For the anti-charmed pentaquark state with and without strangeness a QCD sum rule analysis, which is one of the nonperturbative approaches, is presented. For this purpose we employ pentaquark currents with and without strangeness, with two different current for each case. To refine the sum rules we also consider the DN continuum contribution in our analysis since this procedure is important to identify the signal of the pentaquark state. While the sum rules for most of the currents are either non-convergent or dominated by the DN continuum, the one for the non-strange pentaquark current composed of two diquarks and an antiquark, is convergent and has a structure consistent with a positive parity pentaquark state after subtracting out the DN continuum contribution. Arguments are presented on the similarity between the result of the present analysis and that based on the constituent quark models, which predict more stable pentaquark states when the antiquark is heavy.

Slope stability is an important aspect of geotechnical engineering. Input parameters for the analysis are the governing factors and they must be determined accurately and precisely. Field investigations, laboratory testing and back analyses are vital instruments for the input parameters. This study presents the results of slope stability analysis for the soil slopes at Elbistan-&Ccedil / &ouml / llolar lignite mine. After executing the drilling programme, samples taken from the drilling work, delivered to soil mechanics laboratory for testing. The basic input parameters, namely cohesion and friction angle determined at soil mechanics laboratory were compared to the parameters obtained from back analysis of a large scale slope failure. Input parameters for the analysis are determined by this way. After determining the input parameters, slope stability analyses were carried out both for the permanent and temporary slopes in AfSin-Elbistan lignite basin, &Ccedil / &ouml / llolar sector. The effect of ground water on the stability of slopes was investigated in detail and maximum safe slope angles were determined for different water levels. For limit equilibrium analysis, Rocscience SLIDE software, for finite difference analysis in 3-D, Itasca FLAC3D was used. In the limit equilibrium analyses both circular and composite failures were considered. Shear strength reduction method is used for the finite difference method. The results between limit equilibrium and 3-D finite difference methods were compared. When the failure surfaces obtained from the finite difference analyses were imposed to limit equilibrium analysis, computations are resulted in lower factor of safety values for limit equilibrium analysis.

The use of metallic material systems (e.g. pure metals, alloys, metal matrix composites) in a wide range of engineering applications from medical devices to electronic components to automobiles continues to motivate the development of improved constitutive models to meet increased performance demands while minimizing cost. Emerging technologies often incorporate materials in which the dominant microstructural features have characteristic dimensions reaching into the submicron and nanometer regime. Metals comprised of such fine microstructures often exhibit unique and size-dependent mechanical response, and classical approaches to constitutive model development at engineering (continuum) scales, being local in nature, are inadequate for describing such behavior. Therefore, traditional modeling frameworks must be augmented or reformulated to account for such phenomena. Crystal plasticity constitutive models have proven quite capable of capturing first-order microstructural effects such as grain orientation, grain morphology, phase distribution, etc. on the deformation behavior of both single and polycrystals, yet suffer from the same limitations as other local continuum theories with regard to modeling scale-dependent mechanical response. This research is focused on the development, numerical implementation, and application of a novel, physics-based generalized (nonlocal) theory of single crystal plasticity. Two distinct versions of a dislocation-based micropolar single crystal plasticity theory are developed and discussed within the context of more prominent nonlocal crystal plasticity theories. The constitutive models have been implemented in the commercial finite element code Abaqus, and the size-dependent deformation of both single and polycrystalline metals have been studied via direct numerical simulation. A comparison of results obtained from the solution of several equivalent initial-boundary value problems using the developed models and a model of discrete dislocation dynamics has demonstrated the predictive capabilities of the micropolar theory and also highlighted areas for potential model refinement.

<p>This paper is about basic set theory and cardinalities for infinite sets. One of the results are that the line R and the plane R2 contains exactly the same number of points. Because of that the set theory is described with a formal language this the paper has an appendix about formal languages.</p> / <p>Denna uppsats behandlar grundläggande mängdlära och inriktar sig sedan på kardinaliteter för oändliga mängder. Bland de resultat som redovisas finns bland annat resultatet som säger att linjen R och planet R2 innehåller precis lika många punkter. Då mängdläran beskrivs av ett formellt språk så innehåller uppsatsen en bilaga om formella språk.</p>

Leibniz’s early conception of individual substance ontology is one of the most puzzling, and fascinating, within the history of philosophy. It is the purpose of this paper to show that: 1) Leibniz did develop a coherent scheme that embodied his substance ontology, 2) the exposition of his early substance ontology is in A Specimen of the Discoveries of the Admirable Secrets of Nature in General, written in 1688 and, 3) the scheme is not sufficiently represented in the Discourse on Metaphysics. Leibniz slowly developed a multifaceted view of substance within the twenty years previous to the writing of the Discourse. This view is comprised of the matter/form complex, the predicate-in-subject thesis and, the phenomenal characteristics of material interaction. These three facets can also be viewed as ontological, teleological/ epistemological, and phenomenological, respectively. These facets were developed concurrently and are interdependent. The understanding of any facet requires the understanding of all of them. From the exploration of Leibniz’s development of substance ontology, one can understand his presentation of rational theology in the Discourse. Leibniz develops the ontology to account for the infinite nature of material division. The unification of material bodies requires explanation. Leibniz has the desire to create a method of deriving a priori knowledge of God, the universe, and humanity; he believes his substance ontology creates the firm basis needed to accomplish this task. The Discourse on Metaphysics does not itself represent the complete scheme Leibniz developed. It shall be shown that A Specimen of the Discoveries of the Admirable Secrets of Nature in General, composed in 1688, is a definitive exposition of Leibniz's early substance ontology. The Discourse on Metaphysics can be viewed as an exposition of rational theology based upon the ontology Leibniz had developed.

This thesis is presented in two sections. Two different multiscale models are developed in order to increase the computational speed of two well known atomistic algorithms, Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC). In Section I, the MD method is introduced. Following this, a multiscale method of linking an MD simulation of heat conduction to a finite element (FE) simulation is presented. The method is simple to implement into a conventional MD code and is independent of the atomistic model employed. This bridge between the FE and MD simulations works by ensuring that energy is conserved across the FE/MD boundary. The multiscale simulation allows for the investigation of large systems which are beyond the range of MD. The method is tested extensively in the steady state and transient regimes, and is shown to agree with well with large scale MD and FE simulations. Furthermore, the method removes the artificial boundary effects due to the thermostats and hence allows exact temperatures and temperature gradients to be imposed on to an MD simulation. This allows for better study of temperature gradients on crystal defects etc. In Section II, the KMC method is introduced. A continuum model for the KMC method is presented and compared to the standard KMC model of surface diffusion. This method replaces the many discrete back and forth atom jumps performed by a standard KMC algorithm with a single flux that can evolve in time. Elastic strain is then incorporated into both algorithms and used to simulate atom deposition upon a substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy. Quantum dot formation due to a mismatch in the lattice spacing between a substrate and a deposited film is readily observed in both models. Furthermore, by depositing alternating layers of substrate and deposit, self-organised quantum dot super-lattices are observed in both models.

This thesis proposes a new method for the generation of continuous spectra with possible applications in optical WDM access networks. This new method would allow the development of a continuum laser type structure with better performances in terms of cost and simplicity compared to the current supercontinuum sources. For this purpose, we have analyzed the possibility of extending the resonant modes of a Fabry-Perot cavity acting only on the design of one of the cavity mirrors. The design of the mirror is generated with a genetic algorithm targeting a desired reflectivity spectrum. An active medium is then added inside the cavity formed with the synthesized mirror and the cavity's emission is simulated below the lasing threshold. The spectra thus obtained are continuous on an interval of 5 to 15 nm.

No description available.

<p>We investigate the clustering of HI-selected galaxies in the ALFALFA survey and compare results with those obtained for HIPASS. Measurements of the angular correlation function and the inferred 3D-clustering are compared with results from direct spatial-correlation measurements. We are able to measure clustering on smaller angular scales and for galaxies with lower HI masses than was previously possible. We calculate the expected clustering of dark matter using the redshift distributions of HIPASS and ALFALFA and show that the ALFALFA sample is somewhat more anti-biased with respect to dark matter than the HIPASS sample. We are able to conform the validity of the dark matter correlation predictions by performing simulations of the non-linear structure formation. Further we examine how the bias evolves with redshift for radio galaxies detected in the the first survey.</p>

<p>Research shows that there is a literacy crisis in many South African primary schools, especially in the Foundation and Intermediate Phases (Grades 1 &ndash / &nbsp / ). The latest Annual National Assessments (ANA) results released in 2011 indicate that learners performed below the acceptable literacy levels as&nbsp / the national pass rate for Grade 3 learners was 35% and was 28% for Grade 6 learners (ANA, 2011:6). Research on literacy focuses on reading and&nbsp / there is little known about how young learners develop writing skills. This qualitative ethnographic study investigated how writing skills are developed in Grade 1 learners by looking at the writing processes as well as the teaching methods used by teachers to develop learners&rsquo / writing skills. The research also&nbsp / analyzed the texts produced by Grade 1 learners and the languages used in their written texts. The sample group in this research was the Grade 1 learners&nbsp / to a multicultural school in Cape Town. Data were collected by means of classroom observations, interviews and document analysis. The thematic&nbsp / arrative approach was used to analyze data and the analysis was informed by the Writing Developmental Continuum model and the Multimodal&nbsp / Approach to literacy in order to gain a better understanding of how young learners use language and other forms of writing such as visuals and gestures to&nbsp / onstruct and convey meaning.&nbsp / The findings of this research show that Grade 1 learners make use of semiotic resources including the language(s)&nbsp / &nbsp / &nbsp / available in their immediate context to create multimodal texts that incorporate both visual and written features. This shows that young learners represent&nbsp / their world experiences through interpersonal and experiential meanings in language(s) exposed to them. The teacher has a big role to play in developing&nbsp / learners&rsquo / writing skills and has to employ a variety of pedagogical strategies that support learners to move through the different writing phases before they develop into early writers. The study concludes that writing is not a linear process but it is a gradual process which depends on a variety of resources and&nbsp / factors which build on learners&rsquo / prior experiences and creativity.</p>