This thesis is concerned with the concept of memory, its role in inter‐generational transmission, and identity formation, within the context of pre‐literate, small‐scale societies. It explores different mnemonic practices in relation to different perceptions of time, and the continuities or discontinuities (locational, temporal and symbolic) with the past they create, as part of exploring aspects of cultural cognition in prehistory. Through these three interrelated concepts – memory, time, and cognition – and their intricate relationships with material culture, especially architecture, landscapes, practical action and social life, the aim is to suggest a theoretical and methodological framework within which to explore how memory of the past was not only formed, maintained and transmitted but also transformed, concealed or ‘destroyed’ in the prehistoric present. The geographical and chronological framework of this study is provided by the rich archaeological record of early prehistoric Cyprus. Through the concept of memory, and using selected site data‐sets at different spatial and temporal scales, the objective is to offer a more textured narrative of socio‐cultural developments on the island that take into consideration the questions of how continuity and change are perceived and experienced, how individuals and communities ‘see’ themselves in history, and what some of the practices and material media are that shape autobiographical and social memory. Early Cypriot prehistory is characterised by a, largely, domestic landscape occupied by small‐scale communities, where public or monumental architecture as well as long‐lived tell sites are not explicitly attested. Rather than explaining away these ‘anomalies’, this thesis delves into the study of the ‘ordinary landscape’ of houses and communities in time and space and at different scales in accordance with our research aims. It, thus, diverges from the current archaeological research on memory and the monumental and regards architecture as a biographical object that encapsulates personal and communal histories. The analytical strategies that are employed in this study involve an examination of two closely related elements. First, the temporal depth of activities with regard to the life histories of buildings and people and how these intersect with larger patterns of social memory are explored. Secondly, through a topoanalysis, the spatiality and visual boundaries of remembering and forgetting, through the medium of architecture, are examined. Similar issues have recently attracted a lot of attention from many disciplines. In an attempt to link the various, often ambiguous, conceptualisations of memory – as a cognitive process, as a social construct or as an experiential domain – with archaeological ‘visibility’ and methodology this research utilises insights from a variety of cross‐disciplinary sources. This research is a contribution towards the past in the past approach by: a. building on these works and expanding our current understanding of issues of cultural transmission and memory by striking a better balance between ‘inscription’ and ‘incorporated practices’ social and biographical memory, material and ephemeral contexts (chapters 1, 4‐5). This is attempted by using an explicit multi‐scalar approach to the material and a practice‐based interpretative framework (chapters 2‐3); b. demonstrating contextually the limitations and possibilities of the theoretical endeavour in practical contexts through dealing with the ambiguities and incompleteness of archaeological assemblages, depositional patterns and stratigraphic sequences, as well as with palimpsests of activities in settlement contexts, with the underlying aim to understand the various dimensions of continuity and discontinuity (chapters 6‐8); c. critically examining concepts from a rapidly growing multi‐disciplinary literature and their often problematic applications to prehistoric material and juxtapose the Western model of memory with anthropological insights (chapter 9).

Since large-scale excavations began in the mid-19th century, scholarly studies of houses in Pompeii and Herculaneum have emphasized the “social” nature of their design. Most Campanian domūs are viewed as spaces with high levels of transparency and permeability to which non-residents were afforded a certain degree of unregulated access. This theoretical paradigm has developed, however, without consideration for doors, partitions, and other closure systems that controlled visual and physical contact between various parts of the residence. That these structures have largely been ignored by students of Campanian archaeology is surprising, given that boundaries were an incredibly influential element in the ancient cultural landscape, delimiting the social, political, and spatial domains that comprised the Roman world. Indeed, the Latin literary sources reveal that boundaries, both inside the house and out, were often afforded special status—they were attended by their own deities and were regularly the focus of ceremonies and rituals. This thesis addresses this oversight by presenting the results of the Doors of Pompeii and Herculaneum Project, a survey of closure systems and their archaeological vestiges in 31 Campanian dwellings. This evidence is complemented by the findings of comparative surveys conducted in houses elsewhere in the Mediterranean world. Analysis of these data reveals that permeable boundaries, in their manifold forms, played a crucial role in structuring ancient domestic space. By repopulating the houses of Pompeii and Herculaneum with doors, partitions, and other bounding mechanisms, this research challenges the concept of the “social house,” demonstrating that access to and movement within the house was, in fact, heavily regulated by the inhabitants. This represents a fundamental reinterpretation of the relationship between house and society in the Vesuvian cities.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-07-26T13:28:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) ROCHA, A C V.pdf: 9101017 bytes, checksum: 8f9ed4a65f4d9764294eb098319a6dbd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-26T13:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) ROCHA, A C V.pdf: 9101017 bytes, checksum: 8f9ed4a65f4d9764294eb098319a6dbd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-01-08 / CNPQ / A presente pesquisa analisa estruturas arquitetônicas descobertas durante escavações arqueológicas nos limites da senzala do Engenho Monjope. Considerando que a disposição espacial atual do engenho não reflete necessariamente os diversos contextos históricos de uso, interessa analisar as remanescentes estruturas arquitetônicas e determinar a que período pertencem, individual ou coletivamente, e que função ou funções que poderiam ter servido. Usando fontes históricas primárias e secundárias, materiais e dados de arquitetura, este estudo procura interpretar e definir as relações entre estruturas arqueológicas existentes a partir de uma perspectiva de espaços remodelados dentro de contextos históricos mutáveis. / The present study analyzes architectural structures uncovered during archaeological excavations in the vicinity of the slave quarters at the Monjope Sugar Mill. Considering that the current spatial disposition of the mill does not necessarily reflect the diverse historical contexts of use, it is of interest here to analyze the remains and determine to which period they belong, individually or collectively, and what function or functions they might have served. Using primary and secondary historical sources, material and architectural data, this study seeks to interpret and define the relations between archaeological and existing structures from a perspective of remodeled spaces within changing historical contexts.

As Casas Bandeiristas, sedes de fazendas construídas ao redor da vila de Piratininga no decorrer dos séculos XVII e XVIII, são reexaminadas pela óptica da Arqueologia. A partir da análise de componentes construtivos e materiais arqueológicos exumados nessas edificações, são rediscutidas posições há muito consolidadas na produção historiográfica sobre a dinâmica socioeconômica da São Paulo colonial. Propõem-se novas funções e significações para a casa, considerada como componente ativo na conformação e consolidação do espaço colonial mercantil ao longo do vale do Tietê. O estudo da cerâmica de produção local/regional traz de volta à história personagens esquecidos nas demais fontes documentais, contribuindo para a compreensão da inserção dos homens livres no seio da ordem escravocrata. Do alpendre da Casa Bandeirista, divisa-se a aldeia global com sua complexidade e dinâmica próprias, em ritmo e compasso com o processo de mundialização em curso. Por fim, busca-se vislumbrar a reinserção e aproveitamento desses bens enquanto monumentos de alta relevância para a história da metrópole. / The 'Bandeirista' Houses, considered as the rural headquarters built around the Piratininga village during the 17th and 18th centuries, are herein re-examined from the point of view of Archaeology. Following the analysis of its building components and archaeological remains, this work discusses some long-time established ideas within the literature of São Paulo's colonial economy and social dynamics. New functions and meanings are proposed for the house, considering it an active element in the process of constitution of the colonial space along the Tietê river valley. The study of local/regional ceramics brings back to history some of the players who were forgotten in other sources, thus contributing to the understanding of the role of freemen within this slave-based society. It is then possible to envision São Paulo as a global village, with its own complexity and dynamics, consistent with the ongoing process of globalization at the times. Finally, this work makes propositions aiming at the reinsertion of the Bandeirista houses into the metropolis cultural life as highly important monuments to its history.

The archaeological research was conducted at Botshabelo, a nineteenth century Berlin Mission Society station located outside Middelburg, Mpumalanga. It focuses primarily on the collection of residential houses and homesteads in the area known as the Motse, meaning “village” in Sotho. This is where the mission station’s African residents lived. This research seeks to use archaeology, specifically the study of the associated material culture, in order to refine the chronology of changes to settlement in this area, and to explore the ways in which the inhabitants interacted with other sectors of the mission station community and the then wider Transvaal society. Although the mission station and its settlement dates from 1865, the material culture excavated and analysed in this project is primarily from the twentieth century. It is through the careful analysis of these houses and their architecture, together with the associated material culture that the social and cultural values of the people who built and used them can be explored. To date there has been a copious amount of research done on these mission stations in southern Africa, flowing mainly from the disciplines of history and anthropology (Comaroff and Comaroff 1991; Delius 1981; Japha et al 1993; Kirkaldy 2005; Vernal 2009). In contrast, however, there has been relatively little archaeological research carried out on the various mission stations within southern Africa (but see Ashley 2010; Boshoff 2004; Clift 2001; Jeppson 2005; Reid et al 1997). This research project is based in archaeology, and in particular in the discipline of historical archaeology, which can provide the methodologies and approaches that can be used to make sense of the history of the Botshabelo Mission Station and the Motse. This research therefore intends to contribute to the currently under researched field of mission archaeology within South Africa. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Archaeology)

Augustodunum, civitas Aeduorum, fondée à l’époque augustéenne, fut dotée de quatre portes urbaines : la porte d’Arroux et la porte Saint-André qui sont les mieux conservées, la porte Saint-Andoche dont il ne reste qu’une tour de flanquement et la porte de Rome, depuis longtemps disparue. L’étude stratigraphique du bâti des portes et la réflexion sur le fonctionnement du chantier de construction des portes urbaines d’Autun constituent le cœur de ce travail. Par ailleurs, antiquaires, voyageurs et artistes ont laissé depuis le XVIème siècle de nombreux témoignages de leur visite des portes romaines d’Autun. Ce fonds documentaire considérable, constitué de sources écrites et iconographiques, n’avait jusqu’alors pas été étudié de manière globale. Il a fallu mettre en série les sources textuelles afin de comprendre la part des emprunts aux travaux antérieurs. Un travail semblable de critique des représentations iconographiques des portes urbaines a également été effectué. Complément indispensable de l’étude stratigraphique des élévations conservées, l’étude de cette documentation ancienne a permis de proposer une hypothèse de restitution de l’histoire longue des portes d’Augustodunum de leur construction à nos jours. Le dernier volet de ce travail a consisté à replacer les portes d’Autun dans la série des portes urbaines monumentales de l’Occident romain construites entre le IIème siècle av. J.-C. et le IIème siècle ap. J.-C. mais aussi à présenter de nouvelles propositions de restitution du projet architectural, du plan des portes et de l’organisation interne de leurs tours de flanquement. / Augustodunum, civitas Aeduorum, roman city founded under the reign of Augustus, was equipped with four roman city gates : the gate of Arroux and the gate of Saint André, both well preserved, the gate of Saint Andoche which sole remaining part is a flanking tower, and the gate of Rome, destroyed long ago.The heart of this study lies in the stratigraphic reading of those gates structure and in thoughts about the building site of Autun’s city gates operating process. Moreover, since the 16th century, antiquaries, travelers and artists have described in many ways their visits to the roman city gates of Autun. These accounts constitute a major documentary collection of written and iconographical sources that had never been studied as a whole before. A classification of written sources was necessary in order to understand the borrowings from previous works. A similar work of critical study has been realized for the iconographical representations of the gates. As an essential complement of the stratigraphic reading of remaining elevations of the gates, the ancient archeological documentation study was indispensable to propose a restoration hypothesis of Augustodunum’s city gates long term history from their construction time to nowadays. The last section of this study aims to locate Autun’s city gates in the series of monumental city gates built in Western Roman Empire between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD. Furthermore, that section presents new propositions for the restoration of the architectural project, of the gates plan and of the inner organization of these gates flanking towers.