Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1988.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1988.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Arizona, 1993.

Metodologia: Na primeira parte desse trabalho realizou-se um estudo descritivo sobre aspectos relacionados a aids e sexualidade com a populaÃÃo dos profissionais mÃdicos, enfermeiros e agentes de saÃde das equipes do PSF (programa saÃde da famÃlia) do municÃpio de Fortaleza.O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi uma adaptaÃÃo do questionÃrio da pesquisa nacional acerca do Comportamento Sexual da PopulaÃÃo Brasileira, elaborado pelo MinistÃrio da SaÃde, no ano de 2000. Na segunda fase da pesquisa foi feito um estudo qualitativo com a formaÃÃo de grupos focais, com esta mesma populaÃÃo, abordando temas relacionados à aids e a sexualidade humana. A partir de um conjunto de referÃncias para os estudos sobre AIDS (os estudos da Antropologia) e levantamentos feitos por estudiosos na Ãrea, chegou-se aos seguintes eixos norteadores: I) as prÃticas sexuais como prÃticas sociais; II) A construÃÃo social das prÃticas sexuais acompanha o dinamismo das culturas e III) as prÃticas sexuais que sÃo prÃticas sociais, sÃo vividas por sujeitos multidimensionais. Resultados da primeira etapa: a pesquisa apontou que a prÃtica sexual entre pessoas do mesmo sexo e a existÃncia de relaÃÃes extraconjugais foi amplamente rejeitada pelos participantes da pesquisa. Apesar de quase todos haverem realizado treinamentos em aids, alguns revelaram que a doenÃa se pode pegar usando banheiros pÃblicos, fazendo-se uso da camisinha masculina ou feminina ou usando o mesmo talher de pessoas contaminadas. A maioria apontou que os preservativos sÃo desagradÃveis mas mesmo assim deve-se usÃ-los para se evitar a aids. Resultados da segunda etapa: O estudo nos revelou uma concepÃÃo mÃtica que envolve aspectos relacionados à doenÃa colocando-a ,quase sempre, como uma coisa do outro; o preservativo por sua vez, adquiriu um status de instrumento de intermediaÃÃo na relaÃÃo de poder; vislumbrando-se, tambÃm, uma concepÃÃo de naturalizaÃÃo nas relaÃÃes interpessoais mediadas por essas relaÃÃes de poder. ConclusÃes: Vimos que as opiniÃes desses profissionais, apesar de todo o arsenal de conhecimentos especÃficos e treinamentos impetrados, sÃo atravessadas por uma forte influÃncia biomÃdica de assepsia dos corpos e por um conjunto de vivÃncias e valores que nÃo se diferenciam muito da populaÃÃo com a qual atuam, levando-se a refletir de que modo se està dando suporte a essa dialogicidade entre o profissional e a comunidade. / Methodology: In the first part of this work a research was carried through became fullfilled a descriptive study on the population of the medical professionals, nurses and health agents who compose the teams of the PSF of the city of Fortaleza. The instrument of collection of data were an adaptation of the questionnaire used in the national research concerning the Sexual Behavior of the Brazilian Population, carried through for the Health department, in the year of 2000. At as a moment a qualitative study with the accomplishment of focal groups was made, with this same population, that approached subjects related to the AIDS and sexuality. After bibliographical survey of the authors who present works of relevance related to the subject we arrive at the following axles that had guided our look had been: I) practical sexual as practical the social ones; Practical II) the social construction of the sexual ones follow the dynamism of the cultures and practical III) the sexual ones are lived by multidimensionais.Resultados citizens of the first stage: the research pointed that practical sexual between people of the same sex and existence of extramarital relations widely it was rejected by the participants of the research. Although almost all to have carried through training in AIDS, some had disclosed that the illness if can catch using public bathrooms, becoming use of the masculine or feminine condom in the sexual relation or using the same place setting of contaminated people. The majority pointed that the condoms are ackward but exactly thus it must be used to prevent aid. Results of the second stage: The study in it disclosed a conception to them mythical that involves aspects related to the illness placing it, almost always, as a thing of the other; the condom in turn, acquired a status of instrument of intermediation in the relation of being able; glimpsing also a naturalization in the interpersonal relations mediated by these relations of being able. Conclusions: It was observed that it has a economic difference partner enters the professionals of the team of the PSF thus characterizing a difference of classrooms and sort permeado for intrinsic relations of being able. We saw that the opinions of these professionals, although all the armory of specific knowledge and petitioned training, are crossed by one strong biomedical influence of asepsis of the bodies, characterized for a set of experiences and values that are not differentiated very of the population in general.

Orientador: Pablo Agustin Vargas / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T16:11:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gondak_RogeriodeOliveira_M.pdf: 4633053 bytes, checksum: caf2bde22b30d4aa164517dc0dd6ffaf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: A língua de pacientes com AIDS é acometida freqüentemente por infecções oportunistas e neoplasias. O objetivo deste estudo foi quantificar as células de Langerhans (CL) presentes em regiões lesionais e não lesionais na língua de pacientes autopsiados com AIDS em fase avançada, correlacionando a diminuição das CL com a presença de patologias infecciosas em diferentes regiões da língua (anterior, média, posterior e lateral) e comparar estes achados com a língua de pacientes HIV negativos. Foram utilizadas neste trabalho as línguas de 40 pacientes autopsiados com AIDS divididos em 04 grupos (10 com candidose lingual, 10 com herpes lingual, 10 com leucoplasia pilosa oral e 10 sem lesões em língua) e as línguas de 23 pacientes autopsiados (grupo controle) que morreram por outras patologias não associadas à AIDS e que não apresentaram patologias em língua. Realizamos estudo imunoistoquímico com os marcadores HLA-DR, CD1a e CD83 para identificar as CL e quantificá-las por meio de análise histomorfométrica. O índice de positividade foi obtido através da leitura de 7 campos seqüenciados orientados por ocular micrométrica. As células positivas foram contadas para cada um dos anticorpos nas quatro diferentes regiões da língua e os resultados expressos em células positivas por área de epitélio e por comprimento de membrana basal. O anticorpo HLA-DR mostrou a presença média das CL na língua dos pacientes com AIDS (LA=24,28/mm2 e 3,64/mm, LM=24,60/mm2 e 3,68/mm, LP=20,95/mm2 e 3,14/mm, LL=19,84/mm2 e 2,97/mm) e no grupo controle (LA=68,18/mm2 e 10,23/mm, LM=60,73/mm2 e 9,11/mm, LP=62,94/mm2 e 9,44/mm, LL=50,24/mm2 e 7,53/mm). O anticorpo CD1a mostrou a presença média das CL na língua dos pacientes com AIDS (LA=17,30/mm2 e 2,59/mm, LM=21,11/mm2 e 3,16/mm, LP=13,48/mm2 e 2,02/mm, LL=15,55/mm2 e 2,33/mm) e no grupo controle (LA=205,38/mm2 e 30,81/mm, LM=218,36/mm2 e 32,75/mm, LP=167,29/mm2 e 25,09/mm, LL=223,60/mm2 e 33,54/mm). O anticorpo CD83 mostrou a presença média das CL na língua dos pacientes com AIDS (LA=6,19/mm2 e 0,92/mm, LM=6,34/mm2 e 0,95/mm, LP=6,82/mm2 e 1,02/mm, LL=7,14/mm2 e 1,07/mm) e no grupo controle 68,18/mm2 e 10,23/mm, LM=68,46/mm2 e 10,27/mm, LP=69,28/mm2 e 10,39/mm, LL=63,49/mm2 e 9,52/mm), sendo que foram extremamente significantes as diferenças entre ambos os grupos em todas as regiões e anticorpos estudados (p<0,001). Portanto, podemos concluir que as CL estavam degeneradas e diminuídas em número em todas as regiões da língua e em todos os grupos com AIDS em relação ao grupo controle e as lesões infecciosas orais oportunistas não influenciaram na depleção das CL nas línguas / Abstract: The tongues of AIDS patients can be affected by opportunistic infections and neoplasms. Objectives: to quantify and compare the expression of Langerhans cells (LC) in lesional and non lesional areas in the tongue from patients with and without AIDS (control group), using autopsy material. Methods: we analysed the expression of CD1a, HLA-DR and CD83 using immunohistochemistry to identify and quantify LC in the tongues of AIDS patients (n=40), which were divided into 04 groups (10 lingual candidiasis, 10 lingual herpes, 10 oral hairy leukoplakia and 10 none lesions), and 23 tongues from HIV-negative controls. The immunoreactivity rate was obtained after reading at least seven fields sequenced driven ocular micrometer. The positive LC were detected in the lingual surface epithelium in four different regions (anterior, middle, posterior and lateral) and the results expressed as positive cells per area of epithelium and basement membrane length. Results: LC showed the following immunoreactivity for CD1a in the tongue of AIDS patients (LA=17.30/mm2 and 2.59/mm, LM=21.11/mm2 and 3.16/mm, LP=13.48/mm2 and 2.02/mm, LL=15.55/mm2 and 2.33/mm), and in the control group (LA=205.38/mm2 and 30.81/mm, LM=218.36/mm2 and 32.75/mm, LP=167.29/mm2 and 25.09/mm, LL=223.60/mm2 and 33.54/mm); HLA-DR (AIDS patients) (LA=24.28/mm2 and 3.64/mm, LM=24.60/mm2 and 3.68/mm, LP=20.95/mm2 and 3.14/mm, LL=19.84/mm2 and 2.97/mm), and the control group (LA=68.18/mm2 and 10.23/mm, LM=60.73/mm2 and 9.11/mm, LP=62.94/mm2 and 9.44/mm, LL=50.24/mm2 and 7.53/mm); CD83 (AIDS patients) (LA=6.19/mm2 and 0.92/mm, LM=6.34/mm2 and 0.95/mm, LP=6.82/mm2 and 1.02/mm, LL=7.14/mm2 and 1.07/mm), and the control group (LA=68.18/mm2 and 10.23/mm, LM=68.46/mm2 and 10.27/mm, LP=69.28/mm2 and 10.39/mm, LL=63.49/mm2 and 9.52/mm). The statistical analysis identified significant differences in the both groups and in all regions, and among the 3 antibodies (p<0.001). Conclusions: LC were degenerated and reduced in number in all regions of the tongue of AIDS patients in relation to the control group and the depletion of LC in the tongues of AIDS patients is not associated with oral opportunistic infections / Mestrado / Patologia / Mestre em Estomatopatologia

A histoplasmose à uma das micoses sistÃmicas oportunistas mais associada à aids na atualidade no Brasil e no mundo. O Cearà à o estado do Brasil com a maior casuÃstica na Ãltima dÃcada da coinfecÃÃo HD/aids. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a morbimortalidade e sobrevida de pacientes com coinfecÃÃo HD/aids, apÃs o 1 evento de HD,atendidos em unidades de referÃncia para HIV/aids em Fortaleza/CearÃ. Realizou-se uma coorte retrospectiva de pacientes com coinfecÃÃo HD/aids, tendo o 1 episÃdio de HD ocorrido no perÃodo de 2002-2008. Os dados foram coletadas a partir do diagnÃstico de HD atà 31/12/2010. AnÃlise estatÃstica foi realizada por meio do programa STATA 9.0. Foram incluÃdos no estudo 145 pacientes. A maioria era de adultos jovens, com mÃdia de idade de 34,6 anos (IC 95%= 33,2-36,0), do sexo masculino (83,5%), e sem atividade de risco definida para histoplasmose (80%). A prevalÃncia da coinfecÃÃo foi de 38 casos/ano. HD foi 1 infecÃÃo oportunista definidora de aids em 59% dos pacientes. Anfotericina B foi utilizada em 97% dos pacientes como droga de induÃÃo, e itraconazol em 92%, em dose de manutenÃÃo. O tempo mÃdio de seguimento clÃnico foi de 3,38 anos (dp = 2,2; IC 95% = 3,01-3,75); 55,2% dos pacientes necessitaram de novos internamentos; 23,3% apresentaram recidiva da histoplasmose; 31,4% interromperam o uso de antifÃngicos conforme orientaÃÃo mÃdica. A mÃdia do acompanhamento apÃs a interrupÃÃo foi de 2,85 anos (IC 95% = 2,24-3,46). Somente um paciente recidivou apÃs a interrupÃÃo do antifÃngico. Os fatores riscos relacionados à recidiva foram nÃo adesÃo à TARV (p = 0,000), uso irregular de antifÃngico (p= 0,000), nÃo recuperaÃÃo do CD4+ (p = 0,000) e ter aids antes do diagnÃstico de HD (p =0,025). Somente nÃo adesÃo à TARV (OR = 4,96; IC 95% = 1,26-30,10; p = 0,026) foi fator de risco independente para recidiva. Aos 60 meses a probabilidade de remissÃo foi de 67%(IC 95%= 55% -76%). AdesÃo à TARV (94% vs. 51% - p = 0,000), uso regular de antifÃngico (87% vs. 48% - p = 0,000), recuperaÃÃo do CD4+ (83% vs. 45% - p = 0,000) e nÃo ter aids antes da HD (76% vs. 55% - p = 0,035) foram os principais fatores que contribuÃram para manutenÃÃo da remissÃo. Ãbito ocorreu em 30,2% dos pacientes; os fatores relacionados à mortalidade foram nÃo adesÃo ao tratamento da aids (p = 0,000), uso irregular de antifÃngico (p = 0,000), nÃo recuperaÃÃo do CD4+ (p = 0,000), ter tido um novo episÃdio de histoplasmose (p = 0,000) e ter aids antes da HD (p = 0,009). NÃo adesÃo à TARV foi o Ãnico fator de risco independente associado à mortalidade na anÃlise multivariada (OR = 5,24; IC 95% = 1,28-21,38; p = 0,021). A sobrevida aos 60 meses foi de 68% (IC 95% = 57%-76%). Pacientes com adesÃo à TARV (92% vs. 54% - p = 0,000) e sem episÃdio de recidiva (77%vs. 32% - p = 0,000), tiveram melhor probabilidade de sobrevida. Uso regular de antifÃngico (84% vs. 50% - p = 0,000) , ter tido recuperaÃÃo do CD4+ (89% vs. 54% - p = 0,000) e nÃo ter tido aids antes da HD (75% vs. 57% - p = 0,021) tambÃm foram fatores associados a uma melhor sobrevida. Portanto, verificou-se nesse estudo, elevada prevalÃncia de HD em pacientes com aids nessa regiÃo do Brasil, com altas taxas de recidiva e Ãbito. AdesÃo à TARV foi o Ãnico fator de risco independente associado aos desfechos, recidiva e Ãbito. A melhor sobrevida ocorreu em pacientes aderentes à TARV / Histoplasmosis is one of the most opportunistic systemic mycoses associated with AIDS today in Brazil and worldwide. Cearà is the state of Brazil with the largest case in the last decade this co-infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the survival and morbimortality of patients with co-infection HD/AIDS after the 1st HD event, served in in units of a reference for HIV/AIDS in Fortaleza/CearÃ. Retrospective cohort study of patients with co-infection HD/AIDS, when the first HD episode occurred between 2002-2008. The data were collected from the diagnosis of HD until 12/31/2010. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 9.0 program. The study included 145 patients. The majority were young adults with median age of 34.6 years (95%CI = 33.2-36.0), males (83.5%) and without risk activity associated with histoplasmosis (80%). The prevalence of co-infection was of 38 cases/year. HD was first defining opportunistic infection of AIDS in 59% of the patients. Amphotericin B was used in 97% of patients as induction drug and itraconazole in 92% on maintenance dose. The average clinical follow-up was 3.38 years (sd=2.2,95%CI= 3.01 to 3.75); 55.2% of patients needed for new admissions; 23.3% presented relapse of histoplasmosis; 31.4% discontinued the use of antifungal as medical advice. The average follow-up after the interruption was 2.85 years (95%CI= 2.24 to 3.46). Only one patient relapsed after stopping the antifungal. Risk factors related to relapse were not adhering to ART (p 0.000), irregular use of antifungal (e.g. 0.000), non-recovery of CD4 (p 0.000) and have AIDS before diagnosis of HD (0.025). Non-adherence to ART (OR 4.96; 95% CI = 1.26- 30.10; p = 0.026) was the only independent risk factor for relapse. To 60 months the likelihood of remission was 67% (95%IC = 55% -76%). Join the ART (94% vs. 51% - p = 0.000), regular use of antifungal (87vs. 48 - p = 0.000), recovery of CD4+ (83% vs. 45% â p =0.000) and not having AIDS before the HD (76% vs.55% - p = 0.035) were the main factors that contributed to maintenance of remission. Death occurred in 30.2% of patients; mortalityrelated factors were not adherence to treatment of aids (p = 0.000), irregular use of antifungal medication (p = 0.000), non-recovery of CD4+ (p = 0.000), have had a new episode of histoplasmosis (p = 0.000) and have AIDS before the HD (p = 0.009). Patients with adherence to ART (92% vs. 54% - p = 0,000) and without relapse episode (77% vs. 32% - p = 0,000), had better chances of survival. Regular use of secondary prophylaxis as a maintenance therapy in HD was a factor associated with lower probability of progression to death (p=0.000). The survival at 60 months was of 68% (95%CI = 57%-76%). Regular use of antifungal (84% vs. 50% - p = 0.000), have had CD4+ recovery (89% vs. 54% - p = 0.000)and not have had AIDS before the HD (75% vs. 57% - p = 0.021) also were factors associated with better survival. Therefore, it was found in this study, high prevalence of HD in patients with AIDS in this region of Brazil, with high rates of relapse and death. Join the ART was the only independent risk factor associated with outcomes, relapse and death. The best survival occurred in patients adhering to ART.

Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW) / Botswana is experiencing high levels of HIV prevalence rate at 16.9% among the general population, 4.5% among adolescents aged 10-14 and 4.7% among adolescents aged 14-19. Adolescents are in a critically stage between childhood and adulthood and undergo a lot of developmental changes physically, sychologically and emotionally. The scourge of HIV/AIDS has also brought with it multiple challenges to adolescents as those who are HIV positive have to adhere to all the health requirements of being HIV positive and at the same time being pressurised by the societal expectations. Stigmatisation and discrimination are experienced as barriers against the fight towards HIV which is seen a major factor among adolescents. The aim of the study was to explore and describe adolescents’ perceptions and experiences of anti-retroviral therapy at a tertiary hospital in Francistown, Botswana. The study followed a qualitative research approach with an exploratory descriptive research design. Purposive sampling was used to recruit participants. Participants were school going adolescents aged between 13 and 19 years, who are on antiretroviral therapy and going for reviews at a tertiary hospital in Francistown, Botswana. Data were gathered though face to face semi structured interviews with each of the 24 participants. Data were analysed thematically. The following four themes emerged during the analysis: i. “ARVs control but don’t cure”; ii. “Why did it happen to me?-the reality of using ARVs”; iii. “I don’t want to take them for the rest of my life”; and iv. “No man is an island”, which addressed the research objectives. The findings led to the conclusion that, despite the fact that HIV has been around for over two decades and ARVs has been around for more than a decade, adolescents living with HIV still faces challenges such as stigmatisation due to social as well as clinical factors and adjusting to a lifelong treatment which made it difficult for them to adhere to their treatment. However, adolescents are happy as they are living a healthy and a fruitful life as a result of the ARVs. Ethical considerations were adhered too. Furthermore the findings of the study could assist the Ministries of Health, Education, Local Government and Rural Development to address these challenges experienced by the adolescents in the development of social programmes to improve the livelihood of the adolescents living with HIV/AIDS.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.P.H.M.)--Mahidol University, 2000.

by Lam Tin Lun. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 131-151). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgment --- p.I / Table of content --- p.II / List of Tables --- p.IX / List of Figures --- p.XI / Abbreviation --- p.XIII / Abstract --- p.XIV / 論文摘要 --- p.XVI / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- History of AIDS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Definition of AIDS --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- HIV/AIDS Around the World --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4.1 --- Hong Kong AIDS Update --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4.2 --- AIDS Transmission --- p.6 / Chapter 1.1.4.3 --- Main AIDS Complications Occur in Hong Kong --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Classification of HIV --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- The Structure of HIV Virion --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- The HIV Genome --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- The Life Cycle of HIV --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Invasion of the Cells --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Integration into cell genome --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Protease and assembly to the virus --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- Three Essential Enzymes for HTV-1 Replication --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.5.1 --- HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.2.5.2 --- HIV-1 Integrase (HIV-1 IN) --- p.17 / Chapter 1.2.5.3 --- HIV-1 Protease (HIV-1 PR) --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- The Different Stages of HIV Infection --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3 --- AIDS therapy --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Drugs Approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) --- p.23 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Vaccine --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Chemokine Receptor Inhibitor --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Antisense Oligonucleotides Therpay --- p.28 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4 --- Objective of My Project --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- SCREENING OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR HIV-1 PROTEASE INHIBITION --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Extraction Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Aqueous Extraction --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Methanol Extraction --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Preparation of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Selection of Appropriate Clone --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Large-scale Expression of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Purification of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease by DEAE Sepharose CL-6B Chromatography --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Purification of Recombinant HIV-1 Protease by Mono-S Cation Chromatography --- p.39 / Chapter 2.2.3.5 --- Refolding of Purified Recombinant HIV-1 Protease --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.3.6 --- Protein Concentration Determination --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3.7 --- Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Characterization of HTV-1 Protease --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- HIV-1 PR Fluorogenic Assays --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- HIV-1 PR Assay by Reverse Phase HPLC Separation of Cleavage Products of the Synthetic Peptide Substrate --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Functional Analysis of Recombinant HIV-1 PR Activity --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Screening of Crude Extracts for Inhibition of HIV-1 PR Activity --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4 --- Discussion --- p.53 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ACTIVE CONSTITUENTS FROM METHANOL EXTRACTS OF WOODWARDIA UNIGEMMATA AGAINST HIV-1 PROTEASE --- p.56 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Materials --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Methods --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Methanol Extraction --- p.58 / Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Removal of Tannins --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Glucosidase Digestion --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Analytical Thin Layer Chromatographic (TLC) --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- A cid Hydrolysis --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Electrospray Mass Spectrometry --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.2.7 --- Dose-response Curve --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2.8 --- Kinetic Studies --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2.2.9 --- Activity of the HPLC-purified principle (s) on Other Aspartyl Proteases --- p.63 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results --- p.66 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Purification of Methanol Extracts of Woocdwardia unigemmata --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Removal of Tannins --- p.70 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Glucosidase Digestion --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Acid Hydrolysis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Analytical Thin Layer Chromatography --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Electrospray Mass Spectrometry --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Dose-response Inhibition of HIV-1 Protease --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Kinetic Studies --- p.85 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Effects of HPLC-purified Active Principle on Other Aspartyl Proteases --- p.87 / Chapter 3.3 --- Discussion --- p.89 / Chapter CHATPER 4 --- IDENTIFICATION OF SELECTIVE RNA APTAMERS AGAINST HIV-1 PROTEASE BY SYSTEMATIC EVOLUTION OF LIGANDS BY EXPONENTIAL ENRICHMENT (SELEX) --- p.95 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Materials --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Methods --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- PCR Amplification for the Generation of a Double-Stranded DNA Library --- p.103 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Preparation of RNA Pools --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- In vitro Selection of RNA Ligands --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Reverse Transcription Reaction of Selected RNA --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Cloning of the Amplified cDNA pools --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2.6 --- Subcloning of the digested DNA product into pBluescript® IIKS (-) --- p.108 / Chapter 4.2.2.8 --- RNA Labeling with Digoxigenin (DIG) --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.9 --- Binding Affinity of RNA Ligands for HIV-1 PR --- p.109 / Chapter 4.2.2.10 --- Competition Binding Reactions --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.2.11 --- HIV-1 PR Inhibitory Activities of the Selected RNA Ligands --- p.112 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- In Vitro Selection of RNA Ligands --- p.113 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Sequences of RNA Ligands --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Binding Affinity of RNA Ligands --- p.114 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Inhibitory Activity of RNA Ligands --- p.119 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion --- p.122 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- GENERAL DISCUSSION --- p.128 / REFERENCES --- p.132