Les interactions entre des gouttes ou des bulles sont rencontrées dans de nombreuses applications industrielles et/ou environnementales. Ici, nous nous intéressons à l’électro-coalescence qui a des applications importantes comme par exemple la séparation eau/pétrole (coalescence de gouttelettes d'eau dans du pétrole). L’étude a été consacrée à l’élaboration et à la mise point de modèles basés sur les équations de Navier-Stokes et les équations régissant les champs électriques au niveau d’une seule goutte ainsi que l’interaction entre deux gouttes et plus particulièrement l’effet des forces hydrodynamiques et électrostatiques sur le mécanisme d’amincissement du film séparant les deux gouttes. Selon les cas traités, le suivi de l’interface est réalisé soit à l’aide de la méthode LS (Level Set) ou bien à l’aide de la méthode MM (Moving Mesh). Les solutions numériques ont été obtenues à l’aide du code de calcul COMSOL Multiphysics. Dans une première étape, nous avons analysé l’effet d’un champ électrique sur la déformation d’une seule goutte suspendue dans un autre fluide visqueux, pour différentes propriétés physiques et électriques des deux fluides. Le modèle a été testé et validé par confrontation avec les solutions analytiques existantes et avec des études numériques de la littérature. Nous avons examiné aussi l’influence du champ électrique sur la génération d’une goutte secondaire lors de la coalescence entre une goutte et une interface liquide-liquide déformable. Dans une seconde étape, nous avons étudié le drainage et la déformation de deux gouttes en interaction sous l’action d’une force constante. Contrairement à la théorie de lubrification basée entre autre sur l’hypothèse d’une petite déformation de l’interface, aucune hypothèse simplificatrice n’a été utilisée pour la résolution des équations, ce qui a permis d’obtenir des solutions numériques aussi bien pour les petites que pour les grandes déformations. Dans une troisième étape, nous avons examiné l’ascension d’une goutte isolée ou de deux gouttes de n-butanol dans l’eau sous l’influence de la force de flottabilité. L’évolution des vitesses terminales d’ascension des gouttes (goutte de tête/goutte suiveuse) et le drainage du film séparant les deux gouttes ont été analysées en présence et en l’absence de champ électrique. / Drops and bubbles interactions are encountered in various industrial and environmental applications. In this work, we focus on the electro-coalescence which has important industrial uses such as the destabilization of water / oil emulsions (coalescence of water droplets in oil). This study was devoted to the development and the elaboration of numerical models based on the Navier-Stokes equations and those describing the electrical field on a single drop as well as the interaction between two drops, and more particularly the effect of hydrodynamic and electrostatic forces on the thinning mechanism of the film separating the two drops. According to the treated cases, the interface tracking is achieved either by using the LS method (Level Set) or using the MM method (Moving Mesh). Numerical solutions were obtained using the commercial CFD software COMSOL Multiphysics. During the first step, we analyzed the effect of an electrical field on the deformation of a single suspended drop in another viscous fluid, for different physical and electrical properties of the two fluids. The model was tested and validated by comparison with existing analytical solutions and numerical studies found in the literature. We also analyzed the influence of the electric field on the generation of a secondary drop during the coalescence between a drop and a deformable liquid-liquid interface. In a second step, we investigated the drainage and deformation of two drops in interaction under the effect of a constant force. Unlike the lubrication theory which is based among others, on the assumption of a small interface deformation, in this work, no simplifying assumptions were used for the solution of equations, which allowed us to obtain numerical solutions for both small and large deformations. For the third step, we examined the rise of two drops of n-butanol in water under the influence of buoyancy force. The evolution of the drops terminal ascension velocity (leading drop/trailing drop), and the drainage of the film separating the two drops were analyzed in the presence and in the absence of electrical field.

Literary review, according to theoretical and experimental researches, it was noticed that electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency influence the human and environment. Power force of low frequentative electromagnetic beaming is little. However electromagnetic beams of these low frequentative domains have clearly expressed electrical and magnetic fields which affect the separate parts of human body. The most sensitive parts to the effect of electromagnetic fields are the nervous system and the neuroendocrine system. The biggest sources of electromagnetic fields are the domestic appliances, the installations of electricity transmission, transference and the distributing installations in residential and working places. Electromagnetic fields are generated with electric installations and spread in space by 1/r3; 1/r2 and 1/r law. It is typical of the value change of electric and magnetic fields. Parameter value of electromagnetic fields is solved with electricity installations tension, stream and the location of analyzed point in point of installations. Summing up the wide energetic net of our country, the fact of usable electric installations (which create electromagnetic fields in residential and working places) assume the marked social signification, there is posed the opportunity to forecast the available values of low electromagnetic fields effect, and to forecast means to remove it.

La sûreté du stockage des déchets radioactifs repose en grande partie sur la capacité de confinement du conteneur et de l’ouvrage qui lui sont dédiés. Dans le cas des déchets radioactifs de Faible et Moyenne Activité à Vie Courte (FMA-VC), cette propriété de confinement, assurée par des matrices solides à base de matériaux cimentaires, est mesurée sur la base d’un essai de diffusion naturelle, consistant à faire traverser un traceur, de type radioactif, dans un échantillon représentatif, duquel on retire, a posteriori, un coefficient de diffusion. L’évolution de ces matériaux et les améliorations apportées à la fabrication de nouvelles enveloppes de confinement induisent des durées d’essai pouvant atteindre plusieurs années.L’objectif premier de ce travail consiste en la détermination du coefficient de diffusion effectif d’une espèce de référence, qui sera dans notre cas l’eau tritiée, dans un intervalle de temps réduit. L’approche théorique repose sur la compréhension du phénomène de transport d’espèces ioniques en solution soumises à un champ électrique. Sur les bases d’un protocole expérimental clairement établi et de la définition du facteur de formation, caractéristique topologique intrinsèque du réseau poreux, il a été possible de déterminer le coefficient de diffusion effectif de l’eau tritiée d’une gamme de bétons et de mortier d’intérêt, et cela en seulement quelques heures.Dans un second temps, la comparaison de l’essai de migration sous champ électrique constant, développé dans ce travail, avec l’essai classique de diffusion naturelle à l’eau tritiée a mis en exergue deux points cruciaux. La non-prise en compte de la décroissance radioactive du tritium dans l’interprétation de l’essai de diffusion naturelle à l’eau tritiée amène une sous-estimation non-négligeable de la valeur du coefficient de diffusion. La conservation, lors de leur phase de maturation, des matériaux d’essais dans des conditions inadaptées, induit des mesures selon la technique de migration sous champ électrique constant disparates et non répétables.Dans un dernier temps, la validation complète de la technique électrocinétique, sujet initial de ce travail, repose sur la vérification des hypothèses théoriques énoncées au préalable. Le facteur de formation, et a fortiori le coefficient de diffusion effectif, est une grandeur indépendante de la force ionique de la solution porale du matériau considéré, cela pour une gamme de solution courante dans le domaine des matériaux cimentaires. Le facteur de formation s’avère aussi indépendant de l’amplitude du champ électrique appliqué, aussi pour une gamme et des durées d’essai adaptées aux conditions de mesures définies dans le protocole. Enfin, lorsque les valeurs de coefficients de diffusion effectifs obtenues en migration et diffusion naturelle à l’eau tritiée sont comparées sur plusieurs formulations maîtrisées de matériaux cimentaires / The safety and the reliability of a radioactive waste repository rely essentially on the confinement ability of the waste package and the storing structure. In the case of the low-level and intermediate level short-lived radioactive waste, the confinement property, relying on solid matrices made of cement-based materials, is assessed through a natural diffusion test, using a radioactive tracer, from which an effective diffusion coefficient is deduced. The evolution of the materials and more particularly the enhancement of the confinement properties of cement-based materials lead to test duration from a couple of months to a couple of years.The main objective of the present work involves the determination of the effective diffusion coefficient of reference chemical species, in our case the tritiated water, within a shorter time. The theoretical foundation is based on the description of ionic species mass transfer under the effects of an electrical field. With the definitions of a precise experimental protocol and of a formation factor, considered as an intrinsic topological feature of the porous network, it is possible to determine the effective diffusion coefficient of tritiated water for various types of concretes and mortars, and this within a few hours only.The comparison between the developed accelerated test, based on the application of a constant electrical field, and the normed natural diffusion test, using tritiated water, underlined two critical issues. First, omitting the impact of the radioactive decay of tritium during a natural diffusion test, leads to a non-negligible underestimation of the effective diffusion coefficient. Second, maintaining samples in high relative humidity conditions after casting is essential in order to avoid contrasted and unrelated results when performing the electrokinetic tests.Eventually, the validation of the electrokinetics technique, main objective of this work, rests on the assessment of the theoretical hypothesis previously formulated. The formation factor, as well as the effective diffusion coefficient, does not depend on the ionic strength of the material pore solution, this being validated for solutions of different composition encompassing the cement materials pore solution diversity. The formation factor also does not vary when the amplitude of the applied electrical field varies, provided both the test duration and the electrical field amplitude are kept within acceptable boundaries. Finally, the comparison between the values of the effective diffusion coefficient obtained with both the constant field migration test and the natural diffusion techniques, for perfectly conditioned and prepared materials, leads us to invalidate the assumption that the effects of the double electrical layer are negligible

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades estruturais e termomagnéticas dos pseudobinários Ho1-yGdyAl2, através de abordagens experimentais e teóricas. A parte experimental envolveu a preparação de cinco amostras, com as concentrações y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1, assim como medidas de magnetização, calor especifico e da variação adiabática da temperatura. Na parte teórica usamos um hamiltoniano modelo que leva em consideração a interação dos íons com o campo magnético aplicado, com o campo elétrico cristalino e a troca entre os íons magnéticos. A entropia da rede foi considerada na aproximação de Debye e a entropia eletrônica na aproximação do gás de elétrons livres. A influência das reorientações de spin, espontâneas e induzidas pelo campo magnético, na magnetização e no calor especifico foram investigadas sistematicamente tanto a partir de dados experimentais quanto teoricamente. Também obtemos resultados teóricos para a variação de entropia e variação adiabática da temperatura alterando a intensidade ou a direção do campo magnético. / In this work the structural and thermomagnetic properties of the pseudobinaries Ho1-yGdyAl2 have been studied by experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental part included the preparation of five samples, with concentrations y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 1, as well as magnetization, specific heat and adiabatic temperature change measurements. In the theoretical part we used a model Hamiltonian which includes the interaction of the ions with the applied magnetic field, the crystalline electrical field and exchange interactions with others magnetic ions. The lattice entropy has been considered within Debyes approach and the electronic entropy as that of a free electron gas. The spin reorientation influence, spontaneous and magnetic field induced ones, in magnetization and specific heat has been systematically investigated either from experimental data as well as theoretically. We have also obtained theoretical results for the isothermal entropy change and the adiabatic temperature change by modifying either the magnetic field strength or its direction.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades estruturais e termomagnéticas dos pseudobinários Ho1-yGdyAl2, através de abordagens experimentais e teóricas. A parte experimental envolveu a preparação de cinco amostras, com as concentrações y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 e 1, assim como medidas de magnetização, calor especifico e da variação adiabática da temperatura. Na parte teórica usamos um hamiltoniano modelo que leva em consideração a interação dos íons com o campo magnético aplicado, com o campo elétrico cristalino e a troca entre os íons magnéticos. A entropia da rede foi considerada na aproximação de Debye e a entropia eletrônica na aproximação do gás de elétrons livres. A influência das reorientações de spin, espontâneas e induzidas pelo campo magnético, na magnetização e no calor especifico foram investigadas sistematicamente tanto a partir de dados experimentais quanto teoricamente. Também obtemos resultados teóricos para a variação de entropia e variação adiabática da temperatura alterando a intensidade ou a direção do campo magnético. / In this work the structural and thermomagnetic properties of the pseudobinaries Ho1-yGdyAl2 have been studied by experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental part included the preparation of five samples, with concentrations y = 0, 0,25, 0,5, 0,75 and 1, as well as magnetization, specific heat and adiabatic temperature change measurements. In the theoretical part we used a model Hamiltonian which includes the interaction of the ions with the applied magnetic field, the crystalline electrical field and exchange interactions with others magnetic ions. The lattice entropy has been considered within Debyes approach and the electronic entropy as that of a free electron gas. The spin reorientation influence, spontaneous and magnetic field induced ones, in magnetization and specific heat has been systematically investigated either from experimental data as well as theoretically. We have also obtained theoretical results for the isothermal entropy change and the adiabatic temperature change by modifying either the magnetic field strength or its direction.

Le sujet de cette thèse concerne l'étude de l'influence des incertitudes paramétriques et structurelles sur le comportement d’un SDNE de 1ière espèce défini par l’association d’une fractance et d’un élément I (au sens bond-graph), et ce quel que soit le domaine de la Physique. Le mémoire de thèse comporte deux parties. La première, composée de trois chapitres, présente un caractère théorique et méthodologique, elle s’inscrit dans le cadre de la théorie des systèmes. La seconde comporte deux chapitres qui présentent un caractère applicatif, l’objectif étant d’illustrer dans les domaines de la mécanique et de l’électronique la démarche présentée dans la première partie. / The objective of this thesis is to study the effects of the parametric and structural uncertainties on the behavior of the 1st order fractional dynamic systems. Such systems are defined by the alliance of a fractance and an inductance and can be applied in any physical domain.So, this thesis is divided into two parts. The first part regroups the first three chapters and presents a theoretical and methodological approach for this study whereas the second part contains the remaining two chapters. These chapters represent the applications of the previously shown theory in the mechanical domain (hydropneumatic suspension) and in the electrical domain.

This dissertation examines selected literary works by Anita Rau Badami, Denise Chong, Hiromi Goto, Larissa Lai, and Kerri Sakamoto, exploring how their stories respond both to the absence of representations of Asian Canadian women in literary discourses of the early twentieth century and to homogenizing assumptions in official histories. My formulation of (re)presentation in the title recognizes the multiplicity and constructedness of these denoted identities and experiences and the self-representations of these writers as a response to this elision and misrepresentation. The term repair borrows from philosopher Hilde Lindemann Nelson’s theorizing of “narrative repair,” which involves telling counterstories, but also is used in psychological contexts as a healing mechanism. An elaboration of both models, as applied in this study, is optimally useful in diasporic contexts as resistance to the elision and/or racist and gendered discursive constructions of Asian Canadian women and as restoration of damaged identities. The texts under study—Tamarind Mem, The Concubine’s Children, Chorus of Mushrooms, When Fox Is a Thousand, and The Electrical Field—were all published in the mid-1990s, after the initial forays into the writing of novels by Asian Canadian authors such as Joy Kogawa (1981) and SKY Lee (1990). My choice of these sister narratives recognizes the family as central to identity construction and intergenerational (mis)understanding and emphasizes the importance of this period’s second-generation explosion of writings by Japanese, Chinese, and Indo Canadian women that paved the way for the current plethora of writings by authors from these cultural groups that contribute significantly to Canadian representations of diasporic identity. This study explores the nuances and pluralisms of the representations of Asian Canadian women. The texts under consideration are cultural autobiographies and matrilineal or sexually transgressive narratives that reinvent the cultural memory of Canadian women of Asian ancestry; produce cultural fusions through the transcreation of oral traditions and simulations of the oral, transcoding of ancestral tongues, and discursive strategies of silence; and address connections between self and place in examinations of Canada, the adopted country, as (un)homely territory. Presenting unhyphenated diasporic female subjects who exceed socially scripted boundaries of gender, sexuality, race, and nationality, in terms of both Canada and the writers’ and protagonists’ ancestral Asian nations, these “acts of narrative insubordination” (Nelson 8) exemplify emancipatory politics and recuperative and revisionary projects. Interrogating questions of (re)presentation and repair from positions of liminality and across gendered, racial, linguistic, and geographical divides, this research contributes to current urgent discussions of identity, transculturation, multiculturalism, and globalization in literary and cultural studies.

Vasomotor tone is largely maintained by sympathetic nerves, myogenic reactivity and key local and circulating hormones. Acting together, these factors ensure moment-to-moment adjustments of net vascular tone required to maintain hemodynamic stability. In rat mesenteric small veins (MSV) and arteries (MSA), we investigated the contribution of the endothelium, L-type voltage operated calcium channels (L-VOCCs), PKC and Rho kinase to myogenic reactivity. The interaction of myogenic reactivity with norepinephrine (NE), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and sympathetic nerve activation was also investigated under conditions of changing transmural distending pressure. We also evaluated the relative contribution of alpha adrenergic (α-A) and endothelinergic receptors to NE and ET-1 contractile responses, respectively. Additionally, the effects of changing transmural pressure on endothelial dilator function of MSV were examined. Myogenic reactivity was not altered by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition or endothelium removal in both vessels. L-VOCCs blockade completely abolished arterial tone, while only partially reducing venous tone. PKC and Rho kinase inhibitors largely abolished venous and arterial myogenic reactivity. Increasing transmural pressure did not alter NE, ET-1, and bradykinin responses, but it significantly reduced neurogenic contractions. MSV were more sensitive to NE, ET-1 and sympathetic nerve activation compared with corresponding arteries. α-A and ET-1 receptor agonist and antagonist application revealed the participation of α1-A and ETA receptors in NE and ET-1 contractile responses, respectively. α2-A and ETB receptors appeared to mediate NE and ET-1 responses in MSV, respectively. Bradykinin induced-vasodilation was mainly reduced by NOS inhibition, and BKCa and SkCa blockade. These results suggest that myogenic factors are important contributors to net venous tone in MSV; PKC and Rho kinase activation are important to myogenic reactivity in both vessels, while L-VOCCs play a limited role in the veins versus the arteries; mesenteric veins maintain an enhanced sensitivity to NE, ET-1 and sympathetic nerve activation compared to the arteries with neurogenic contractions being affected by transmural pressure elevations; α1-ARs and ETA are the predominant receptors mediating contractile responses to NE and ET-1, respectively, with functional evidence indicating the presence of α2-ARs and ETB receptors in MSV; and venous endothelial dilator function is not affected by an elevation of transmural pressure. / Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). Libyan Ministry of Education and Scientific Research.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / SOUSA, Vinícius da Silva Ramos de. O efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico nos compostos RAl2 (R = Dy, Er, Ho, Nd e Tb). 2008. 99f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Instituto de Física Armando Dias Tavares, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2008. O efeito magnetocalórico é a base da refrigeração magnética. O potencial magnetocalórico é caracterizado por duas quantidades termodinâmicas: a variação isotérmica da entropia (ΔSiso) e a variação adiabática da temperatura (ΔTad), as quais são calculadas sob uma variação na intensidade do campo magnético aplicado ao sistema. Em sistemas magnéticos que apresentam uma anisotropia magnética é observada uma mudança no efeito magnetocalórico, isto porque este potencial torna-se fortemente dependente da direção de aplicação do campo magnético. A anisotropia em sistemas magnéticos pode levar a um efeito magnetocalórico inverso, assim como à definição de um efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico, o qual por definição é calculado para um campo cuja intensidade é mantida constante e cuja orientação variamos de uma direção difícil de magnetização para a direção fácil de magnetização. O efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico foi estudado para os compostos intermetálicos de terras raras do tipo RAl2 considerando-se um modelo microscópico que leva em conta as interações de troca (na aproximação de campo médio), de Zeeman e a interação de campo elétrico cristalino, que é a responsável pela anisotropia nos compostos RAl2. O efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico foi investigado para a série RAl2 e comparado com o efeito magnetocalórico usual. / The magnetic refrigeration is based on the magnetocaloric effect. The magnetocaloric potential is characterized by the two thermodynamics quantities: the isothermal entropy change (ΔSiso) and the adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad), which are calculated upon a change in the intensity of the applied magnetic field. In anisotropic magnetic systems it is observed a change in the magnetocaloric effect, since this potential becomes strongly dependent on the direction in which the external magnetic field is applied. The anisotropy in such magnetic systems can lead to an inverse magnetocaloric effect, as well as to the definition of an anisotropic magnetocaloric effect, that by definition is calculated upon a magnetic field which intensity is kept fixed and which orientation is changed from a hard direction of magnetization to the easy direction of magnetization. This anisotropic magnetocaloric effect was performed for the RAl2 intermetallic compounds considering a microscopic model Hamiltonian that includes the Zeeman interaction, the exchange interaction (taken in the mean field approximation) and the crystalline electrical field, that is responsible for the anisotropy in the RAl2 compounds. The anisotropic magnetocaloric was fully investigated for the serie RAl2 and compared with the usual magnetocaloric effect and several curves of (ΔSiso) and (ΔTad) were obtained.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / SOUSA, Vinícius da Silva Ramos de. O efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico nos compostos RAl2 (R = Dy, Er, Ho, Nd e Tb). 2008. 99f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Instituto de Física Armando Dias Tavares, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2008. O efeito magnetocalórico é a base da refrigeração magnética. O potencial magnetocalórico é caracterizado por duas quantidades termodinâmicas: a variação isotérmica da entropia (ΔSiso) e a variação adiabática da temperatura (ΔTad), as quais são calculadas sob uma variação na intensidade do campo magnético aplicado ao sistema. Em sistemas magnéticos que apresentam uma anisotropia magnética é observada uma mudança no efeito magnetocalórico, isto porque este potencial torna-se fortemente dependente da direção de aplicação do campo magnético. A anisotropia em sistemas magnéticos pode levar a um efeito magnetocalórico inverso, assim como à definição de um efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico, o qual por definição é calculado para um campo cuja intensidade é mantida constante e cuja orientação variamos de uma direção difícil de magnetização para a direção fácil de magnetização. O efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico foi estudado para os compostos intermetálicos de terras raras do tipo RAl2 considerando-se um modelo microscópico que leva em conta as interações de troca (na aproximação de campo médio), de Zeeman e a interação de campo elétrico cristalino, que é a responsável pela anisotropia nos compostos RAl2. O efeito magnetocalórico anisotrópico foi investigado para a série RAl2 e comparado com o efeito magnetocalórico usual. / The magnetic refrigeration is based on the magnetocaloric effect. The magnetocaloric potential is characterized by the two thermodynamics quantities: the isothermal entropy change (ΔSiso) and the adiabatic temperature change (ΔTad), which are calculated upon a change in the intensity of the applied magnetic field. In anisotropic magnetic systems it is observed a change in the magnetocaloric effect, since this potential becomes strongly dependent on the direction in which the external magnetic field is applied. The anisotropy in such magnetic systems can lead to an inverse magnetocaloric effect, as well as to the definition of an anisotropic magnetocaloric effect, that by definition is calculated upon a magnetic field which intensity is kept fixed and which orientation is changed from a hard direction of magnetization to the easy direction of magnetization. This anisotropic magnetocaloric effect was performed for the RAl2 intermetallic compounds considering a microscopic model Hamiltonian that includes the Zeeman interaction, the exchange interaction (taken in the mean field approximation) and the crystalline electrical field, that is responsible for the anisotropy in the RAl2 compounds. The anisotropic magnetocaloric was fully investigated for the serie RAl2 and compared with the usual magnetocaloric effect and several curves of (ΔSiso) and (ΔTad) were obtained.