O estudo jurídico do sistema de pagamentos sob o enfoque do direito obrigacional requer exame prévio do fenômeno socioeconômico representado pela moeda, enquanto elemento fundamental da relação obrigacional de compra e venda, determinante do preço e objeto do pagamento. Antes, porém, da análise do pagamento e de seus instrumentos jurídicos, ou seja, da moeda (em sentido largo) como efeito jurídico, tem-se de perquirir sobre sua natureza com o auxílio dos conceitos elaborados sobretudo pela ciência econômica, mas também pela sociologia e pela história social. O exame da realidade socioeconômica sob o prisma da essência dos fatos, não apenas de sua aparência, busca na materialidade do fenômeno monetário o suporte teórico para o encaminhamento da análise jurídica desse mesmo fenômeno e seus correlatos, tanto sob o enfoque positivista (dogmático) quanto sob o interativo, ou seja, enquanto relação entre o mundo jurídico positivo e a globalidade social por meio da interpretação ou aplicação das normas. A partir desse quadro analítico, procura o presente trabalho apresentar, primeiramente, um panorama do sistema monetário, situando o problema da moeda no contexto econômico e jurídico. Na segunda parte são expostos os fundamentos analíticos da economia em sua forma monetária (análise econômica da moeda). A terceira seção abrange o efetivo funcionamento do sistema monetário, particularmente examinando as funções do dinheiro numa economia monetária. A quarta e última parte apresenta o Sistema de Pagamentos Brasileiro (SPB) em seus moldes institucionais, situando-o no arcabouço do ordenamento jurídico nacional. A partir de seus fundamentos jurídicos, procede-se ao exame das matérias específicas do Direito obrigacional, em particular do pagamento e de suas garantias institucionais. / The legal study of the system of payments under the focus given by law requires prior examination of the economic phenomenon represented by currency as a key element of the obligational relationship given by purchase agreement, as by establishing the price and also as an object of payment. However, previously to the analysis of the payment and its legal instruments, i.e. the currency (in broad sense) as a legal effect, one should assess his nature with the aid of concepts specially developed by economic science, but also by sociology and social history. The examination of the socio-economic reality lit by the essence of the facts, not just by their appearance, search through the materiality of monetary phenomenon for the theoretical support for legally dealing with such a phenomenon and the correlated ones, both under the positivist approach (dogmatic) as under the interactive one, that is, as a relationship between the effective legal world and the social universe as a result of the interpretation or application of law. From this analytical framework, the ongoing writing seeks firstly to show a panorama of the monetary system by focusing the currency problem in the economic and legal context. The second part deals with the analytical foundations of the economy in its monetary form (economic analysis of currency). The third section covers the effective functioning of the monetary system, particularly by assessing the functions of money in the context of a monetary economy. The fourth and last part deals with the Brazilian Payment System (SPB) in its institutional patterns, by placing it in the framework of the national legal system. From their legal grounds, one assesses the specific matters concerning the Law of obligations, in particular the payment and its institutional collaterals.

Este trabalho visa discutir o papel do Legislativo Federal no governo Campos Sales através das discussões ocorridas entre 1900 e 1902 nas reuniões da Comissão Especial da Câmara dos Deputados responsável pela análise do Código Civil de 1917. Esse processo polêmico, intentado desde a Independência, foi considerado como uma das metas mais importantes do governo. Em tempos de inauguração da “Política dos Governadores”, este recorte visa perceber os movimentos de parlamentares em torno de polos, procurando problematizar a relação de controle do Legislativo aventada pela bibliografia clássica do período. Através de ferramentas da prosopografia, algumas definições da análise de redes e considerando as intenções dos autores em seus discursos favoráveis ou contrários ao projeto apresentado, esta dissertação relaciona os Deputados em torno de ideias e demonstra a pluralidade de posições divergentes apresentadas, buscando demonstrar que a lógica que demarcava a tônica era ditada pelo uso dos repertórios, como conceituados por Tilly. Finalmente, expõe o papel desses agentes no processo de aprovação buscando mostrar a centralidade que alguns assumem durante os trabalhos. / This work intent discusses the legislative role in the Campos Sales’ government by the meetings occurred between 1900 and 1902 in the Congress’ Special Commission for the analysis of the Brazilian Civil Code of 1917. This polemical process, wanted since the independence, was thought as one of the most important tasks for the executive. In the beginning of the “Politica dos Governadores”, this approach intent perceive the movements of the parliamentarians around deferments points of view, searching for questioning the control from the Legislative by the Executive, suggested by the classical works on this period. Using some prosopographical tools, some definitions on the network analysis and considering the actors intentions in theirs speeches for or against the Project, this work groups the parliamentarians on some different ideas and shows the range of divergences in positioning, showing that the logical for these was the same as the Repertoir, as conceived by Charles Tilly. In the end, expose the role of these actors in the aprovation process to show the centrality assumed by some parliamentarians during this works.

The thesis focuses on translation analysis of the Czech Civil Code and its French translation created between 2013 and 2015, commissioned by the Ministry of Justice of the Czech Republic. The theoretical part outlines the problems of legal translation, characterizes legal language and legal texts, compares the evolution of Czech and French law, and describes the process of legal translation with the emphasis on equivalence of Czech and French legal concepts. The empirical part analyzes Sections 1209 of the New Civil Code and their translations into French. The key working method is translation analysis, carried out at several levels, against a background of linguistic and legal analysis. The core part of the thesis contains lexical analysis of Czech legal institutions and their translations into French. Lexical analysis is carried out by the method of conceptual analysis, which compares essential and accidental elements of Czech and French (and sometimes Swiss) legal institutions. Translation analysis aims to establish the method of translation that was used, and to determine if the method complies with the translation brief. The thesis also proposes a glossary based on analyzed Sections.

La renégociation reste l'un des mécanismes les plus captivants et les plus controversés des deux derniers siècles. S'il est admis que dans les relations à long terme, plus sensibles aux changements de circonstances, efficacité et flexibilité du contrat sont liées, il était considéré depuis l'arrêt Canal de Craponne de 1876, que la renégociation ne pouvait devait découler que de la volonté des parties ou d'une clause contractuelle. En France, la réforme du code civil de 2016 rompt avec cette jurisprudence et consacre définitivement la théorie de l'imprévision. Si l'avancée est importante, le régime de ce devoir de renégociation reste à préciser. Il en est de même de l'importance dorénavant reconnu à l'autonomie de la volonté. En droit OHADA également l'horizon est favorable à la renégociation. Lancé sur un chantier d'actes uniformes sur le droit des contrats, le législateur entend à cette occasion, consacrer la renégociation pour hardship. Il pourrait ainsi s'inspirer de la réforme du droit français, mais aussi et surtout de l'expérience des tribunaux africains. En effet, très vite le juge africain, conscient de l'inadéquation d'une application rigoureuse du code civil de 1804 à des situations juridiques ancrées dans un contexte socio-économique africain différent de celui du justiciable français, a, par divers subterfuges régulièrement imposé la renégociation du contrat lorsque l'évolution des circonstances l'imposait. Aujourd'hui renégocier n'est plus qu'un vieil usage du commerce que pourrait ainsi consolider le législateur OHADA dans le futur acte uniforme sur le droit des contrats en s'aidant des précisions apportées par la jurisprudence arbitrale sur la question / Renegotiation remains one of the most exciting but also the most controversial judicial mechanisms of the last two centuries. In long-term relationships, which are more sensitive to changes in circumstances, contract efficiency and flexibility are linked. Since the Craponne Canal 1876 legal judgment, it was assumed that renegotiation could arise only when supported by the parties or the contractual term. In France, the 2016 civil code reform breaks with this case law and definitively establishes the doctrine of unforeseeability. Although important progress has been made, the duty to renegotiation still remains unclear. This is also the case for the recognized importance of contractual autonomy. The OHADA law is favorable for renegotiation. Launched as part of a set of uniform judicial acts on contract law, the legislator intends to devote renegotiation for hardship. This law could well learn from the reform of French law, but also from the experience of African courts. African judges, quickly became aware of the inadequacy of a rigorous application of the civil code of 1804 to legal cases consistent with the African socio-economic context which is different from that of a french defendant. As a consequence, these judges, using various strategies, would often impose contract renegotiation when necessary. Nowadays, renegotiation is commonly used in trade and this might well strengthen the OHADA legislator in developing the future uniform act on contract law. For this, information provided by the arbitral jurisprudence on the matter will be valuable

This graduation thesis, entitled "Results of libel in press in the relation to the relevant moral rights especially in the area of private law in the Czech Republic" examines press interference into relevant moral rights. The first chapter describes the historical foundations of personal rights protection, as well as their international and European connections. The second chapter discusses the power of media, and the means used for its maintenance and strengthening. In the third chapter, an outline of motivations for publication of news press, which balance between righteousness and libel. In the fourth chapter, an assessment of the clash between freedom of speech and protection of privacy, which are categories guaranteed in the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The content of the fifth chapter is fundamental because it provides a thorough analysis of the law which governs personal rights, with a focus on the civil code, press law and procedural rules. The sixth chapter brings sight of rules established by autoregulation. It deals with self- censorship, the journalist's code of ethics, self-controlling authorities and so on. In the seventh chapter, the author examines the motivation behind submitting an accusation for the breach of personal rights. The motivation can be a real and legitimate defence...

La propriété foncière du Code civil, unitaire par principe, s’accommode difficilement de l’ubiquité du droit de superficie, comme en attestent les incessants débats doctrinaux sur le sujet. Le volume immobilier moderne a répondu aux besoins de division du sol du corps social. Toutefois, en dématérialisant l’immeuble, le volume déstabilise fortement la théorie classique de la propriété. La présente thèse définit un concept de sol appropriable et divisible dans le sens de la hauteur, sans renier la propriété du code. Pour cela, le sol, incluant le dessous et le dessus, est perçu comme relevant du monde tangible. Ce bien est ensuite appréhendé en trois dimensions par un procédé de géométrisation. Le sol volumique correspond à une nouvelle phase plus abstraite de conceptualisation du sol. Cependant, la chose sensible signifiée par le concept, le sol ou fonds de terre selon les juristes demeure la même ; seule sa représentation a évolué. Dans cette perspective, le sol en volume devient individualisable et appropriable sur le modèle du sol parcellisé en deux dimensions, indispensable à une propriété individuelle et exclusive. Ainsi, la propriété du Code civil via ses dispositions actuelles, notamment les articles 552, 518 et 544, s’applique à un volume immobilier comme à une parcelle. Ce modèle de propriété passant de l’unité à la division, est complété par un droit de superficie simple, droit réel fondé sur les articles 553, 543 du Code civil et le droit de jouissance spéciale. Suivant la thèse moniste, la propriété du sol en volume, qui n’est autre que le concept de propriété du code appliqué à un sol tridimensionnel, concilie la théorie classique de la propriété et celle du doyen Savatier. / The concept of land property in the Civil Code, unitary by principle, has always been in difficulty when facing the ubiquitous “droit de superficie”, as evidenced by the never-ending doctrinal debates. The modern concept of property “volume” has responded to the social need for division of the land. However, with volume, real estate properties become incorporeal things and destabilize the classical theory of property, which is synonymous with corporeal things. This thesis defines a concept of land property appropriable and divisible relative to height, compatible with the Civil Code’s land law. For this, land, including the subjacent and superjacent domains, is perceived as part of the tangible world. This land is then comprehended in three dimensions via a geometrical approach. Land with three-dimensional significance corresponds to a new phase of conceptualization of the land that is more abstract. The physical part, however, which the concept refers to, ie the land, remains the same; only its representation has evolved. Applying this perspective, the land expressed as a volume becomes a unit appropriable on the model of land divided in two dimensions. Consequently, the concept of property in the Civil Code under its current wording, notably clause 552, but also 518 and 544, applies to land expressed as a volume as to a parcel. This property model able to divide the land vertically as well as horizontally is also capable to organize a land division comparable to a long lease. This complementary concept is based on clauses 553, 543 of the Civil Code. Developing the monistic thesis, the ownership of the land when seen as a volume reconciles the theory of the dean Savatier and the classical theory of property.

L’étude a examiné la question de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais. Elle a permis surtout d’élucider le processus de la substitution des règles du Code civil aux institutions juridiques locales initialement d’essence islamique et coutumière. Certes, des avancées notables ont été réalisées durant la dernière décennie. Néanmoins, il subsiste des zones d’ombres qui exigent une intervention imminente du législateur afin que la lumière soit faite. En effet, le droit ne peut se satisfaire d’incertitudes. Pour son efficacité, il a besoin de l’énonciation de principes clairs. Les règles qu’il pose doivent être limpides pour écarter tout risque d’arbitraire. Il s’agit là d’un préalable, pour faciliter le travail du juge chargé s’en assurer l’observation. C’est aussi une armure avec laquelle chaque justiciable peut s’envelopper pour se sentir en sécurité. Le législateur doit être en mesure de garantir ces besoins élémentaires propres à fonder l’harmonie dans la société. Ce voyage dans les méandres de l’assimilation du statut personnel mahorais, a été également l’occasion de découvrir le renouveau de cette notion, et sillonner l’horizon qui se présente à elle. A charge maintenant pour le législateur, d’en explorer toutes les potentialités, et lui restituer son véritable sens / The study examined the question of assimilation status Mayotte staff. It allowed especially to elucidate the process of substitution of the Civil Code of rules to local legal institutions initially Islamic and customary gasoline. While significant progress has been made over the past decade. Nevertheless, there are still gray areas that require imminent legislative action so that light be shed.Indeed, the right can not be satisfied uncertainties. For efficiency, it requires the articulation of clear principles. The rules must be clear that it poses to rule out any risk of arbitrariness. This is a prerequisite to facilitate the work of the judge to ensure compliance. It is also an armor with which each individual can wrap himself to feel safe. The legislator must be able to guarantee these basic needs own to found harmony in society. This journey through the maze of assimilation status Mayotte staff, was also an opportunity to discover the revival of this concept, and crisscross the horizon that presents itself. A now supported for the legislature, to explore all potential and restore its true meaning

The theme of this diploma thesis is "Application of Value Added Tax (VAT) in Association without Legal Personality". The thesis focuses on such type of association that is mainly used by entrepreneurs-individuals for the purposes of their consistent gainful activity. This type of association is the most common in practice. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter is theoretical and provides with a general view of the legal frame of the association without legal personality under the Civil Code which represents the main basis for the application of the Law of VAT. Association participants who have the status of VAT taxpayers are obliged to observe general VAT rules, but there are some exceptions. The second chapter of the thesis is dealing with the analysis of legal regulations of the association without legal personality governed by the Law of VAT. With regard to the fact that these legal regulations are insufficient, the diploma thesis should offer proposals for making them better. So that the legal certainty of association participants could become higher.

This thesis deals with compensation for immaterial damages in the Czech Republic and Germany with focus on personal injuries and a specific question of wrongful birth and wrongful life actions. Its aim is to describe the differences between both legislations. In the first part my work is concerned with a theoretical analysis of the conditions of damage liability in the tort law in both countries. The second chapter follows up with the definition of material and immaterial damages and the way and extent of their compensation. The third one is concentrated directly on personal injuries, it introduces the term and the range of persons entitled to a compensation and it analyses the way and extent of the compensation for personal injuries (above all the damages for pain and suffering) in the Czech Republic and Germany, with specific emphasis on the Methodology of the Czech Supreme Court on the compensation for immaterial damages in case of personal injuries. The fourth chapter is focused on an ethical and legally complicated question of wrongful birth and wrongful life actions.

This thesis deals with civil liability of the Supervisory Board and its members for breaching his duties. Emphasis is placed on responsibility and legal relationship, whose content is obligation to pay damages, between Supervisory Board and its member and business companies (in the new terminology "business corporation"). This thesis is dealing at first with the legal anchoring of the Supervisory Board as such, the creation and termination of the Supervisory Board and the definition of its living space not only in the relation to corporation, but also to individual shareholders, General Assembly and of course to the Board - including their mutual rights and responsibilities. Thesis is crossed by author's intention to evaluate the active legislation, whose legislative life is coming to an end, and on the basis of that to comment upcoming legislation that at least brings a fresh wind to the corporate life. Shortly is discussed upon by the factual impossibility to prosecute members of the Supervisory Board for crimes associated with their performance.