Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert Grundlagen, Versuchstechniken und neue Erkenntnisse des Systems Spinnennetz. Die bereits vorhandenen Kenntnisse über dieses Vorbild aus der Natur werden erweitert und bemerkenswerte Eigenschaften identifiziert. Spinnenseide ist ein herausragendes Biopolymer, dass herkömmliche synthetische Fasern in einer Reihe von Eigenschaften übertrifft. Der Bionik und Materialforschung ist es ein Anliegen diese Fähigkeiten zu nutzen. Besonders die Fähigkeiten der Seide zur Absorption kinetischer Energien stechen hervor. Neuste Fortschritte in der rekombinaten Herstellung versprechen, diesen Werkstoff in naher Zukunft in großen Mengen synthetisch herstellen zu können. Zu Beginn wird ein Überblick über die besonderen Eigenschaften von Spinnenseide und -netz, sowie den bisherigen Forschungsstand gegeben. Außerdem werden die notwendigen mathematischen Grundlagen zur Analyse von Schwingungen erarbeitet. Dabei wird außerdem das Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) und dessen Berechnungsmethoden erläutert. Anhand verschiedener Quellen wird ein standardisiertes SRS entworfen und in Form eines Matlab-Skriptes implementiert. Für die Versuche werden Netze der Spinnenart Argiope Argentata verwendet. Zur Vermessung wird ein Versuchsaufbau entworfen und aufgebaut, um die Netze mit Projektilen in Schwingung zu versetzen. Die resultierenden Schwingungen werden mit Interferometern aufgezeichnet. Mit einer Reihe von Auswertungsskripten werden die Messungen detailliert analysiert, um Eigenschaften zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren. Außerdem wird das SRS des Netzes berechnet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das Netz ein dynamisches System ist, dessen Eigenschaften nur beschränkt durch bisherige, lineare Modelle beschrieben werden können. Insbesondere die Steifigkeit kann als dynamischer Parameter ausgemacht werden. Eine Reihe weiterer Parameter, wie z.B. die Energiedissipation werden quantifiziert. Im Anschluss wird ein erweitertes Modell entwickelt, dass die dynamischen Parameter berücksichtigt. Ein Vergleich mit den Messergebnissen zeigt die sehr gute Übereinstimmung des erweiterten, dynamischen Modells. Um weitere Details der Eigenschaften zu untersuchen, werden außerdem die viskoelastischen Materialeigenschaften in ein dynamisches Materialmodell aufgenommen. Ergebnis der Arbeit sind neue Kenntnisse über das System Spinnennetz, die die Erwartungen übertreffen. Zum Abschluss wird ein detaillierter Ausblick gegeben, um das Forschungsthema im breitem Umfang fortzusetzen. Die Arbeit präsentiert dazu mehrere Ansätze. / The work in hand presents basics, experimental techniques and new insights on the system spider web. The knowledge about this natural paragon is enhanced and remarkable properties are identified. Spider silk is an outstanding bio polymer that shows promising properties and exceeds conventional synthetic silks in many properties by far. It is a long desire of bionic and material science to use these abilities. Especially the capability of the silk to absorb relatively high kinetic energies is outstanding. New progress in the recombinant production is promising to produce it in the near future in great quantities. First an overview of the special properties of spider silks and the web is given. After that the necessary mathematical basis for the analysis of vibrations is worked out. Under this point the Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) and his calculation methods are explained. Based on different sources a standardized SRS is developed and implemented in a Matlab-script. In the experiments webs of the spider specie Argiope Argentata are used. For the measurements an experimental setup is developed and put in place to use projectiles to stimulate vibrations of the webs. The resulting vibrations are measured with laser interferometers. Using developed evaluation scripts the measurements are analysed in detail to identify and quantify properties. In addition the SRS is calculated. It is shown that the web is a dynamic system and the properties can only narrowly be described using previous linear models. Especially the stiffness is determined as a dynamic parameter, that depends on displacement and velocity. A series of additional parameters as for example the energy dissipation are quantified. Following an extended model is developed, which considers the dynamic parameters. A comparison with the measurements shows the excellent accordance of the extended dynamic model. To investigate other details of the properties the viscoelastic material properties are added to a dynamic material model. The result of the work is enhanced knowledge about the system spider web, which extends previous expectations. At the end a detailed outlook is given to continue the research topic in a broad scope. For this several approaches are presented. / Tesis

Orientador: Marco Antonio Martin Biaggioni / Banca: João Alberto Borges de Araújo / Banca: Angelo Cataneo / Resumo: O processo de secagem do casulo de bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.) é de suma importância, visto que, além de impedir a eclosão e perfuração do casulo, pela mariposa, executar a desnaturação sericínica e dar condições adequadas para o armazenamento, tem como prioridade manter a qualidade dos fios e teor de seda, proporcionando resistência no processo de desenrolamento, e atuar também, como um conservador do valor comercial da fibra. Com o objetivo de racionalizar a energia consumida durante o processo de secagem, sem comprometer a qualidade final do produto, realizou-se uma análise de viabilidade do processo de secagem combinada (alta e baixa temperatura) de casulos de seda, tendo como referência a secagem convencional em alta temperatura. O experimento foi realizado na Fiação BRATAC S/A, situada na cidade de Duartina-SP, e os tratamentos testados foram: a) secagem convencional, em alta temperatura, em secador multi-correia, modelo Yamato de 10 degraus (esteiras); b) secagem combinada com a fase de alta temperatura durante os primeiros 30minutos; c) secagem combinada com a fase de alta temperatura durante os primeiros 60minutos; d) secagem combinada com a fase de alta temperatura durante os primeiros 90minutos. A fase de baixa temperatura, na secagem combinada, foi conduzida em protótipo até atingir teor de umidade de equilíbrio. As variáveis de qualidade analisadas foram o rendimento do fio a partir do peso médio do casulo e o índice obtido no teste de "Kaijyo". Ao final, realizou-se, ainda, uma análise comparativa entre os consumos energéticos de cada sistema de secagem. Os resultados indicaram melhor qualidade e desempenho para os tratamentos que utilizaram a secagem combinada, com a fase dos 60 minutos iniciais de alta temperatura da secagem convencional / Abstract: The process of silkworm cocoon Bombyx mori L. drying is of substance importance. Not only it impedes the cocoon appearance and perforation by the moth, executes sericinical denaturation, and offers appropriate conditions for the storage, but also its priorities are to maintain the threads and silk tenor quality, to provide resistance in the unrolling process, and to act as the fiber commercial value preserver. With the objective of rationalizing the energy consumed during the drying process, without committing the product final quality, we carried on a combined drying process (high and low temperature) viability analysis of the silk cocoons, using as a reference the conventional drying in high temperature. The experiment was performed at Fiação BRATAC S/A, located in the city of Duartina, São Paulo, Brazil, and tested treatments were: a) conventional drying in high temperature with multi-belt dryer, model Yamato of 10 steps (matting); b) combined drying with high temperature during the first 30 minutes; c) combined drying with high temperature during the first 60 minutes; d) combined drying with high temperature during the first 90 minutes. The phase of low temperature in the combined drying was driven in prototype until reaching balance moisture content. Quality variables analyzed were the thread output from the cocoon medium weight and the obtained index on "Kaijyo" test. At the end, we also performed a comparative analysis between energy consumptions of each drying system. The results indicated better quality and performance for treatments that used combined drying with high temperature during the first 60 minutes / Mestre

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2012. / Submitted by Albânia Cézar de Melo (albania@bce.unb.br) on 2012-10-10T15:24:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_PaulaElizabethFariasOliveira.pdf: 18875208 bytes, checksum: 7cd69548c1b2b88c1b00e78a57e23e31 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2012-10-15T10:56:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_PaulaElizabethFariasOliveira.pdf: 18875208 bytes, checksum: 7cd69548c1b2b88c1b00e78a57e23e31 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-15T10:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_PaulaElizabethFariasOliveira.pdf: 18875208 bytes, checksum: 7cd69548c1b2b88c1b00e78a57e23e31 (MD5) / Sedas de aranhas são caracterizadas pela diversidade química, estrutural e funcional, variando de sedas muito elásticas (flageliforme) a fibras extremamente resistentes (linha de segurança). Para melhor entender a relação entre o comportamento elastomérico da seda flageliforme e sua estrutura molecular, foi expressa uma proteína recombinante em bactéria baseada na sequência nativa da flageliforme (Flag) da aranha Nephilengys cruentata e, a partir dessa proteína, foi polimerizada uma fibra sintética. Estudos de espectroscopia Raman das fibras sintéticas mostraram que a proteína Flag recombinante possui uma mistura de várias estruturas secundárias, dominada por estruturas helicoidais e β-turn. Análises de dispersão de raios X de grandes ângulos (WAXS) mostrou a presença de dois anéis difusos de diferentes intensidades que são consistentes com a presença de estruturas helicoidais. Análise de microscopia de força atômica (MFA) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) mostrou que a superfície dessa fibra sintética é amorfa o que sugere que processo de extrusão e a sequência primária da proteína interfere nas propriedades físicas da fibra. Uma proteína recombinante baseada na sequência da proteína MaSp1, presente na seda linha de segurança da aranha, Parawixia bistriata também foi expressa em bactéria e fibras recombinantes foram formadas. Após a extrusão essas fibras foram processadas. Testes mecânicos mostraram que as fibras processadas possuem melhores propriedades mecânicas. Estudos de espectroscopia Raman e WAXS dessas fibras revelaram que o processamento promove a formação de folhas-β, o que indica que esse processo é muito importante na formação correta das estruturas secundárias, o que leva a formação de fibras de melhor qualidade. A análise do tipo MFA mostrou que a fibra não processada é caracterizada pela presença de estruturas nanoglobulares, enquanto a fibra processada apresenta uma aparência lisa e uniforme. O presente estudo avaliou fibras Flag e MaSp1 sintéticas descrevendo suas conformações, propriedades mecânicas, orientação das proteínas e detalhes das superficies das fibras, além de sua organização molecular interna. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Spider silk are characterized by diversity in their chemistry, structure and functions, ranging from very extensible silk (flagelliform) and remarkably strong fiber (dragline). In order to better understand the relationship between the elastomeric behavior of flagelliform silk and its molecular structure, we expressed a recombinant silk protein based on the native flagelliform protein (Flag) from Nephilengys cruentata and spun it into fibers. Raman spectroscopy studies of the synthetic fibers showed that the Flag-like protein accommodated a mixture of several secondary structures, dominated by helical and β-turn structures. Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) data shows the presence of two diffuse rings of different intensities that are consistent with the presence of helical structures. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analyses showed that the surface of the synthetic fiber was amorphous suggesting that the physical properties of Flag-like spider silk depend on the spinning process and on the primary sequence of the Flag-like protein. We also expressed a recombinant protein based on Parawixia bistriata Major Ampullate Spidroin 1 (MaSp1) from dragline and spun into fibers. As spun fibers were post spin stretched. Mechanical test results showed that postspin stretched fibers had better overall mechanical properties. Raman spectroscopy and WAXS studies of those fibers revealed that the postspin treatment promoted the formation of β-sheet, indicating that this process is key to help the proteins in the fiber form correct secondary structures, leading to better quality fibers. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analyses showed that the surface of these as spun fibres is characterized by the presence of nanoglobular structures, while the topographical landscape of postspin stretched fibers is uniform and smooth. The present study was able to evaluate synthetic Flag-like and MaSp1-like fibers describing the conformation, mechanical properties, orientation of the proteins and unique details of the synthetic spider fibers surface structure and internal molecular organization.

Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert Grundlagen, Versuchstechniken und neue Erkenntnisse des Systems Spinnennetz. Die bereits vorhandenen Kenntnisse über dieses Vorbild aus der Natur werden erweitert und bemerkenswerte Eigenschaften identifiziert. Spinnenseide ist ein herausragendes Biopolymer, dass herkömmliche synthetische Fasern in einer Reihe von Eigenschaften übertrifft. Der Bionik und Materialforschung ist es ein Anliegen diese Fähigkeiten zu nutzen. Besonders die Fähigkeiten der Seide zur Absorption kinetischer Energien stechen hervor. Neuste Fortschritte in der rekombinaten Herstellung versprechen, diesen Werkstoff in naher Zukunft in großen Mengen synthetisch herstellen zu können. Zu Beginn wird ein Überblick über die besonderen Eigenschaften von Spinnenseide und -netz, sowie den bisherigen Forschungsstand gegeben. Außerdem werden die notwendigen mathematischen Grundlagen zur Analyse von Schwingungen erarbeitet. Dabei wird außerdem das Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) und dessen Berechnungsmethoden erläutert. Anhand verschiedener Quellen wird ein standardisiertes SRS entworfen und in Form eines Matlab-Skriptes implementiert. Für die Versuche werden Netze der Spinnenart Argiope Argentata verwendet. Zur Vermessung wird ein Versuchsaufbau entworfen und aufgebaut, um die Netze mit Projektilen in Schwingung zu versetzen. Die resultierenden Schwingungen werden mit Interferometern aufgezeichnet. Mit einer Reihe von Auswertungsskripten werden die Messungen detailliert analysiert, um Eigenschaften zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren. Außerdem wird das SRS des Netzes berechnet. Dabei zeigt sich, dass das Netz ein dynamisches System ist, dessen Eigenschaften nur beschränkt durch bisherige, lineare Modelle beschrieben werden können. Insbesondere die Steifigkeit kann als dynamischer Parameter ausgemacht werden. Eine Reihe weiterer Parameter, wie z.B. die Energiedissipation werden quantifiziert. Im Anschluss wird ein erweitertes Modell entwickelt, dass die dynamischen Parameter berücksichtigt. Ein Vergleich mit den Messergebnissen zeigt die sehr gute Übereinstimmung des erweiterten, dynamischen Modells. Um weitere Details der Eigenschaften zu untersuchen, werden außerdem die viskoelastischen Materialeigenschaften in ein dynamisches Materialmodell aufgenommen. Ergebnis der Arbeit sind neue Kenntnisse über das System Spinnennetz, die die Erwartungen übertreffen. Zum Abschluss wird ein detaillierter Ausblick gegeben, um das Forschungsthema im breitem Umfang fortzusetzen. Die Arbeit präsentiert dazu mehrere Ansätze. / The work in hand presents basics, experimental techniques and new insights on the system spider web. The knowledge about this natural paragon is enhanced and remarkable properties are identified. Spider silk is an outstanding bio polymer that shows promising properties and exceeds conventional synthetic silks in many properties by far. It is a long desire of bionic and material science to use these abilities. Especially the capability of the silk to absorb relatively high kinetic energies is outstanding. New progress in the recombinant production is promising to produce it in the near future in great quantities. First an overview of the special properties of spider silks and the web is given. After that the necessary mathematical basis for the analysis of vibrations is worked out. Under this point the Shock Response Spectrum (SRS) and his calculation methods are explained. Based on different sources a standardized SRS is developed and implemented in a Matlab-script. In the experiments webs of the spider specie Argiope Argentata are used. For the measurements an experimental setup is developed and put in place to use projectiles to stimulate vibrations of the webs. The resulting vibrations are measured with laser interferometers. Using developed evaluation scripts the measurements are analysed in detail to identify and quantify properties. In addition the SRS is calculated. It is shown that the web is a dynamic system and the properties can only narrowly be described using previous linear models. Especially the stiffness is determined as a dynamic parameter, that depends on displacement and velocity. A series of additional parameters as for example the energy dissipation are quantified. Following an extended model is developed, which considers the dynamic parameters. A comparison with the measurements shows the excellent accordance of the extended dynamic model. To investigate other details of the properties the viscoelastic material properties are added to a dynamic material model. The result of the work is enhanced knowledge about the system spider web, which extends previous expectations. At the end a detailed outlook is given to continue the research topic in a broad scope. For this several approaches are presented. / Tesis

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zeigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Eigenfrequenz des Spinnennetzes, dessen Geometrie, dem Eigengewicht der Netzspinne und der äquivalenten Vorspannung. Hypothese dieser Masterarbeit ist, dass die Eigenfrequenz von Spinnennetzen konstant ist. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit zeigt jedoch, dass dies nur bedingt richtig ist. Wir belegen dies mit unseren Experimenten mit verschiedenen Individuen der Spinnenart Argiope Argentata durch Ermittlung derer Eigengewichte und der Eigenfrequenzen der erbauten Spinnennetze. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass die Webnetzspinne die Netzvorspannung nicht proportional zu ihrem Eigengewicht erhöht, so dass die Eigenfrequenz für verschiedene Netze nicht konstant bleibt. Es wird das Vorhandensein eines Eigenfrequenzbereichs vermutet, da ihr Gewicht und ihre Möglichkeiten zur Vorspannung in einem bestimmten Bereich liegen. Eigenfrequenzen von Spinnennetzen werden mit dem in dieser Arbeit erweiterten Schwingungsmodell und auf Basis verö entlichter Arbeiten berechnet. / Previous theoretical work links the natural frequency of a spiderweb to its geometry, the spider's weight, and the equivalent preloaded tension. A common assumption is that the natural frequency of spiderwebs created by a spider species is constant. However, our study proves that this is not necessarily true. More speci cally, there exists a range of natural frequency for spiderwebs from the same species, as the spider's weight, the geometry and the preloaded tension of a spider's type have a range. We conduct our experiments with di erent ArgiopeArgentata spiders by collecting the spiders' weight and the natural frequency of the webs. Our empirical data show that as the web spider weight increases, the preloaded tension does not increase proportionally and thus, the natural frequency does not remain constant for di erent webs. Natural frequencies are calculated with our adjusted model and published theoretical work. / Tesis

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Biologia Celular, 2014. / Submitted by Ana Cristina Barbosa da Silva (annabds@hotmail.com) on 2014-10-10T19:39:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_OtavioBravimdaSilva.pdf: 1922867 bytes, checksum: dbcb4c4c303fda4471705d99bcd96cbd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2014-10-14T13:22:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_OtavioBravimdaSilva.pdf: 1922867 bytes, checksum: dbcb4c4c303fda4471705d99bcd96cbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-14T13:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2014_OtavioBravimdaSilva.pdf: 1922867 bytes, checksum: dbcb4c4c303fda4471705d99bcd96cbd (MD5) / As sedas produzidas pelos aracnídeos são essencialmente constituídas de proteínas, as quais são secretadas por glândulas específicas, sendo também encontradas em diferentes grupos de artrópodes. Todos os individuos da classe dos aracnídeos produzem sedas, com diversas funções, sendo todas essas sedas sintetizadas por glândulas presentes no abdômen e polimerizadas por meio de uma série de estruturas denominadas fiandeiras ou fieiras, que são anexos finais da glândula. As aranhas podem possuir em seu corpo ate sete tipos diferentes de glândulas produtoras de seda. Sendo assim, diferentes glândulas produzem diferentes fibras, permitindo então a comparação entre a fibra produzida e sua função, pois cada uma possui propriedades distintas, sendo compostas por motivos de sequência, que conferem a cada uma suas propriedades. Há anos as sedas de aranha tem sido estudadas devido a sua resistência mecânica, que é extremamente superior a do bicho-da-seda. A dificuldade de obtenção dessas sedas através da domesticação de aranhas, que são extremamente agressivas e territorialistas, aliada a possibilidade de produção de novos materiais com propriedades semelhantes, motivaram o desenvolvimento de estrategias alternativas para a producao dessa seda, utilizando a tecnologia do DNArecombinante. Este projeto visou a manipulação e expressão de biopolimeros produzidos a partir de um gene isolado da glandula ampola da principal, produtora de seda da aranha brasileira Parawixia bistriata emmicroorganismos do dominio Bactéria também modificados para possivel aumento da expressão desta proteína. Após produção e purificação, as proteínas de seda foram extruidas para formação de fibra e analises estruturais foram feitas para verificação da qualidade do processo de extrusão, bem como identificação de algumas características moleculares da proteína. _______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / Silks produced by spiders are mainly consisting of proteins, which aresecreted by specific glands, also found in different arthropod groups. Allindividual from the Arachnida class produce silks with different functions, allthese silks are synthesized by glands in the abdomen and polymerizedthrough a series of structures called spinnerets, final appendix of the silkglands. Spiders can have on your body up to seven different types of silkproducingglands. Thus, different glands produce different fibers, thusallowing a comparison between the fiber produced and its function, becauseeach one has different properties and is composed of repetitive amino acidmodules that give each one its properties. For years the spider silks havebeen studied due to its mechanical strength, which is far superior tosilkworm silk. The difficulty of obtaining these silks through thedomestication of spiders, which are extremely aggressive and territorial,combined with the possibility of producing new materials with similarproperties, motivated the development of alternatives for the production ofthis silk strategies using recombinant DNA technology. This project aimed atthe manipulation and expression of biopolymers produced from a geneisolated from the major ampulate gland from the Brazilian spider Parawixiabistriata, which produce spider silk, in microorganisms of the domainBacteria also modified to increase the expression of this protein. Afterproduction and purification, the silk proteins were spun into fibers andstructural analysis were made for verification of the quality of the spinprocess, as well to identify some molecular characteristics of the protein.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:11:23Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cunha_rm_me_botfca.pdf: 576683 bytes, checksum: 3ccc68c12b386b2fff0d5b9d7df433b9 (MD5) / O processo de secagem do casulo de bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.) é de suma importância, visto que, além de impedir a eclosão e perfuração do casulo, pela mariposa, executar a desnaturação sericínica e dar condições adequadas para o armazenamento, tem como prioridade manter a qualidade dos fios e teor de seda, proporcionando resistência no processo de desenrolamento, e atuar também, como um conservador do valor comercial da fibra. Com o objetivo de racionalizar a energia consumida durante o processo de secagem, sem comprometer a qualidade final do produto, realizou-se uma análise de viabilidade do processo de secagem combinada (alta e baixa temperatura) de casulos de seda, tendo como referência a secagem convencional em alta temperatura. O experimento foi realizado na Fiação BRATAC S/A, situada na cidade de Duartina-SP, e os tratamentos testados foram: a) secagem convencional, em alta temperatura, em secador multi-correia, modelo Yamato de 10 degraus (esteiras); b) secagem combinada com a fase de alta temperatura durante os primeiros 30minutos; c) secagem combinada com a fase de alta temperatura durante os primeiros 60minutos; d) secagem combinada com a fase de alta temperatura durante os primeiros 90minutos. A fase de baixa temperatura, na secagem combinada, foi conduzida em protótipo até atingir teor de umidade de equilíbrio. As variáveis de qualidade analisadas foram o rendimento do fio a partir do peso médio do casulo e o índice obtido no teste de “Kaijyo”. Ao final, realizou-se, ainda, uma análise comparativa entre os consumos energéticos de cada sistema de secagem. Os resultados indicaram melhor qualidade e desempenho para os tratamentos que utilizaram a secagem combinada, com a fase dos 60 minutos iniciais de alta temperatura da secagem convencional / The process of silkworm cocoon Bombyx mori L. drying is of substance importance. Not only it impedes the cocoon appearance and perforation by the moth, executes sericinical denaturation, and offers appropriate conditions for the storage, but also its priorities are to maintain the threads and silk tenor quality, to provide resistance in the unrolling process, and to act as the fiber commercial value preserver. With the objective of rationalizing the energy consumed during the drying process, without committing the product final quality, we carried on a combined drying process (high and low temperature) viability analysis of the silk cocoons, using as a reference the conventional drying in high temperature. The experiment was performed at Fiação BRATAC S/A, located in the city of Duartina, São Paulo, Brazil, and tested treatments were: a) conventional drying in high temperature with multi-belt dryer, model Yamato of 10 steps (matting); b) combined drying with high temperature during the first 30 minutes; c) combined drying with high temperature during the first 60 minutes; d) combined drying with high temperature during the first 90 minutes. The phase of low temperature in the combined drying was driven in prototype until reaching balance moisture content. Quality variables analyzed were the thread output from the cocoon medium weight and the obtained index on Kaijyo test. At the end, we also performed a comparative analysis between energy consumptions of each drying system. The results indicated better quality and performance for treatments that used combined drying with high temperature during the first 60 minutes

Wissenschaftliche Arbeiten zeigen einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Eigenfrequenz des Spinnennetzes, dessen Geometrie, dem Eigengewicht der Netzspinne und der äquivalenten Vorspannung. Hypothese dieser Masterarbeit ist, dass die Eigenfrequenz von Spinnennetzen konstant ist. Die vorliegende Masterarbeit zeigt jedoch, dass dies nur bedingt richtig ist. Wir belegen dies mit unseren Experimenten mit verschiedenen Individuen der Spinnenart Argiope Argentata durch Ermittlung derer Eigengewichte und der Eigenfrequenzen der erbauten Spinnennetze. Unsere Daten zeigen, dass die Webnetzspinne die Netzvorspannung nicht proportional zu ihrem Eigengewicht erhöht, so dass die Eigenfrequenz für verschiedene Netze nicht konstant bleibt. Es wird das Vorhandensein eines Eigenfrequenzbereichs vermutet, da ihr Gewicht und ihre Möglichkeiten zur Vorspannung in einem bestimmten Bereich liegen. Eigenfrequenzen von Spinnennetzen werden mit dem in dieser Arbeit erweiterten Schwingungsmodell und auf Basis verö entlichter Arbeiten berechnet. / Previous theoretical work links the natural frequency of a spiderweb to its geometry, the spider's weight, and the equivalent preloaded tension. A common assumption is that the natural frequency of spiderwebs created by a spider species is constant. However, our study proves that this is not necessarily true. More speci cally, there exists a range of natural frequency for spiderwebs from the same species, as the spider's weight, the geometry and the preloaded tension of a spider's type have a range. We conduct our experiments with di erent ArgiopeArgentata spiders by collecting the spiders' weight and the natural frequency of the webs. Our empirical data show that as the web spider weight increases, the preloaded tension does not increase proportionally and thus, the natural frequency does not remain constant for di erent webs. Natural frequencies are calculated with our adjusted model and published theoretical work. / Tesis

En la presente tesis se obtuvo las propiedades elásticas del adhesivo de la seda víscida producida por arañas de la especie Argiope Argentata. Las muestras de seda de esta especie se obtuvieron a partir de ejemplares capturados en las cercanías a los pantanos de Villa en el distrito de Chorrillos, estos ejemplares fueron criados en amplias cajas de cartón y alimentados con gusanos tenebrio molitor, la seda con el adhesivo para desarrollar los ensayos es obtenida de la tela tejida por la propia araña, debido a que este adhesivo sólo es depositado en los hilos circunferenciales de la telaraña. Para hallar el Módulo de Young o Módulo Elástico de este adhesivo, se realizaron ensayos de nanoindentación con un Microscopio de Fuerza Atómica o AFM por sus siglas en inglés. Al desarrollar este tipo de ensayo sobre un material blando como lo es un adhesivo, se busca obtener la deflexión de la viga en voladizo, o cantiléver (inglés), del AFM y la Fuerza de contacto entre el cantiléver y el adhesivo. Obtenemos la Deflexión y la Fuerza de contacto para cada punto del ensayo de nanoindentacion, entonces usamos el modelo de Hertz para superficies en contacto y aproximamos la relación obtenida al modelo teórico, así hallamos el módulo de elasticidad para cada punto del ensayo de nanoindentación sobre la muestra del adhesivo. Se obtuvieron un total de 208 módulos elásticos sobre las dos muestras obtenidas con mejor resolución del AFM. Los resultados del módulo de elasticidad hallados se encuentran en su mayoría en el rango de 20 y 100 KPa, adicionalmente y siguiendo el criterio de C. Dahlquist, tendríamos que el adhesivo de esta especie de araña es un adhesivo con muy buenas propiedades adherentes. No se encontró literatura sobre este procedimiento en otras especies de arañas, por lo cual comparamos los datos obtenidos con literatura encontrada de experimentos en adhesivos de insectos u otros sistemas biológicos. / Tesis

Orientador: João Sinézio de Carvalho Campos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T11:45:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bergamasco_DaivesArakem_M.pdf: 2473917 bytes, checksum: f246b9e27a6e46a969245f8ff3666b15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: A indústria têxtil vem constantemente investindo tanto no processamento quanto na melhoria de seus produtos. Dentre a gama de materiais se destaca a seda, porém há a necessidade de adequá-la (beneficiamento) no sentido de se obter seu máximo rendimento. O presente trabalho visa apresentar resultados dos processos de degomagem e tratamento corona sobre tecidos de seda por analisar destacadas propriedades físicas tais como hidrofilidade, resistência à tração e perda de massa. Submeteram-se amostras de tecido de seda ao tradicional processo de degomagem com sabão de Marsellha e também pelo processo de tratamento corona. Posteriormente realizaram-se ensaios de hidrofilidade (medidas de ângulo de contato), resistência à tração e perda de massa. Os resultados mostram que: (i) tanto a degomagem quanto o tratamento corona promovem excelente hidrofilidade; no entanto o tempo para completa hidrofilidade é de 45 s quando tratado por corona e de 60 minutos quando por degomagem; (ii) a resistência a tração é maior com o processo corona e (iii) a perda de massa com a degomagem é em média 26% e com o processo corona é de 0,3%. Cabe ressaltar que com o processo corona praticamente não há geração de efluente em comparação com o de degomagem, o que significa outra grande vantagem para a indústria. De acordo com os resultados observam-se grandes vantagens na utilização do processo corona no que tange ao beneficiamento em tecido de seda / Abstract: The textile industry has been constantly investing in the processing and in the improvement of its products. Among the range of materials stands out silk, but there is a need to adjust it (improvement) in order to obtain their maximum efficiency. This paper presents results of degumming processes and corona treatment on silk fabrics by analyzing important physical properties such as hydrophility, tensile strength and weight loss. Underwent silk tissue samples to traditional degumming process Marsellha soap and also for the corona treating process. Subsequently took place hydrophility tests (contact angle measurements), tensile strength and weight loss. The results show that: (i) degumming and corona treatment promote excellent hydrophility; however, the time to complete hydrophility is 45 s when treated by corona and 60 minutes when a degumming; (ii) the tensile strength is higher with the corona process, and (iii) the mass loss is degumming with an average of 26% and the corona process is 0.3%. Note that with the corona process there is no generation of effluent compared to degumming, which means another advantage to the industry. According to the results, there are large advantages in using the corona process with regard to the processing of silk fabric / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestra em Engenharia Química