The present study focuses on teacher’s attitudes to the European Language Portfolio (ELP) in mother tongue English programs. More specifically it will explore how effective the ELP and portfolio assessment are in mother tongue teaching inSweden. The aim is also to assess whether mother tongue English students perform equally well in the four language skill areas. This case study seeks to find the strengths and weaknesses of the ELP according to the teachers that are using the ELP as an assessment tool, as well as investigating previous evaluation materials used to identify achievement in mother tongue. For this purpose, a case study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with four English mother tongue teachers at theLanguageCenterin Göteborg (henceforth LCG). The teachers interviewed at the language center use the ELP assessment but do not actively use the other parts of the language passport. The LCG materials for the mother tongue ELP were adapted from the original ELP 6 to 16 years created for Österåker municipality by Iakovos Demetriádes in 2007. Mother tongue teachers in Göteborg have since identified a number of the ELP’s strengths, as well as some of its weaknesses. The ELP is compatible with the Swedish syllabus, which makes it easier to write a written assessment for each class from the 1st grade and up.  There are however problems with individual teachers interpretation of ELP descriptors.  These problems will be brought to light later on in this paper.

In this study the guidelines of the League of Nations, UNESCO and the Council of Europe are investigated in relation to Swedish national curricula, teachers’ perceptions of and students’ work in history, from 1927 to 2002. Inspired by John I Goodlad’s notions of curricula and implementation, the formulation of history is studied. The ideological curricula are analyzed via the international guidelines directed to Swedish history teaching. The formal curricula are examined in national guidelines and also how history is formulated in final examinations and inspectors’ reports. The perceived curricula are studied in teachers’ debates and interviews with experienced teachers. The experiential curricula are examined through looking at students’ choices of topics in final exams, 1,680 titles of students’ individual projects in history and an in-depth analysis of 145 individual projects written between 1969 and 2002. The study shows that the means and goals of history education have been formulated in both different and similar ways within and between curricular levels.  On all the curricular levels studied the history subject has become more internationally oriented. After World War II national history landed in the background and the world history, favored by UNESCO, became dominant in Sweden from the 1950s onwards. Despite the fact that the Council of Europe’s Euro-centrism became more prominent in the 1994 syllabus in history, students still preferred world history over European history. International and national guidelines also stressed the value of paying heed to marginalized groups, local cultural heritage and contemporary history.  These orientations were also represented in the teachers’ views of history teaching and in the students’ work in history. The results of the study suggest that the implementation of the international guidelines were more than a top-down process. During the entire period studied, guidelines have been formulated and transacted, but also reinterpreted and in some cases, ignored. Teachers and students seem to have been co-creators in the transformation of history education. History as a subject, according to the study, encompassed an ever expanding geographical area and more and more perspectives. Not least on the student level, the subject was formulated and dealt with in manifold ways, often oriented towards contemporary world history. Students’ history had great similarities with the international notion of history education in the service of mankind. Students expressed a rejection of war, an understanding of minorities and a wish to safeguard the local cultural heritage. Even if there were exceptions, students’ history appears to have been influenced by international understanding during a century filled with conflicts. / History Beyond Borders: The International History Textbook Revision, 1919–2009

In this study the guidelines of the League of Nations, UNESCO and the Council of Europe are investigated in relation to Swedish national curricula, teachers’ perceptions of and students’ work in history, from 1927 to 2002. Inspired by John I Goodlad’s notions of curricula and implementation, the formulation of history is studied. The ideological curricula are analyzed via the international guidelines directed to Swedish history teaching. The formal curricula are examined in national guidelines and also how history is formulated in final examinations and inspectors’ reports. The perceived curricula are studied in teachers’ debates and interviews with experienced teachers. The experiential curricula are examined through looking at students’ choices of topics in final exams, 1,680 titles of students’ individual projects in history and an in-depth analysis of 145 individual projects written between 1969 and 2002. The study shows that the means and goals of history education have been formulated in both different and similar ways within and between curricular levels.  On all the curricular levels studied the history subject has become more internationally oriented. After World War II national history landed in the background and the world history, favored by UNESCO, became dominant in Sweden from the 1950s onwards. Despite the fact that the Council of Europe’s Euro-centrism became more prominent in the 1994 syllabus in history, students still preferred world history over European history. International and national guidelines also stressed the value of paying heed to marginalized groups, local cultural heritage and contemporary history.  These orientations were also represented in the teachers’ views of history teaching and in the students’ work in history. The results of the study suggest that the implementation of the international guidelines were more than a top-down process. During the entire period studied, guidelines have been formulated and transacted, but also reinterpreted and in some cases, ignored. Teachers and students seem to have been co-creators in the transformation of history education. History as a subject, according to the study, encompassed an ever expanding geographical area and more and more perspectives. Not least on the student level, the subject was formulated and dealt with in manifold ways, often oriented towards contemporary world history. Students’ history had great similarities with the international notion of history education in the service of mankind. Students expressed a rejection of war, an understanding of minorities and a wish to safeguard the local cultural heritage. Even if there were exceptions, students’ history appears to have been influenced by international understanding during a century filled with conflicts. / History Beyond Borders: The International History Textbook Revision, 1919–2009

No / The Russo-Chechen conflict has been the bloodiest war in Europe since the Second World War. It continues to drag on, despite the fact that it hits the headlines only when there is some 'terrorist spectacular'. Providing a comprehensive overview of the war and the issues connected with it, the author examines the origins of the conflict historically and traces how both sides were dragged inexorably into war in the early 1990s. The book discusses the two wars (1994-96 and 1999 to date), the intervening truce and shows how a downward spiral of violence has led to a mutually-damaging impasse from which neither side has been able to remove itself. It applies theories of conflict, especially theories of terrorism and counter-terrorism and concludes by proposing some alternative resolutions that might lead to a just and lasting peace in the region.

With 2011 womens movement in Turkey has a new tool for combating violence against women in their hands / Council of Europe Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence, a.k.a. the Istanbul Convention. The Convention will add several new tools to the ones used by the womens movement in Turkey since 1980s.

No plano internacional têm sido reconhecidos direitos à vítimas da criminalidade, o que lhes possibilita a assunção de uma nova posição na resolução do conflito penal. Seja no âmbito das Nações Unidas, onde se destaca a Resolução n. 40/34 de 1985, da ONU, que trouxe consigo a Declaração de Princípios Básicos de Justiça relativos às Vítimas da Criminalidade e Abuso de Poder, seja no âmbito europeu, onde se destacam as iniciativas do Conselho da Europa e mais recentemente as iniciativas da União Européia, as vítimas da criminalidade têm visto redesenhadas sua posição, seus direitos e visto reconhecida sua condição de pessoa humana dotada de dignidade. A dissertação apresenta um primeiro capítulo contendo uma breve teoria geral sobre os principais aspectos relativos às vítimas e uma sintética evolução histórica de sua posição no conflito penal, em um segundo capítulo uma análise dos principais documentos relativos às vítimas de crimes no âmbito europeu e em um terceiro capítulo uma análise do principal documento no âmbito da ONU relativos às vítimas de crimes, Resolução n. 40/34 de 1985, da ONU e a Declaração de Princípios Básicos de Justiça relativos às Vítimas da Criminalidade e Abuso de Poder / Internationally recognized rights have been victims of crime, enabling them to assume a new position in the penal settlement of the conflict. Whether at the United Nations, which highlights the Resolution No. 40/34 1985, the UN, which has brought the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power is in the European context, where we highlight the initiatives of the Council of Europe and more recently of the Union's Union, crime victims have since redesigned their position, their rights and their status as recognized as human beings endowed with dignity. It is a draw in the first chapter a brief general theory about the main aspects related to the victims and a synthetic historical evolution of its position in the criminal conflict in a second chapter a review of key documents relating to victims of crimes within the European framework and in a third chapter an analysis of the main document at the UN on victims of crime, Resolution No. 40/34 1985, and the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.

No plano internacional têm sido reconhecidos direitos à vítimas da criminalidade, o que lhes possibilita a assunção de uma nova posição na resolução do conflito penal. Seja no âmbito das Nações Unidas, onde se destaca a Resolução n. 40/34 de 1985, da ONU, que trouxe consigo a Declaração de Princípios Básicos de Justiça relativos às Vítimas da Criminalidade e Abuso de Poder, seja no âmbito europeu, onde se destacam as iniciativas do Conselho da Europa e mais recentemente as iniciativas da União Européia, as vítimas da criminalidade têm visto redesenhadas sua posição, seus direitos e visto reconhecida sua condição de pessoa humana dotada de dignidade. A dissertação apresenta um primeiro capítulo contendo uma breve teoria geral sobre os principais aspectos relativos às vítimas e uma sintética evolução histórica de sua posição no conflito penal, em um segundo capítulo uma análise dos principais documentos relativos às vítimas de crimes no âmbito europeu e em um terceiro capítulo uma análise do principal documento no âmbito da ONU relativos às vítimas de crimes, Resolução n. 40/34 de 1985, da ONU e a Declaração de Princípios Básicos de Justiça relativos às Vítimas da Criminalidade e Abuso de Poder / Internationally recognized rights have been victims of crime, enabling them to assume a new position in the penal settlement of the conflict. Whether at the United Nations, which highlights the Resolution No. 40/34 1985, the UN, which has brought the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power is in the European context, where we highlight the initiatives of the Council of Europe and more recently of the Union's Union, crime victims have since redesigned their position, their rights and their status as recognized as human beings endowed with dignity. It is a draw in the first chapter a brief general theory about the main aspects related to the victims and a synthetic historical evolution of its position in the criminal conflict in a second chapter a review of key documents relating to victims of crimes within the European framework and in a third chapter an analysis of the main document at the UN on victims of crime, Resolution No. 40/34 1985, and the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.

No plano internacional têm sido reconhecidos direitos à vítimas da criminalidade, o que lhes possibilita a assunção de uma nova posição na resolução do conflito penal. Seja no âmbito das Nações Unidas, onde se destaca a Resolução n. 40/34 de 1985, da ONU, que trouxe consigo a Declaração de Princípios Básicos de Justiça relativos às Vítimas da Criminalidade e Abuso de Poder, seja no âmbito europeu, onde se destacam as iniciativas do Conselho da Europa e mais recentemente as iniciativas da União Européia, as vítimas da criminalidade têm visto redesenhadas sua posição, seus direitos e visto reconhecida sua condição de pessoa humana dotada de dignidade. A dissertação apresenta um primeiro capítulo contendo uma breve teoria geral sobre os principais aspectos relativos às vítimas e uma sintética evolução histórica de sua posição no conflito penal, em um segundo capítulo uma análise dos principais documentos relativos às vítimas de crimes no âmbito europeu e em um terceiro capítulo uma análise do principal documento no âmbito da ONU relativos às vítimas de crimes, Resolução n. 40/34 de 1985, da ONU e a Declaração de Princípios Básicos de Justiça relativos às Vítimas da Criminalidade e Abuso de Poder / Internationally recognized rights have been victims of crime, enabling them to assume a new position in the penal settlement of the conflict. Whether at the United Nations, which highlights the Resolution No. 40/34 1985, the UN, which has brought the Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power is in the European context, where we highlight the initiatives of the Council of Europe and more recently of the Union's Union, crime victims have since redesigned their position, their rights and their status as recognized as human beings endowed with dignity. It is a draw in the first chapter a brief general theory about the main aspects related to the victims and a synthetic historical evolution of its position in the criminal conflict in a second chapter a review of key documents relating to victims of crimes within the European framework and in a third chapter an analysis of the main document at the UN on victims of crime, Resolution No. 40/34 1985, and the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power.

L’article 6§2 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme affirme que « toute personne est présumée innocente des faits qui lui sont reprochés jusqu’à ce que sa culpabilité ait été légalement établie ». Consacré sur le plan international et sur le plan national, le principe de présomption d’innocence est une constante dans les droits des pays du Conseil de l’Europe et il est le principe directeur de la procédure pénale. Néanmoins l’enjeu du procès pénal repose sur la recherche d'un équilibre entre les intérêts de la société et le primat de l'individu. À ce titre, l’opposition éternelle entre les intérêts de la société et celle du citoyen ainsi que la confrontation du principe avec d’autres principes fondamentaux (droit à l’information pour les journalistes) tendent à amoindrir la valeur de la présomption d’innocence. Malheureusement, l’affaiblissement de l’effectivité du principe s’observe sur l’ensemble des États membres, ce qui est d’autant plus inquiétant. C’est pourquoi, à travers cette thèse, j’ai voulu démontrer que le rôle du Conseil de l’Europe va au-delà de la simple exigence du respect des minimas imposés, il a un impact réel sur le droit positif de chaque État membre et il doit jouer un rôle plus affirmé pour renforcer les principes fondamentaux qu’il proclame. L’harmonisation des droits internes par le Conseil de l’Europe est une solution à envisager afin de renforcer l’effectivité du principe de présomption d’innocence. Bien que les prérogatives du Conseil de l’Europe soient limitées et que la rivalité avec l’Union européenne ne facilite pas l’objectif, il demeure le moteur principal en matière de promotion des droits de l’homme et l’impact de la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne en est une illustration. / Article 6§2 of the European Convention on Human Rights states that "everyone is presumed innocent of the facts alleged against him until his guilt has been legally established". Dedicated internationally and nationally, the principle of the presumption of innocence is a constant in the countries rights of Council of Europe and is the guiding principle of criminal procedure. Nevertheless, the issue of the criminal trial lies in the search for a balance between the interests of society and the primacy of the individual. As such, the eternal opposition between the interests of the society and the citizen as well as the confrontation of the principle with other fundamental principles (right to information for journalists) tend to undermine the value of the presumption of innocence. Unfortunately, the weakening affecting the effectiveness of the principle is observed in all Member States, which is all the more worrying. That is why, through this thesis, I wanted to show that the role of the Council of Europe goes beyond the simple requirement of respecting minimum imposed standards, it has a real impact on the positive law of each state member and he must play a more assertive role to reinforce the fundamental principles it proclaims. The harmonization of internal laws by the Council of Europe is a solution to be considered in order to reinforce the effectiveness of the principle of the presumption of innocence. Although the prerogatives of the Council of Europe are limited and the rivalry with the European Union does not facilitate the objective, it remains the main engine for the promotion of human rights and the impact of the European Court case-law is an illustration of this.

Dans de nombreux pays européens, l’institution judiciaire a connu de profondes transformations ces vingt dernières années - notamment, sous l’impulsion d’une logique gestionnaire, qui se caractérise par l’attention aux enjeux d’efficacité, d’efficience et de coûts, au-delà des préoccupations en termes de qualité. La recherche vise à analyser les diverses institutions européennes impliquées dans ce processus de circulation d’une approche managériale dans les systèmes judiciaires nationaux, ainsi qu’à étudier les dynamiques de circulation d’acteurs, d’instruments d’action publique et d’injonctions au changement entre les différents échelons. Pour ce faire, une analyse prosopographique relative aux ressources, carrières, moyens d’action, stratégies et réseaux des divers entrepreneurs de changement au niveau européen sera développée, à partir d’entretiens semi-directifs et de questionnaires. L’analyse des contributions de la Commission Européenne, de plusieurs comités du Conseil de l’Europe et d’autres réseaux d’acteurs judiciaires travaillant sur thématiques d’organisation, qualité et efficacité de la justice, ainsi que de leur construction et développement, intégreront l’analyse de cette espace européen d’élaboration de politiques publiques en matière judiciaire et de ces effets sur les processus de réforme nationaux et locaux en cours ou récemment aboutis en plusieurs pays de l’Europe occidentale. / In many European countries, justice has widely changed in the last twenty years under the influence of a managerial rationality, focusing on efficiency and costs, besides the interest over quality. The research analyses the different European institutions implied in the process of circulation of a managerial approach in national justice systems. It shows the dynamics of change through the circulation of actors, practices, and policy tools between the various levels of policy-making. The origins of the managerial tools applied to justice in the United States is related to its adaptation to the European context by an array of European and national actors involving justice professionals, policy officers, researchers and consultants. The analysis focuses on multiple committees of experts of the Council of Europe specialised on issues related to the organisation of courts. It shows how their work has been appropriated and used by the European Commission to pressure EU Member States over judicial reform pursuing higher efficiency and quality of service for the citizens and businesses. Two case studies on France and Italy depict the mechanisms behind policy change at the national and local level showing the conditions that favour or limit the circulation of managerial practices and tools. The analysis relies on data coming from semi-direct interviews and a prosopographic survey of the European experts, semi-direct interviews with local justice professionals and from an extensive use of documents from the European, national and local institutions involved in judicial policy-making.