1 Abstract The principle of the social state in political theory and the case-law of the Constitutional Court The topic of this work is the phenomenon of the welfare state, social rights and their judicial review performed by the Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic. The aim of this paper is to introduce the welfare state in terms of the theoretical, historical and practical implementation of its goals, whether it is a political reality or the decision making practice of the Constitutional Court, which in turn influences political environment. This work is based on theoretical works of political philosophy, findings of constitutional law and the jurisprudence of the Constitutional Court. The thesis points out the different understanding of the social question in basic political theories such as liberalism, socialism or feminism. The historical part of this work comprises of the description of the development of social issues in countries such as the United Kingdom and the USA. It is evident that this was a long-term process beginning in the early seventeenth century and continuing to the period of its greatest expansion after World War II. This work also mentions some aspects of poverty. Another important part is the introduction to the theory of typologies of different "regimes" and types of welfare...

Comparison of constitutional judiciary in the first Czechoslovak Republic and current constitutional judiciary The aim of the thesis is a comparative analysis of the constitutional judiciary in the first Czechoslovak Republic and the today's Czech Republic. Each chapter is structured to describe the institution of the Constitutional Court which has been representing the most important protection of constitutional values. The research design of the thesis is explained in the chapter "Methodology". It serves for better orientation and understanding of the diploma thesis. The paper is divided in eight chapters. Introduction describes the basic concepts of the Constitutional Court and the author's hypothesis about the results of the analysis which outline large differences between the two Republics. Following chapters compares the two Constitutional Courts in terms of organizational structure (internal structure, budget, seat), the appointment mechanisms of the judiciary (conditions, process). It also offers the list of powers of the Constitutional Court and it describes the constitutional practices of constitutional judges within each historical period. The work also includes a brief historical summary that discusses the genesis of the idea of constitutional justice and the sources that inspired Czech...

1 This paper consists of two different parts. The first part is theoretical and descriptive and its three chapters are organized deductively. The second part analyses a methodology of interpretation of the Constitutional court of the Czech Republic. The first chapter concerns with important legal concepts such as law certainty, predictability of courts' decisions, justice and equality. It concludes that a methodology of interpretation plays a crucial role in all of these concepts. Next chapter examines such terms as application of law, interpretation of law, law argumentation and methodology of interpretation. The last chapter of the descriptive part presents two judicial strategies to interpretation. Judges in the first strategy use only internal law arguments (mainly text of the statutes) as opposite to the second strategy where judges do not rely on the text at all, but interpret the law with external law arguments (such as intent, unexpressed law principle, economical argument etc.). This chapter also briefly describes the most common methods of legal interpretation for every judicial strategy. Eventually this part tries to provide modern strategy which combines methods used by both strategies and is based on rational, full and open explanation of court decisions. Afterwards the paper shifts the focus...

La justice constitutionnelle ivoirienne, dans sa forme actuelle, est le fruit du mouvement de démocratisation enclenché sur le continent à partir des années 1990.Mais si ailleurs l'exercice du contrôle de constitutionnalité s'est tout de suite imposé comme un instrument incontournable dans l'effectivité de la Constitution et l'avènement d'un Etat de droit, en Côte d'Ivoire, la garantie de la suprématie de la Constitution a évolué en permanence à un rythme oscillatoire. Le contrôle de constitutionnalité s’exprime d’abord à travers une stratégie des petits pas. Le choix par le juge constitutionnel d’une interprétation restreinte de ses attributions produit une jurisprudence peu audacieuse et orientée vers la légitimation du pouvoir exécutif et de sa gouvernance. Par la suite, à l’avènement de la deuxième République à partir de l'an 2000, la juridiction constitutionnelle se montre relativement plus active. Mais malgré l’extension du droit de saisine aux citoyens par le biais de la question préjudicielle la justice constitutionnelle reste peu sensible à la protection des Droits et libertés fondamentales. Son dynamisme se manifeste surtout lorsque la Constitution se trouve confrontée aux Accords politiques, mobilisés pour la résolution de la crise militaro- politique. L’office du juge constitutionnel se révèle alors comme la défense de l’ordre constitutionnel en péril ou du régime l’incarnant. Ici transparaît encore la forte irradiation du pouvoir exécutif dans un système politique déséquilibré faisant converger, comme des rivières au fleuve, l’ensemble des institutions dans le sens de la majesté du Pontife constitutionnel. De surcroît, la prépondérance du contentieux électoral et les crises qu’il suscite, annihile, quasi-systématiquement, les progrès jurisprudentiels résiduels qui peuvent accorder de la crédibilité à la justice constitutionnelle. Dans ce contexte, la garantie de la suprématie de la Constitution demeure encore à un stade embryonnaire, marqué du sceau de la précarité que lui impose des pratiques constitutionnelles perverties et l’instabilité politique chronique. / Ivorian constitutional justice, in its current form, is the fruit of the democratization movement launched on the continent from the 1990s. But if elsewhere the exercise of constitutional review immediately became an essential instrument in the effectiveness of the Constitution and the advent of the rule of law, in Côte d'Ivoire, the guarantee of the the Constitution’s supremacy has evolved continuously at an oscillatory rhythm. The constitutionality check is first expressed through a strategy of small steps. The constitutional judge's choice of a narrow interpretation of his attributions produces a daring case law geared towards legitimizing the executive power and its governance. Subsequently, with the advent of the second Republic from the year 2000, the constitutional jurisdiction is relatively more active. But despite the extension of the right of referral to citizens through the preliminary question, constitutional justice remains insensitive to the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms. Its dynamism manifests itself especially when the Constitution is confronted to the Political Agreements, mobilized for the resolution of the military political crisis. The office of the constitutional judge is then revealed as the defense of the constitutional order in danger or the regime embodying it. Here again there is the strong irradiation of the executive power in an unbalanced political system converging, like rivers in the river, all the institutions in the sense of the majesty of the constitutional Pontiff. Moreover, the preponderance of electoral disputes and the crises it provokes, annihilates, almost systematically, the progress of the case law that can give credibility to constitutional justice. In this context, the guarantee of the supremacy of the Constitution remains at an embryonic stage, marked by the seal of precariousness imposed by perverted constitutional practices and chronic political instability.

<p>The focus of this paper is the right of the visually impaired to access tertiary education that is not unfairly discriminative and unequal. The study is intended to highlight the inadequacy in the current legislation on equality such as the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 and the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 in properly promoting the ideals and purpose of constitution. Furthermore to analyse the constitutional court's approach to equality and non discrimination in order to provide solutions and recommendations for changes to existing legislation that is indeed to be effective.It also aim to define what it means to have equality for the visually impaired, more especially in tertiary education through the constitutional court's definition of equality...</p>

Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 29 straipsnyje įtvirtintas asmenų lygiateisiškumo principas sudaro prielaidas, kad vienodi faktai turi būti vertinami vienodai bei draudžia tokią situaciją, kad vienodi faktai iš esmės būtų savavališkai vertinami skirtingai. Šiuo principu valdžios institucijos įpareigojamos laikytis įstatymų leidyboje bei jų vykdyme, taip pat reguliuojant pensinį aprūpinimą. Socialinės teisės asmens gyvenime išreiškia solidarumo idėją: suteikia asmeniui teisines prielaidas apsisaugotų nuo galimos socialinės rizikos ir ypatingų gyvenimų aplinkybių. Tačiau tai nepaneigia kiekvieno asmens asmeninės atsakomybės už savo likimą ir už save. Todėl turi būti sudarytos sąlygos asmeniui pačiam pasirūpinti savo gerove, o ne vien pasikliauti tomis socialinės apsaugos priemonėmis, kurias suteikia valstybė. Pagal Lietuvos Respublikos valstybinių pensijų įstatymą, šios rūšies pensijų skyrimo modelis yra toks, kad vienos jame nustatytos pensijos yra mokamos ir skiriamos asmenims, kurie dirba tam tikroje tarnyboje ar nusipelnę Lietuvos Respublikai. Taigi vienos Lietuvos Respublikos Valstybinių pensijų įstatyme numatytos pensijos yra mokamos atsižvelgiant į asmens ypatingus nuopelnus Lietuvai, kitos pensijos yra skiriamos atsižvelgiant į jo teisinį statusą. Asmenų lygiateisiškumo principas reiškia prigimtinę žmogaus teisę būti traktuojamam vienodai su kitais asmenimis. Lygiateisiškumo principas nepaneigia tokios situacijos, kurioje įstatymu gali būti numatytas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Trying to restraint the subjects of state pensions, this paper surveys the principles which are regarded as the basis in the process of distribution of state pensions. According to the Republic of Lithuania Law on State Pensions and the model of distributing pensions of this particular type, pensions are paid for those people who are employed in certain posts or are honoured people of the Republic of Lithuania. Moreover, the latter kind of pensions are related to a certain scientific work or as a means of compensation. For efforts to consolidate statehood, independance, democracy, the development of literature, science and sports and law principles as well as protecting them, the Republic of Lithuania Law on State Pensions distinguishes the following types of pensions: the first and second degree pensions, judge’s state pensions, scientist's state pensions, officers' state pensions, soldiers' state ensions and also injury state pensions. Therefore, some pensions provided by the Republic of Lithuania Law on State Pensions, are paid taking into consideration particular merits for the Republic of Lithuania; while other pensions are provided according to his/her legal status. Analyzing the concept of equality, it becomes obvious that equality is a settled attitude, referring to which different people have to be evaluated according to existing laws as having no privileges, with regard to each other. However, the principal of equality does not deny the situation in which different... [to full text]

Pastaruoju metu Lietuvoje norminių aktų leidybos procese pradeda vyrauti poįstatyminiai aktai, kurie papildo ar patikslina įstatymus. Tai neretai sukelia grėsmę pažeisti teisėtumą. Teisėtumo principas reikalauja, kad valstybės institucijos, kurdamos teisės aktus, neviršytų savo kompetencijos, laikytųsi kiekvienai teisės aktų rūšiai nustatytos tų aktų priėmimo ir išleidimo tvarkos (procedūrų) ir subordinacijos pagal juridinę galią: Seimo priimami įstatymai turi neprieštarauti Konstitucijai, o Prezidento dekretai, Vyriausybės nutarimai, kitų valstybės institucijų teisės aktai – Konstitucijai ir įstatymams. Šis principas teisinėje valstybėje reiškia ne tik formos, bet ir turinio teisėtumą - konkretus teisės aktas turi neprieštarauti ne tik aukštesnę juridinę galią turinčiam teisės aktui, bet ir pagrindinėms žmogaus teisėms, jis neturi įtvirtinti įstatymų leidėjo savivalės tų teisių atžvilgiu. Teisė konstatuoti tokį prieštaravimą suteikta Konstituciniam ir administraciniam teismams. / The principle of legality claims that the State Institutions, when legislating the Acts of Law, shall not overstep its competence, shall observe the established procedure for the adoption and promulgation of the Acts of Law of every type and the subordination according to legal power. The Laws being adopted by the Seimas shall be in conformity with the Constitution, but the Decrees of the President, the Resolutions of the Government, the Acts of Law of other State Institutions shall be in conformity with the Constitution and Legislation. This study covers the theoretical and practical aspects for the investigation of the legality of the Statutory Administrative Acts. The conception of the principle of legality, the implementation and protection of this principle in public administration are analysed on the theoretical level. By applying the methods of documentation analyses and comparative investigation the Acts of Law of the Republic of Lithuania as well as foreign countries, regulating the investigation of the legality of the Statutory Administrative Acts, are analysed. The essence, types and process of this investigation are defined. The practice of the Constitutional and Administrative Courts of the Republic of Lithuania in the lawsuits with respect to the legality of Statutory Administrative Acts is analysed on practical level. By applying the method of empirical investigation it is pursued to highlight particular general attributes and regularities of the practice of... [to full text]

Kiekvienos demokratinės valstybės teisinės sistemos pagrindas yra konstitucija, todėl svarbus jos viršenybės užtikrinimas. Neginčytinai svarbią vietą konstitucingumo užtikrinimui valstybėje užima konstitucinės kontrolės institucijos. Šiame darbe yra analizuojama glaudžiais ryšiais susijusiose kaimyninėse Lietuvos ir Lenkijos valstybėse vykdoma konstitucinė kontrolė. Perėjimas prie demokratijos, naujų konstitucijų priėmimas, teisinė reforma neatskiriama nuo konstitucinės kontrolės įtvirtinimo. Beveik visos Vidurio ir Rytų Europos šalys, tarp jų ir Lenkija ir Lietuva, siekdamos užtikrinti konstitucijos viršenybę, pasirinko europietiškąjį konstitucinio teismo modelį. Taigi šią funkciją abiejose šalyse atlieka specialiai tam įsteigtos institucijos: Lietuvoje - Konstitucinis Teismas, Lenkijoje - Konstitucinis Tribunolas. Darbe trumpai apžvelgiama konstitucinės kontrolės institucijų Lenkijoje ir Lietuvoje susiformavimo istorija, jų įtvirtinimas konstitucijose. Remiantis daugiausiai aprašomuoju, lyginamuoju ir analizės metodais nagrinėjama šių institucijų formavimo tvarka, teisėjų teisinis statusas, priimamų baigiamųjų aktų galia. Konstitucinės kontrolės institucijų įgaliojimų apimtis abiejose šalyse yra panaši, tačiau Lenkijos Konstitucinio Tribunolo kompetencija neapima kai kurių įgaliojimų, neretai pavedamų konstitucinės kontrolės institucijų kompetencijai. Neabejotinai svarbią darbo dalį užima Lenkijos ir Lietuvos konstitucinės kontrolės institucijų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Constitution is the basis of every democratic countries law system and it is very important to guarantee its supremacy. Undoubtedly institutions of constitutional justice take significant place in assurance of constitutional conformity in state. Author analyses constitutional control implemented by two neighbour countries close related to each other: Lithuania and Poland. Entrying into democracy, adoption of new constitutions, legal reform are inseparable from establishment of constitutional justice. Almost all Central and East Europe countries, including Lithuania and Poland, chose an european constitutional control model in order to guarantee the supremacy of constitution. The Constitutional Court in Lithuania and the Constitutional Tribunal in Poland were established especially for this purpose. Mostly using descriptive, comparative and analysis methods the order of these institutions formation, legal status of judges, the power of final acts are discussed. The competence of constitutional justice institutions of Lithuania and Poland is analyzed as well. The extent of competence is similar in both countries, although the competence of Constitutional Tribunal of Poland does not include few functions, usually typical for constitutional control institutions. Certainly an important part of this work takes the analysis of constitutional control institutions adopted acts legal effects. This question is one of the most fundamental questions in... [to full text]

<p>The focus of this paper is the right of the visually impaired to access tertiary education that is not unfairly discriminative and unequal. The study is intended to highlight the inadequacy in the current legislation on equality such as the Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair Discrimination Act 4 of 2000 and the Higher Education Act 101 of 1997 in properly promoting the ideals and purpose of constitution. Furthermore to analyse the constitutional court's approach to equality and non discrimination in order to provide solutions and recommendations for changes to existing legislation that is indeed to be effective.It also aim to define what it means to have equality for the visually impaired, more especially in tertiary education through the constitutional court's definition of equality...</p>

Constitution bails of legal proceeding we can understand like unit of laws beingin Constitution, which determine constitutional positions for court and judge. Law system secure independence of the judge and the court of the Republic of Lithuania from other govermance branch or individual person. Alongside, it guarantee fairminded and unprejudiced procecution of the justies.