιδομετρίας σάρωσης (DSC) και διαπιστώθηκε σημείο τήξεως στους ~425 οC. Χρησιμοποιώντας την φασματοσκοπία UVVis προσδιορίστηκε ο πραγματικός εγκλωβισμός του αντιμικροβιακού στο σύστημα κατά μέσο όρο σε ποσοστό ~72% του ονομαστικού και παρακολουθήθηκε ο ρυθμός αποδέσμευσης του σε διαλύματα αιθανόλης-νερού. Επιπλέον, τα σφαιρίδια που όπως διαπιστώθηκε παρουσιάζουν χαρακτηριστικά ελεγχόμενης αποδέσμευσης ενσωματώθηκαν σε μήτρες πολυπροπυλενίου οι οποίες υπό την μορφή φιλμ εφελκύστηκαν μονοαξονικά. Τέλος κάνοντας χρήση της δονητικής φασματοσκοπίας Raman εκτιμήθηκε ο μοριακός προσανατολισμός που επιβλήθηκε στα εφελκυσμένα φιλμ και συσχετίσθηκε με την παρατηρούμενη μείωση που επιτεύχθηκε στην κινητική αποδέσμευσης της εγκλωβισμένης δραστικής ουσίας. Το πρώτο κεφάλαιο της παρούσας εργασίας ασχολείται με το πρόβλημα της μικροβιακής επιμόλυνσης υφασμάτων, τις διάφορες λύσεις που έχουν προταθεί κατά καιρούς και τέλος αναλύει τον στόχο της παρούσας εργασίας. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο επεξηγείται η έννοια της ελεγχόμενης αποδέσμευσης και περιγράφονται οι διάφορες κατηγορίες συστημάτων ελεγχόμενης χορήγησης μαζί με χαρακτηριστικά παραδείγματα. Τα νανοσωματίδια, η σύστασή, οι μοναδικές ιδιότητες, οι εφαρμογές και οι διάφοροι τρόποι σύνθεσης και χαρακτηρισμού τους συζητούνται στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο αναφέρει πληροφορίες για τα υλικά και επεξηγεί τις τεχνικές που χρησιμοποιήθηκαν στην σύνθεση, την επεξεργασία και τον χαρακτηρισμό των νανοσωματιδίων και των μιγμάτων τους. Τέλος στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο παρουσιάζονται τα αποτελέσματα των πειραμάτων που πραγματοποιήθηκαν και ακολουθεί ο σχολιασμός τους. / The present thesis studies the development of a versatile system of antimicrobial protection for use in clothing and household products. In particular Triclosan incorporated crosslinked polystyrenedinylbenzene nanobeads were developed; triclosan is a widely used antimicrobial agent. It is noted that the health hazards arising during nosocomial treatment due to infections caused by microbial pathogens and the means to protect oneself against such threats have become the subject of many research activities during the last few decades. The size of the nanoparticles after examination with scanning electron microcopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was found to vary between 35-350 nm depending on the system formulation. Their thermal behavior was studied with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and their melting point was measured at ~425 oC. Using UV-Vis spectroscopy the real encapsulation efficiency of the antimicrobial in the system was determined at ~72% and its release kinetics were studied in a water-ethanol solution. The nanobeads possess controlled release properties; they were furthermore incorporated into polypropylene matrixes which were uniaxially drawn in film form. Finally utilizing polarized Raman spectra, the draw induced molecular orientation of the films was correlated to the relevant variation of the related antimicrobial release kinetics. The first chapter of the present thesis reviews the textile microbial infections and the various solutions that have been proposed showing up the specific research goal targeted. In the second chapter the meaning of controlled release is explained and the basic system categories involved are presented along with characteristic examples. The nanoparticles, their composition, special attributes, applications, synthesis and characterization techniques are the subject of the third chapter. The fourth chapter reports information about the materials and the methods used in the synthesis, postprocessing and characterization of the nanoparticles and their blends. Finally the last chapter presents the experimental results and relevant comments.

No description available.

Identification of viable vat dye candidates of a trichromatic series (compatible red, yellow and blue colorants) plus an orange based on the developed single-stage acid leuco vat dyeing process for unmodified polypropylene (PP) flat woven fabrics has been achieved with adequate fastness properties to washing, crocking and dry-cleaning: C. I. Vats Orange 1, Yellow 2 and Red 1 have been certified, whereas Vat Blue 6 is a marginal candidate. Vat Blue 1 has been demonstrated to be a viable colorant for dyeing of PP fiber as a single colorant. Molecular dynamics simulation and solubility parameter (SP) approaches have been utilized to screen the potential vat dye candidates for generic PP coloration. Experimental K/S results have exhibited good correlation with the predicted mixing energy of acid leuco vat dyes-PP fiber and the calculated dyes' SP's. The low SP/mixing energy acid leuco vat dyes (e.g., C. I. Vat Red 1) have shown better color-yield/fastness properties than the high SP/mixing energy vat dyes (e.g., C. I. Vat Brown 1), exhibiting that increasing difference of SP between the vat dye and the PP fiber, coupled with a higher mixing energy of dye-PP blend, resulted in decreased interactions between the two. For example, C.I. Vat Brown 1 with its high SP and calculated mixing energy with PP gave least color yield than the certified vat dyes, all with lower SP's and mixing energies. Cross-section micrographs of the dyed fibers revealed the absence of "ring-dyeing". Experimentally determined kinetic parameters such as affinity of dyeing and heat of dyeing quantified the presence of interaction between acid leuco vat dyes and PP fiber. Tensile test and X-ray crystallinity results have confirmed that dyeing process did not alter the tensile strength and modulus of the dyed PP textiles significantly. PP Fabrics dyed with simulated continuous dyeing processes (pad-steam and pad-dry heat) demonstrated good color yields and levelness with adequate fastness to crocking, washing and dry cleaning.

Thesis (MVerbruikerswet)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of the study was to investigate the compatibility of cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester warpknit terry towelling fabrics with industrial laundering procedures. The literature review focused, on the one hand, on the manufacture, finishing and structure of warp-knit terry towelling fabrics as well as on the physical structure, chemical nature and characteristics of the textile fibres used in the manufacturing of the towelling. On the other hand, a full exposition of the industrial laundering processes is provided, with specific reference to aspects that can have an effect on the towelling fabrics during the wash and tumble-drying cycles. Chapters Three and Four are reports on two research projects that can each be read independently. The aim of the first project was to determine the effect of industrial laundering procedures on the durability of cotton warp-knit terry towelling fabrics with a synthetic base structure. The tensile strength of cotton warp-knit terry towelling samples with a synthetic base structure was determined in the warp and weft directions and after 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 wash cycles as well as wash and tumble-drying cycles. The tensile strengths in the warp direction of the washed terry towelling samples decreased significantly (p < 0.001) after 50 wash cycles. In contrast to this, the tensile strength in the weft direction increased, although not significantly (p > 0.05). As far as the comparison of the effect of industrial wash and wash and tumble-drying cycles is concerned, the tensile strengths in the warp direction of the towelling samples that were washed and washed/tumble-dried, were significantly lower (p < 0.001) after 20 and after 50 laundering cycles. As far as the tensile strengths in the weft direction were concerned, a similar pattern as with the wash and wash/tumble-drying processes, occurred. The tensile strengths initially increased and then gradually decreased. Furthermore, the tumble-drying process had greater damaging effects after 40 laundering cycles (p = 0.043) and especially after 50 laundering cycles (p < 0.0001). The aim of the second research project was to compare the durability of cotton warp-knit terry towelling fabrics with a nylon base structure with cotton warp-knit terry towelling fabrics with a polyester base structure after they had been subjected to industrial laundering processes. It was first established whether cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester warp-knit terry towelling fabrics are comparable. Secondly, the durability of cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester terry towelling fabrics was compared by determining the tensile strengths of the samples in the warp direction after they have been subjected to 50 industrial wash as well as wash and tumble-drying cycles. The two groups of untreated samples were regarded as similar on the basis of the percentage of fibre composition, knit fabric structure, knit density, mass and tensile strength. After 50 industrial wash cycles the tensile strengths of the cotton/nylon and cotton/polyester warp-knit terry towelling samples decreased significantly (p < 0.05). But there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between the tensile strengths of the cotton/nylon and the cotton/polyester terry towelling samples after 50 washing cycles. There was a highly significant difference (p < 0.001) between the tensile strengths of the cotton/nylon and the cotton/polyester terry towelling samples after 50 wash and tumble-drying cycles. The tensile strength of the cotton/polyester terry towelling samples remained practically unchanged after the 50 wash/tumble-drying cycles, with the tensile strength of the cotton/nylon terry towelling samples decreased significantly (p < 0.001). / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die studie was om ondersoek in te stel na die versoenbaarheid van katoen/nylon- en katoen/poliëster- skeringgebreide terriestofhanddoeke met industriële versorgingsprosedures. In die literatuuroorsig is daar enersyds gefokus op die vervaardiging, afwerking en struktuur van skeringgebreide terriehanddoekstowwe asook op die fisiese struktuur, chemiese aard en eienskappe van die tekstielvesels waarvan die handdoeke vervaardig is. Andersyds is ’n volledige uiteensetting van industriële versorgingsprosedures gegee, met spesifieke verwysing na aspekte wat tydens die was- en tuimeldrogingsiklusse ’n uitwerking op die handdoekstowwe kan hê. Hoofstukke drie en vier is opgeskryf as twee navorsingsprojekte wat elk ‘n geheel vorm. Die doel van die eerste projek was om die effek van industriële versorgingsprosedures op die duursaamheid van katoen skeringgebreide terriestofhanddoeke met ‘n sintetiese basisstruktuur te bepaal. Die breeksterkte van katoen skeringgebreide terriestofmonsters met ’n sintetiese basisstruktuur is in die skering- en inslagrigtings tydens en na afloop van 10, 20, 30, 40, en 50 was- asook was- en tuimeldrogingsiklusse bepaal. Die breeksterktes in die skeringrigting van die gewaste terriestofmonsters het betekenisvol afgeneem (p < 0.001) na 50 wassiklusse. In teenstelling hiermee het die breeksterktes in die inslagrigting toegeneem, hoewel nie betekenisvol nie (p > 0.05). Wat die vergelyking van die effek van industriële was- en was en tuimeldrogingsiklusse betref, is die breeksterktes in die skeringrigting van die handdoekmonsters wat gewas en gewas/getuimeldroog is, beduidend laer (p < 0.001) na 20 en na 50 versorgingsiklusse. Wat die breeksterktes in die inslagrigting betref het ‘n soortgelyke patroon by die was- en was/tuimeldrogingprosesse voorgekom. Die breeksterktes neem aanvanklik toe en daarna geleidelik af. Verder het die tuimeldrogingsproses na 40 versorgingsiklusse (p = 0.043) en veral na 50 versorgingsiklusse (p < 0.0001) ’n groter skadelike effek getoon. Die doel van die tweede navorsingsprojek was om die duursaamheid van katoen skeringgebreide terriestowwe met ’n nylon basisstruktuur te vergelyk met katoen skeringgebreide terriestowwe met ’n poliëster basisstruktuur nadat dit aan industriële versorgingsprosedures blootgestel is. Daar is eerstens vasgestel of katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriehanddoekstowwe vergelykbaar is. Tweedens is die duursaamheid van katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriestowwe vergelyk deur die breeksterktes van die monsters in die skeringrigting te bepaal nadat dit aan 50 industriële wasasook was- en tuimeldrogingsiklusse blootgestel is. Die twee groepe onbehandelde monsters is as soortgelyk beskou op grond van die persentasie veselsamestelling, breistofstruktuur, breidigtheid, massa en breeksterkte. Na 50 industriële wassiklusse het die breeksterktes van die katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster skeringgebreide terriestofmonsters betekenisvol (p < 0.05) afgeneem. Daar was egter nie ’n betekenisvolle verskil (p > 0.05) tussen die breeksterktes van die katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriestofmonsters na 50 wassiklusse nie. Daar was ’n hoogs betekenisvolle verskil (p < 0.001) tussen die breeksterktes van die katoen/nylon en katoen/poliëster terriestofmonsters na die 50 was/tuimeldrogingsiklusse. Die breeksterkte van die katoen/poliëster terriestofmonsters het na die 50 was/tuimeldrogingsiklusse feitlik onveranderd gebly terwyl die breeksterkte van die katoen/nylon terriestofmonsters hoogs betekenisvol (p < 0.001) afgeneem het.

Os estudos de Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) aplicados ao setor têxtil tiveram inicio na década de 1990, sendo realizados principalmente nos Estados Unidos e na Europa. No Brasil, os estudos de ACV aplicados a produtos têxteis utilizando dados nacionais iniciaram nos últimos dois anos. As normas ISO 14040 e 14044 fornecem a estrutura indispensável para a ACV, no entanto, ainda que balizadas por recomendações, certas escolhas metodológicas são realizadas pelo executor do estudo. Na maioria dos ciclos de vida do produto, há pelo menos um processo que tem mais de um produto como saída, e para o qual não é possível coletar dados em separado, sendo necessário aplicar um procedimento de alocação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da aplicação de diferentes procedimentos de alocação no resultado final de um estudo de ACV aplicado à produção de fibras têxteis, através da análise de estudos publicados e da realização de estudo de caso. A revisão dos estudos publicados na literatura baseou-se no método de revisão bibliográfica sistemática. Dentre as publicações que apresentaram o procedimento de alocação selecionado, o que representa apenas 34% dos estudos, a alocação econômica foi realizada em sete estudos, seguido da alocação baseada em critérios físicos (massa) em cinco estudos. No estudo de caso realizado para a produção de 1 tonelada de fibra de algodão no Brasil, a alocação de todo o impacto para a fibra de algodão resultou em 4120kg/CO2 equivalente, enquanto alocando por massa e critério econômico, respectivamente, obteve-se 1627kg/CO2 equivalente e 3419kg/CO2 equivalente. Para a fibra de politereftalato de etileno (PET), observou-se que o método de alocação selecionado altera a fronteira do estudo, que por sua vez impacta no resultado final. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo reforçam a necessidade de reportar explicitamente as escolhas metodológicas e realizar análise de sensibilidade. / Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) studies applied to the textile sector started in the 1990s, being conducted primarily in the United States and Europe. In Brazil, the LCA studies applied to textiles using national data began in the last two years. The ISO standards 14040 and 14044 provide the necessary structure to the LCA, however, certain methodological choices even that oriented, are made by the analyst. In most product life cycles, there is at least one process that has more than one product as output, and for which it is not possible to collect separate data, being necessary to apply an allocation procedure. This study has aimed to evaluate the influence of applying different allocation procedures in the results of an LCA study applied to textile fibers, through the analysis of published studies and conducting a case study. The review of published studies was performed based on the systematic review method. Among the publications that have presented the allocation procedure selected, which represents only 34% of the studies, economic allocation was performed in seven studies, followed by allocation based on physical criteria (mass) in five studies. In the case study for the production of one ton of cotton fibers in Brazil, allocating the full impact for cotton fiber resulted in 4120kg/CO2 equivalent, while allocating according to mass and economic criteria, respectively, resulted in 1627kg/CO2 equivalent and 3419kg/CO2 equivalent. For the PET fiber, it was observed that the allocation procedure changes the system boundary, and hence the results. The results of this study emphasize the need to explicitly communicate the methodological choices and perform sensitivity analysis on LCA results.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento e caracterização de scaffolds à base de fibras têxteis de alginato, quitosana e híbridas sem e com glicerol para aplicação em engenharia de tecido ósseo. As fibras foram produzidas e utilizadas para o desenvolvimento dos scaffolds e caracterizadas quanto ao título, tenacidade, alongamento e tração. Para a produção dos scaffolds foram testadas quatro metodologias de secagem: à temperatura ambiente, à 25oC, à 45oC e por congelamento em ultrafreezer e liofilização. A metodologia de congelamento em ultrafreezer e liofilização apresentou estruturas mais regulares e foi a selecionada para reprodução dos scaffolds. Os scaffolds foram produzidos com fibras de alginato, quitosana e híbridas sem e com glicerol e caracterizados por: microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, viabilidade celular, DSC/TG, absorção de água e perda de massa, estudo de biomineralização e biodegradação. Os resultados obtidos com o teste de tração das fibras mostraram que as fibras híbridas apresentaram um valor de tenacidade 27,3% maior que as de alginato e 55,2% que de quitosana, indicando que a interação entre os polímeros melhorou a tenacidade. Os ensaios de viabilidade celular realizados tanto com MTT (Brometo de 3-(4,5- dimetiltiazol-2-il)-2,5-difenil-tetrazólio) quanto com cristal violeta mostraram que todos os scaffolds não apresentaram toxicidade, e que nos scaffolds de quitosana sem e com glicerol pode ter ocorrido proliferação celular. Com relação aos ensaios de DSC/TG, os resultados mostraram que nos scaffolds híbridos houve indícios de interação entre os polímeros alginato e quitosana, devido ao deslocamento dos picos endotérmicos e exotérmicos dos híbridos em relação aos de alginato e quitosana, como observado na DSC/TG. Quanto à capacidade de absorção de água e perda de massa os resultados indicaram a possibilidade do glicerol ter funcionado como um estabilizante, pois os scaffolds que o continham em suas estruturas apresentaram maior percentual de absorção de água e menor perda de massa comparados aos que não o continham. No estudo de biomineralização foi detectada presença de hidroxiapatita desde o terceiro dia nos scaffolds de quitosana sem e com glicerol e híbrido sem glicerol. No estudo de biodegradação foi observado um aumento gradual de degradação até o sétimo dia, em que ocorreu um pico de degradação dos scaffolds, seguido por uma estabilidade no décimo dia. Por meio das microscopias realizadas pôde ser observado o ataque da enzima nas estruturas das fibras, também comprovado pelo resultado de concentração dos açúcares redutores. Comparando os scaffolds sem e com glicerol, a presença do glicerol pode ter influenciado na estabilidade das estruturas dos scaffolds. Levando em consideração todos os resultados, pode-se concluir que o scaffold híbrido apresentou bons resultados mecânicos e biológicos, indicando que a mistura dos dois polímeros pode ser considerada um avanço no desenvolvimento do biomaterial / This study aimed the development and characterization of scaffolds based on alginate, chitosan and hybrids textile fibers with and without glycerol for bone tissue engineering. The fibers were produced and used for the development of scaffolds and characterized as the title, tenacity, elongation and traction. For the production of scaffolds four drying methodologies were tested: at room temperature, at 25oC, at 45oC and freeze-drying. The freeze-drying method. The results of freeze-drying method showed more regular structures and this methodology was selected to reproduce the scaffolds. The scaffolds were produced with alginate, chitosan and hybrids fibers with and without glycerol and characterized by: optical and scanning electron microscopy, cell viability, DSC/TG, water absorption and weight loss, biomineralization study and biodegradation. The results obtained with the fibers of the tensile test showed that the hybrid fibers presented better toughness values, comparing to polymers alginate and chitosan: 27.3% higher that alginate and 55.2% that of chitosan, indicating that the interaction between the polymers improved toughness. Cell viability assays performed with MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) - 2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium) and crystal violet showed that all scaffolds showed no toxicity, and that in scaffolds of chitosan with and without glycerol may have occurred cell proliferation. The results of DSC/TG tests showed that the hybrid scaffolds presented evidence of interaction between chitosan and alginate polymers, due to the displacement of the endothermic and exothermic peaks of the hybrid in relation to alginate and chitosan, as observed in the DSC/TG. Regarding water absorption capacity, and weight loss results indicate the possibility of glycerol have worked as a stabilizer, because the scaffolds that contain it in their structures showed a higher percentage of low water absorption and less percentage of weight loss compared to those not contained. In biomineralization study was detected the presence of hydroxyapatite from the third day on scaffolds of chitosan with and without glycerol and hybrid without glycerol. It was observed in the study of biodegradation a gradual increase of degradation up to the seventh day that there was a peak of degradation of the scaffolds, followed by stability in the tenth day. Through microscopy performed could be observed the enzyme attack on the fiber structures also proved by the result of concentration of reducing sugars. Comparing the scaffolds with and without glycerol, the glycerol presence may have influenced the stability of the structures of scaffolds. Considering all the results, it can be concluded that the hybrid scaffold exhibited good mechanical and biological results, indicating that mixing of the two polymers can be considered an advance in the development of biomateria

Dentre a grande variedade de polímeros naturais que podem ser aplicados na área médica, a quitosana e o alginato têm sido amplamente destacados. A quitosana é obtida a partir da desacetilação da quitina que é extraída do exoesqueleto de crustáceos, ou seja, de rejeitos da indústria pesqueira. O alginato é um polissacarídeo obtido de algas, muito utilizado na indústria farmacêutica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a produção de fibras têxteis à base de quitosana, alginato e híbrida (alginato/quitosana) para aplicação na área médica, devido as propriedades de biocompatibilidade, antimicrobiana, cicatrizante, entre outras, presente nesses polímeros. As fibras de quitosana foram preparadas por um gel, dissolvendo a quitosana 2,5% (m/v) em ácido acético 2% (v/v), após a preparação do gel foram extrudadas em uma solução de precipitação contendo sulfato de sódio 0,5M e hidróxido de sódio 1M. As fibras foram produzidas com um gel de alginato a 5% (m/v) através da extrusão em solução de cloreto de cálcio 2% (m/v). As híbridas foram produzidas através da extrusão do gel de alginato em uma solução 0,2% (m/v) de quitosana. Algumas fibras foram produzidas com 2,5 % de glicerol, adicionado diretamente ao gel. As microcopias eletrônicas de varredura (MEV) mostram regularidades ao longo do comprimento e ranhuras laterais nas fibras produzidas. As amostras foram testadas e obtiveram bons valores de absorção de água, chegando a 215% em 30 dias para a fibra híbrida. Quanto a perda de massa, as fibras produzidas com glicerol obtiveram maior degradação. As amostras também foram submetidas a calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) para análise do comportamento térmico. O glicerol foi responsável por deslocar os picos endotérmicos para a direita em relação aquelas sem glicerol, ou seja, em uma temperatura maior, enquanto os picos exotérmicos ocorreram em uma temperatura menor. Nos testes físicos, foi obtido baixos valores de tenacidade e alto título. As fibras são atóxicas e os resultados mostraram a potencialidade do uso desses polímeros na produção de fibras têxteis. / Among the wide variety of natural polymers that can be applied in medical area, chitosan and alginate have beem widely deployed. Chitosan is obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, wich is extracted from the exoskeleton of shellfish, and is characterized as a reject of fishing industry. The alginate is polysaccharides obtained from algae and have commom use in pharmaceutical industry. The objective of this work is the production of textile fibers based on chitosan, alginate, and hybrid (alginate/chitosan) for application in medical field, because of the properties of biocompatibility, antimicrobial, wound healing capability, among others, present in these polymers. The fibers of chitosan were prepared by a gel, by dissolving the chitosan 2.5% (w/v) in acetic acid 2% (v/v), after preparation of the gel, it was made a extrusion in a precipitating solution containing sodium sulfate 0,5 M and sodium hydroxide 1 M. Other fiber was produced using an alginate gel 5% (w/v) by extrusion in calcium chloride solution 2% (w/v). Hybryd fibers were made by extruded the same alginate gel in a chitosan solution 0.2 % (w/v). Some fibers have been produced with 2.5% (w/v) glycerol added directly to the gel. The electronic microscopy shows regularities along the length of lateral. The samples were tested and showed good values of water absorption, reaching 215% in 30 days for the hybrid fiber. As for weight loss, the fibers produced with glycerol had higher degradation. The samples were also subjected to differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to analyze thermal behavior. Glycerol was responsible for the endothermic peaks shift to the right in relation of the one without glycerol, occurring in a higher temperature, while the exotermic peaks occurred at a lower temperature. In the physical tests, was obtained low values of tenacity and high yarn number. The fibers are nontoxic and the results showed the potential use of these polymers in the production of textile fibers.

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bergamasco_DaivesArakem_M.pdf: 2473917 bytes, checksum: f246b9e27a6e46a969245f8ff3666b15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A indústria têxtil vem constantemente investindo tanto no processamento quanto na melhoria de seus produtos. Dentre a gama de materiais se destaca a seda, porém há a necessidade de adequá-la (beneficiamento) no sentido de se obter seu máximo rendimento. O presente trabalho visa apresentar resultados dos processos de degomagem e tratamento corona sobre tecidos de seda por analisar destacadas propriedades físicas tais como hidrofilidade, resistência à tração e perda de massa. Submeteram-se amostras de tecido de seda ao tradicional processo de degomagem com sabão de Marsellha e também pelo processo de tratamento corona. Posteriormente realizaram-se ensaios de hidrofilidade (medidas de ângulo de contato), resistência à tração e perda de massa. Os resultados mostram que: (i) tanto a degomagem quanto o tratamento corona promovem excelente hidrofilidade; no entanto o tempo para completa hidrofilidade é de 45 s quando tratado por corona e de 60 minutos quando por degomagem; (ii) a resistência a tração é maior com o processo corona e (iii) a perda de massa com a degomagem é em média 26% e com o processo corona é de 0,3%. Cabe ressaltar que com o processo corona praticamente não há geração de efluente em comparação com o de degomagem, o que significa outra grande vantagem para a indústria. De acordo com os resultados observam-se grandes vantagens na utilização do processo corona no que tange ao beneficiamento em tecido de seda / Abstract: The textile industry has been constantly investing in the processing and in the improvement of its products. Among the range of materials stands out silk, but there is a need to adjust it (improvement) in order to obtain their maximum efficiency. This paper presents results of degumming processes and corona treatment on silk fabrics by analyzing important physical properties such as hydrophility, tensile strength and weight loss. Underwent silk tissue samples to traditional degumming process Marsellha soap and also for the corona treating process. Subsequently took place hydrophility tests (contact angle measurements), tensile strength and weight loss. The results show that: (i) degumming and corona treatment promote excellent hydrophility; however, the time to complete hydrophility is 45 s when treated by corona and 60 minutes when a degumming; (ii) the tensile strength is higher with the corona process, and (iii) the mass loss is degumming with an average of 26% and the corona process is 0.3%. Note that with the corona process there is no generation of effluent compared to degumming, which means another advantage to the industry. According to the results, there are large advantages in using the corona process with regard to the processing of silk fabric / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Pretreatment of the textile dye wastewater was accomplished using reducing agents. The reducing agents studied were sodium hydrosulfite, thiourea dioxide, and sodium borohydride. Preliminary tests were conducted using just the reducing agents. Although there was color reduction, the reduced wastewater was inhibitory to biological degradation. Additional tests were conducted with sodium hydrosulfite. These included reductions followed by pH adjustment, nutrient addition, pH adjustment and nutrient addition, and lime addition. These tests were also successful in reducing the color but were not biologically degradable. Reduction of the dye wastewater followed by oxidation, however, provided positive results (color reduction and biodegradation). A series of reduction/oxidation experiments on the textile wastewater were performed: treatment of 17 percent, 33 percent, 67 percent, and 100 percent of the textile wastewater stream. The wastewater is composed of 75 percent textile and 25 percent municipal wastewater. For the 17, 33, and 67 percent of the textile wastewater pretreated with reduction/oxidation, untreated textile and municipal wastewater were added before transfer into sequencing batch reactors for biological treatment. For the 100 percent textile wastewater stream, the initial, untreated parameters were: 2650 American Dye Manufactures Institute (ADMI) color; 780 mg/L COD; 211 mg/L TOC; and 182 mg/L BOD. The reduction/oxidation pretreatment followed by biological treatment resulted in effluent values of 615 ADMI color (77 percent reduction), 310 mg/L COD (60 percent reduction), 82 mg/L TOC (61 percent reduction), and 62 mg/L BOD (66 percent reduction). / Master of Science