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This thesis examines stylistic technique and narrative strategy in a range of George Orwell’s fictional and non-fictional texts to demonstrate how personal experience and detached interpretation interact dialectically in his work to create layers of narrative complexity. Moving from Raymond Williams’ observation that the figure of “Orwell” is the writer’s “most successful” creation, this study asserts a vital correlation between form and content in Orwell’s work, specifically in the central position that perspective occupies in his political outlook. The multiple perspectives that surface in Orwell’s texts – the reluctant Imperial policeman, the tramp in disguise, the advocate of the working poor, the rebellious and satirically-inclined anti-totalitarian writer – correspond with the author’s life experiences, and yet are revealed as rhetorically constructed positions that are adopted strategically to generate nuanced, and at times contradictory, impressions of a wide range of subject matter. Chapter 1 treats Orwell’s Burmese writings as ethnographically-inflected texts; Chapter 2 examines the figure of the mask in Down and Out in Paris and London and in The Road to Wigan Pier; Chapter 3 analyses a dialectic of experience and interpretation at play in Homage to Catalonia; Chapter 4 scrutinizes the mobilization of the rebel writer figure in a selection of Orwell’s mature essays; and Chapter 5 examines the strategic deployment of competing perspectives in Nineteen Eighty-Four’s anatomy of the totalitarian state. This array of analytical approaches serves the dual function of highlighting the versatility and sophistication of narrative strategy across a range of individual texts in Orwell’s oeuvre, and of demonstrating a trajectory in his work that adheres simultaneously to both formal and political considerations. Orwell’s highly prolific two-decade-long writing career, I argue, can be productively understood as an ongoing experiment with narrative strategy, and this experiment exerts at each stage a direct influence on his evolving political aesthetic.

A collection of five memoiristic essays arranged about themes of family, womanhood and the African-American community with a preface. Among the experiences the memoirs recount are childhood abandonment; verbal and emotional child abuse; mental illness; poverty; and social and personal change. Essays explore the lasting impact of abandonment by a father on a girl as she grows into a woman; the devastation of family turmoil and untreated mental illness; generational identity in the African-American community. One essay describes the transition from the identity-forming profession of journalism to academia. The last essay is about complicated and conflicting emotions toward patriotism and flag-waving on the part of a black woman who has lived through riots, little known police shootings of students on black campuses, and many other incidents that have divided Americans.

<p>Autorka ovog rada ima nameru da prikaže delo<br />književnog kritičara Borislava Mihajlovića<br />Mihiza u okviru jedne celine jer su njegovi<br />kritičarski radovi, uglavnom, i dalje rasuti po<br />književnim časopisima. Poseban akcenat je na<br />&scaron;estogodi&scaron;njem delovanju u časopisu &ldquo;Nin&rdquo;<br />(1951-1956) kada je ovaj kritičar stekao<br />reputaciju o&scaron;trog kritičara koji afirmi&scaron;e dobru<br />književnost koja se tek rađala u posleratnoj<br />Jugoslaviji. S obzirom na to da su ovom<br />kritičaru godinama osporavali postojanje<br />poetike i dublje kritičke misli, cilj ove<br />doktorske disertacije jeste da dokaže suprotno i<br />da se delo ovog kritičara sagleda u kontekstu<br />savremene srpske književnosti u čije temelje je i<br />sam utkao svoj pozama&scaron;an literarni opus.</p> / <p>Author of this paper has intention to present<br />opus of literary critic Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz<br />within one place because his critically opus is<br />still scattered in literary magazines. Special<br />focus will be on six years time when he wrote<br />for magazine &lsquo;Nin&rsquo; (1951-1956) and he earned<br />reputation of strict critic who likes very good<br />literature which has been written and published<br />in Yugoslavia after World War II. Lots of critics<br />were denied that Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz had<br />his poetic and serious critical approach so the<br />aim of this PhD theses is to prove the opposite<br />and to illuminate work of this writer in light of<br />modern Serbian literature in which foundation<br />he put his large opus.</p>

<p>Predmet istraživanja u ovom radu jeste identifikacija i osvetljavanje dominantnih obrazaca avangardnog i hri&scaron;ćanskog identiteta u delu Rastka Petrovića. Rastko uvek nastupa sa pozicije nekog ko je blisko upoznat sa umetno&scaron;ću, istorijom i njenim nepredvidivim i nepravednim političkim projektima. Poku&scaron;avajući da rastumači njihove uzroke i posledice, stalno ističe potrebu za integralnim čovekom, kulturom i dru&scaron;tvom uop&scaron;te, kako po pripadnike sopstvenog naroda, tako i na regionalnom i globalnom nivou. Rastkovo opredeljenje da je svet u nastajanju povezan s ideologijom deča&scaron;tva (mladića), znači da je čovek po njemu u događaju Bogomladenca doživeo vrhunac, tj. u potpunosti ispunio cilj ka kome oduvek teži. Su&scaron;tinsko, a ne tek sporedno, akcidentalno određenje čoveka jeste da nadiđe sebe i stremi ka Bogu. Centralnu ulogu u okviru ove transcedencije trebalo bi da ima analiza apriorne strukture čovekovog bića i u njima prepozna otvorenost i sposobnost da se avangardna/hri&scaron;ćanska poruka čuje i adekvatno razume. Rastko u tradiciji vidi istinsko upori&scaron;te transcendencije i afirmacije verodostojnog bića i odgovarajuće slobode gde apsolutna sloboda i apsolutni autoritet nisu suprotstavljena svojstva, već izraz istog bića. Rastkove ideolo&scaron;ke evropske pretenzije mogu se okvalifikovati kao veliki intelektualni napor i pregnuće da se stvori,&nbsp;usvoji i inkorporira jedan novi (obnovljeni) kulturni i religiozni mit koji se kao takav projektuje u praistoriju, a potom samoreguli&scaron;e mnoge savremene fenomene.</p> / <p>The main subject of this PhD thesis was to identify and shed the light on the dominant form of avant-garde and the Christian identity in the work of Rastko Petrovic. Rastko always acted from the perspective of someone who was closely familiar with the art, with history and its unpredictable and unjust political projects. Trying to understand its causes and consequences, Rastko Petrovic has repeatedly stressed the need for the integral and comprehensive man, culture and society in general, both in terms of his own people, and at the regional and global levels. Rastko&rsquo;s commitment to the idea that the emerging World is connected with the ideology of boyhood, means that the man as an individual has culminated in Divine Child event, and only through that event has fully met the purpose towards which it has always aspired. The essential and not only secondary and accidental determination of man is to transcend himself and strive towards God. An a priori analysis should have the central role within this transcendence of the structure of human beings with its ability to recognize in them the openness and the ability to properly hear and understand the avant-garde / Christian message. Tradition is in the eyes of Rastko Petrovic the only true stronghold of such transcendence and affirmation of one true and credible human being and adequate freedom where absolute&nbsp;freedom and absolute authority are not contradictory properties, but an expression of the one same being. Rastko&rsquo;s ideological European claims may be characterized as a great intellectual effort and endeavor to create, adopt and incorporate a new (renewed) cultural and religious myth which, as such, projects in prehistory, and then self-regulates many contemporary phenomena.</p>

This thesis will reveal a political dimension to Emerson's work, situating itself in the current scholarly movement to analyze Emerson from a different angle. Scholars have long heralded Emerson as a staunch individualist or transcendentalist, yet there has been a recent shift in literary studies to consider him from a social or political perspective. Emerson's emphasis on the individual does not diminish in any of the three essays that I have selected; however, he strongly urges every individual to contribute towards the amelioration of society. He also believes that an individual person has enormous potential to cause both great improvement and great harm, which is why a wise man or scholar is a paramount component to any society. Moreover, this thesis addresses topics that are particularly useful today, as Emerson's words are just as relevant to the political situation in the world now as they were in the 19th century. / by Elizabeth Gillespie. / Thesis (M.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Desvios da norma padrão, comumente chamados de \"erros\", são fatos comuns na escrita dos aprendizes da variante culta de uma língua materna como o português brasileiro. Tratados como um \"mal a ser combatido\", eles são, na verdade, importantes indícios do processo de assimilação da escrita culta pelo falante nativo. Revelam qual a tendência da transformação que naturalmente ocorre numa língua, demonstrando, por exemplo, a obsolência das gramáticas tradicionais, que não aceitam determinadas construções já muito freqüentes. Mas seria possível detectar algum padrão desses desvios? Haveria desvios típicos de um determinado perfil de redatores? Essas indagações motivaram a presente investigação, que se baseou na concepção de que esses estudos são de natureza empírica, comprometidos com a noção de que a língua funciona tal como um sistema probabilístico, de onde é possível prever tendências, por exemplo, de mudança. Falamos, pois, de uma investigação à luz da Lingüística de Corpus. Composto de redações do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM), edição de 2002, cedidas pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (INEP) juntamente com determinados traços do perfil dos redatores, construímos um corpus que foi batizado de Corvo, e se ocupou de uma faixa específica de textos: a de pior desempenho no ENEM no quesito domínio da norma culta. Observamos, desse modo, textos em que, supostamente, há freqüência maior de desvios e maior variedade de tipos de desvios. Nossa metodologia de pesquisa apoiou-se no uso do revisor gramatical automático ReGra, bastante popular no país e que auxilia o usuário no uso correto do português culto padrão. Além disso, construímos um material próprio de detecção e classificação dos desvios gramaticais, aumentando a capacidade de tratamento automático dos textos. Assim, foi possível gerar uma versão do corpus anotada em desvios, i.e., os textos apresentam indicações de quando e qual tipo de desvios ocorrem. Como resultado temos um mapeamento do Corvo; ou seja, um panorama dos desvios típicos de um determinado tip o de perfil de redator. Constatamos a deficiência ortográfica como o traço típico do grupo de indivíduos investigado, mas, sobretudo, que a ortografia é motor para o pleno funcionamento de uma revisão gramatical automática. O revisor ReGra mostrou-se incapaz de processar satisfatoriamente textos desse tipo de redator, mas, ainda assim, comprovou que esses textos apresentam desvios gramaticais de tratamento complexo, cuja intervenção do revisor, se acontece, pouco altera na qualidade geral dos mesmos. Com respeito à tipologia de desvio, pudemos constatar a validade da tipologia aplicada na pesquisa, que advém do ReGra e, portanto, está à margem das discussões teóricas ortodoxas. De fato, há recorrência de tipos de desvios, e isso numa freqüência que nos autoriza admitir a fraca assimilação de certas regras gramaticais tomadas como básicas (p.ex., a pontuação, a concordância e a regência). Constatamos, com relação ao perfil de redatores, que textos com maior potencial para a revisão da escrita, i.e., aqueles que alteram significativamente a qualidade textual com interferências pontuais de revisão, são justamente os produzidos pelos concluintes do ensino médio e não pelos egressos. / Deviations from the standard norm, usually called \'mistakes\', are common events in writing pieces of language learners speakers of a native language such as Brazilian Portuguese. They are treated as \'an evil that must be fought\'. They are, in fact, important evidence of the acquisition process of writing in the standard norm by the native speaker. They reveal the transformation trend, which normally occurs in a language, showing, for instance, the obsolescence of traditional grammars that do not accept certain patterns, which are frequent nonetheless. However, is it possible to identify a pattern in these deviations? Are there common deviations among a certain profile of students? These are the questions motivating this study, which is based on the concept that these investigations are empirical in nature, and are marked by the notion that language operates as a probabilistic system, in which it is possible to forecast trends of change, for example. We are, therefore, speaking of an investigation in the light of Corpus Linguistics. We compiled a corpus of essays written during the National Middle Education Exam (ENEM) carried out in 2002. These essays were obtained with the National Institute for Research in Education (INEP) together with the profile of the students. The corpus was called Corvo, and it is made up of a certain bracket of texts: those having obtained the worst performance rate in the ENEM in the standard norm category. We observed, therefore, texts in which there are, allegedly, a greater frequency of deviations and a greater variety of kinds of deviations. The research methodology was supported by the electronic grammar checker - ReGra - which is very popular in the country, and helps the user in writing standard Portuguese correctly. In addition, we built a specific tool for identifying and classifying grammar deviations, thus, increasing the ability to treat the texts electronically. Therefore, it was possible to generate an annotated version of the corpus according to the deviations, i.e., the texts were annotated according to when and what kind of deviations they presented. As a result, we have a mapping of the Corvo; that is, a view of the common deviations of students belonging to a certain profile. We identified poor spelling as a common feature of the group, but, above all, that spelling is the engine enabling a full grammatical check to operate. The ReGra grammar checker was not able to satisfactorily process these kinds of texts, but, even so, it proved that these texts presented complex grammar deviations, and the intervention of the checker, when it is applied, little alters their overall quality. In regard to deviation typology, we identified the validity of the typology used in this study, which results from the ReGra and, therefore, lies in the outskirts of orthodox theoretical discussions. In fact, certain kinds of deviations reoccur at a frequency that enables us to admit a poor assimilation of certain grammatical rules considered basic (e.g., punctuation, agreement and use of prepositions). We found that in regard to the profile of the students, texts with a greater writing check potential, that is, a check that would significantly improve text quality through individual checking interferences, are te xts produced by students who finished middle education and not those produced by students who are finishing the course.

As ruínas da arquitetura brutalista paulista e o aspecto simbólico de sua imagem são o tema desta pesquisa. Ela se desenvolve a partir de dois ensaios complementares: um fotográfico e outro textual. O primeiro, realizado nos últimos três anos, enfoca prédios modernistas paulistas em diferentes estados de conservação: arruinação após algum período de utilização, interrupção e abandono antes mesmo do término das obras e - no caso específico do prédio da FAU-USP -, o processo de restauração. O ensaio textual tem caráter analítico e procura compreender o imagético dentro do contexto da fotografia contemporânea, ao traçar as relações construídas entre fotografia e arquitetura e fotografia e ruína. Essas intersecções são observadas em momentos particulares do Modernismo até a Contemporaneidade, passando pela crítica pós-moderna nos anos 1960 e 70. Finalizo com o entrelaçamento dessas questões no âmbito brasileiro. A motivação inicial desse projeto é pessoal, pois o primeiro edifício fotografado é uma casa brutalista em que vivi por 17 anos, projetada (e fotografada) pelo arquiteto David Ottoni, meu pai. Os outros todos são, com apenas uma exceção, edifícios públicos. Ao final conclui-se que as ruínas modernistas brasileiras, além do esgotamento do pensamento moderno em si, com frequência também traduzem falência político-institucional e descaso público. / The ruins of brutalist architecture in São Paulo and the symbolic aspect of its image are the theme of this research, which is developed on the basis of two complementary essays: one photographic and another textual. The first one, carried out in the last three years, focuses modernist buildings with different levels of conservation in São Paulo: deterioration after some time of use, interruption, abandon even before the completion of works, and - in the specific case of the FAU-USP building -, the restoration process. The textual essay has an analytical character and seeks to understand the imagetic aspect in the context of contemporary photography by outlining the relationships established between photography and architecture, and photography and ruin. These intersections are observed in certain moments from Modernism to Contemporaneity, passing by the postmodern critique in the 1960s and 1970s. I finish entwining these issues within the Brazilian ambit. The initial motivation for this project is personal, because the first building photographed is a brutalist house where I lived for 17 years and which was designed (and photographed) by architect David Ottoni, my father. The others, except for one, are public buildings. The final conclusion is that Brazilian modernist ruins, in addition to the sheer exhaustion of modern thought, often translate into political-institutional failure and public neglect as well.

Orientador: Luiz Roberto Velloso Cairo / Banca: Marcos Antonio de Moraes / Banca: Sílvia Maria Azevedo / Resumo: A presente dissertação centra-se no estudo de A América Latina e Ariel, dois ensaios importantes no contexto latino-americano da passagem do século XIX para o século XX. Seus autores, o brasileiro Manoel Bomfim (1868-1932) e o uruguaio José Enrique Rodó (1871- 1917), revelam pontos de convergência e pontos de divergência ao longo de suas análises. Enquanto o primeiro se detém com maior atenção nas características e consequências da colonização ibérica em solo americano, o segundo se volta contra um possível processo de recolonização via Estados Unidos da América. Contudo, apesar dessa focalização distinta, ambos os autores tecem, em seus ensaios, relações de base antitética. Assim, Ariel/Caliban, para José Enrique Rodó, e os parasitas/parasitados, para Manoel Bomfim, são representações antagônicas que simbolizam alternativas desejáveis e indesejáveis para os povos latinoamericanos. O intuito inicial do trabalho é traçar uma breve apreciação biográfica dos autores, seguida de um exame da recepção crítica das obras, de uma análise das questões mais centrais de cada ensaio e, por fim, de uma investigação dos personagens simbólicos criados ao longo das narrativas. Com base nesse cotejo entre as obras, pretendemos compreender melhor o quanto elas contribuem para a construção identitária do imaginário latino-americano / Abstract: The presented dissertation revolves around the study of A América Latina and Ariel, two important essays in the Latin American context of the passing of the nineteenth to the twentieth century. The writers of these essays, the Brazilian Manoel Bomfim (1868-1932) and the Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó (1871-1917), reveal convergence and divergence points all over their analysis. While the former dwells on the characteristics and consequences of the Iberian colonization in American ground, the latter turns against a possible process of resettlement via the United States of America. However in despite of this distinct focalization both writers draw, in their essays, antithetical-based relationship. Hence, Ariel/Caliban of Rodó and parasite/parasitized of Bomfim are antagonistic representations that symbolize desirable and undesirable alternatives for the peoples of the Latin America. The first purpose of the text is to draw a brief biographical appreciation of the authors, followed by an examination of the critical reception of their works, an analysis of the most central questions of each essay and, at last, an investigation about the symbolic characters created along the narratives. Based in the confrontation of the two texts, we shall understand better how much they contribute for the identity construction of the Latin American imaginary / Mestre

Na busca pelo fortalecimento do debate público sobre Ciência Tecnologia & Inovação (CT&I), pesquisadores têm abandonado o confinamento de seus laboratórios para se comunicar diretamente com a sociedade, fazendo uso de diferentes suportes midiáticos, dentre os quais incluem-se os espaços de enunciação escrita como as colunas de jornal e os livros de popularização científica. A Tese de doutorado discute as possibilidades de aproximação da Ciência com a sociedade por meio das mídias escritas e propõe uma reflexão crítica sobre o papel de um tipo de autor: o cientista engajado com a Comunicação Pública da Ciência. Mais especificamente, discute o papel de transcriação autoral de um grupo de escritores cientistas no espaço de popularização da CT&I, por meio da comunicação verbal escrita, a partir da análise do discurso consubstanciado em seus livros de ensaios curtos. Metodologicamente, a compreensão da narrativa de popularização e das cenas de enunciação busca suporte na linha francesa de Análise do Discurso. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam que os escritores cientistas se utilizam de alguns recursos epistêmicos e linguístico-literários recorrentes, o que permite conceber o empreendimento ensaístico desses autores em termos de dois modelos estilísticos distintos, mas complementares: o racional e o sensível. A Tese sugere que a composição narrativa textual apoia-se em esquemas de pensamento peculiares, identificados como Refuta/Repara (preponderante no modelo racional) e Conecta/Cria (preponderante no modelo sensível). Demonstra, ainda, que a constituição do gênero de ensaios curtos requer um duplo exercício criativo dos autores: posicionar-se enquanto cientista a respeito de um tema de interesse público e fazê-lo por meio da construção de uma narrativa transcriadora. / In an attempt to empower the public debate about Science, Technology and Innovation (ST&I), researchers are breaking the walls of their laboratories in order to communicate more directly with society through a variety of media, including written spaces of enunciation such as newspaper\'s columns and books of science popularization. The Thesis discusses the possibilities offered by written media to bridge the gap between science and society, and provides a critical analysis about the role of a particular kind of author: the scientist engaged with the Public Communication of Science. Particularly, it discusses the authorial transcreation effort conducted by a group of science writers, looking at their discourse in some popular short essays books. Methodologically, the understanding of both the narrative and the enunciation scenes draws on studies of the French school of Discourse Analysis. Results show that science writers tend to use, systematically, some epistemic and linguistic-literary resources, suggesting that their essayistic enterprise can be interpreted in terms of two distinct but complementary models: the rational and the sentient. The Thesis provides evidence that the authors\' textual narrative composition brings together peculiar ways of thinking, identified as Refute/Repair (predominant in the rational model), and Connect/Create (predominant in the sentient model). It also demonstrates that the constitution of the genre of short essays requires, from science writers, a double creative move: as scientist, to take position about issues of public interest, and to do it by means of a transcreative narrative.