Aujourd'hui, les conflits s'enflamment vite et peuvent devenir importants dans un court laps de temps. La tendance des armées occidentales est d'avoir une capacité de déploiement rapide et d'être en mesure de mener des opérations militaires quelque soit le type d’environnement afin de stopper un conflit s’initialisant. La capacité de se battre dans la jungle est donc plus actuelle que jamais. Mon travail est une analyse de données qualitatives du combat en jungle dans laquelle j’utilise les principes fondamentaux des forces armées suédoises1 afin de décomposer le sujet et d’obtenir un meilleur aperçu de la guerre dans la jungle. J'utilise également comme méthode l'observation participante en vue d’obtenir une meilleure compréhension de cette dernière. Mon travail est surtout basé sur le plan tactique afin de voir comment une section agit dans ce milieu. J’ai abouti à quatre conclusions: - Pour être en mesure de mener une guerre dans la jungle, vous devez être formé, acclimaté et préparé. Si vous ne l'êtes pas, votre pire ennemi sera la jungle elle-même. - Dans la jungle, la façon de faire guerre revient aux chefs de groupe et aux soldats plus que quiconque, en raison des courtes distances et des difficultés à poser un appui-feu. - Gagner les coeurs et les esprits2 des indigènes est la clé de la mobilité afin de recueillir des renseignements ainsi qu’une certaine autonomie. - Il est important d'avoir la suprématie aérienne et d’être en mesure d'utiliser les rivières, en raison de l'avantage gagné par l’utilisation des hélicoptères et des bateaux. En outre, l’ennemi aura un gros désavantage s’il ne peut pas les utiliser.

A prototype agroforestry system, which combined the low-input features and environmental benefits of the traditional Indonesian multi-species 'jungle rubber' system with high yielding rubber clones developed in monoculture plantations, was tested under on-farm conditions. Secondary forest was allowed to regenerate between weeded rows of clonal rubber. Clonal rubber establishment was studied, and the interactions between it, secondary forest species and farmer management were investigated using a combination of researcher- and farmermanaged weeding trials. In one trial, alteration of below-ground resources (using root barriers and trenches to create three soil volumes) did not affect above or below-ground growth of clonal rubber, although weeding significantly increased stem diameter and volume. It was concluded that secondary forest regrowth interfered with resource capture at the level of individual roots; interference was not due to depletion of total available resources. Shoot:root ratios and ratios of horizontally- to vertically-oriented proximal roots were not affected by weeding. Growth of clonal rubber in N-fertilised plots, in the presence of weeds, was significantly greater than in corresponding unfertilised plots, indicating that N-addition may overcome some negative effects of competition in the system. However, a bioassay of nutrient limitation showed no significant differences in root biomass or root-length density, for either rubber or weed rootingrowth into soil cores enriched with various nutrients. The second researcher-managed trial, on steep slopes, showed that the survival rate of clonal rubber was 33% higher than that of the 'seedling' rubber variety traditionally used, and that mean stem height and diameter of clonal rubber trees were significantly greater than those of seedling rubber, 21 months after planting. Damage to trees by banded leaf monkeys (Presbytis melalophos nobilis) and feral pigs (Sus barbatus) was severe, unexpected, and greater for seedling than for clonal rubber. For undamaged trees, weeding frequency within the rubber-tree row had no significant effect, indicating that the major influence on rubber tree growth was interference from secondary forest regrowth between rows, operating both aboveand below-ground. In a farmer-managed, trial, vertebrate pest damage was the major influence on clonal rubber establishment, explaining almost 70% of the variation in rubber growth. The amount of labour invested in weeding was positively correlated with rubber growth. However, fanners generally decided to completely cut back the secondary forest regrowth between rows of rubber trees, including potentially valuable trees, rather than weeding within the rows and selectively pruning inter-row trees. Farmers considered that the inter-row vegetation may harbour vertebrate pests and compete with the clonal rubber, and they had access to fruits, firewood and non-timber forest products on other land. Thus, contrary to expectations, when offered clonal germplasm, these 'progressive' farmers opted to use plantation methods to protect what they considered a valuable asset suited to monoculture, rather than maintain the traditional multispecies strategy they use with local germplasm. Thus, although clonal rubber can technically be established in a 'jungle rubber'-like system (albeit with lower growth rates than achieved in plantations), not all farmers may be prepared to adopt this type of system.

Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Department of Biological Sciences, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

Este trabalho pretende mostrar como Literatura, História, Memória e Testemunho se cruzam no percurso de Euclides da Cunha e Ferreira de Castro na Amazônia. A \"terra sem história\" e os homens sem voz se fazem presentes nos Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) e n\'A selva (1930); mais do que assuntos, são motivos da produção textual. Procura-se demonstrar como os dois autores, movidos por objetivos distintos acabam por apresentar semelhanças de abordagem. / This paper discusses the way Literature, History, Memory, and testimony intertwine as Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro explore the Amazon. The \"land with no history\" and the voiceless men feature prominently in Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) and in Jungle (1930). More than themes, these are motifs for textual production. This paper examines how Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro, aiming at different objectives, end up choosing similar approaches.

<p> </p><p>The regulation of egg temperature requires the transfer of heat from the brood patch. Thus, the brood patch needs the presence of thermo receptors as well as an appropriate vasomotor response. During the incubation an exact detection of the egg’s temperature is essential. So, in this study we attempted to detect the presence and regulation of the expressionof  thermoTRP channels (thermo Transient Receptor Potential channels) (TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8 and TRPA1) during egg incubation. Six incubating Jungle fowl hens, and five non incubating jungle fowl hens and one jungle fowl cock were used as main samples and controls. Total RNA was extracted from liver, kidney, heart, blood, White Blood Cell, Dorsal Root Ganglion and skin. The samples from the skin were taken from the brood patch and inter scapular region. PCR investigation showed that different thermo TRP channels were expressed in different tissues. TRPV1, V3, V4 and M8 mRNA were detected in the skin of brood patch. However, V1 and V3 expression in the brood patch skin did not differ between broody and non broody hens. In conclusion, although considerable morphological changes in the skin of brood patch could be seen, the expression of TRPV1 and V3 channels did not change significantly, but this cannot exclude the alteration in the expression of TRP channels in different stages of broodiness or specific parts of skin like AVAs (Arteriovenous anastomosis) which will be the subject for more studies.</p>

The regulation of egg temperature requires the transfer of heat from the brood patch. Thus, the brood patch needs the presence of thermo receptors as well as an appropriate vasomotor response. During the incubation an exact detection of the egg’s temperature is essential. So, in this study we attempted to detect the presence and regulation of the expressionof  thermoTRP channels (thermo Transient Receptor Potential channels) (TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8 and TRPA1) during egg incubation. Six incubating Jungle fowl hens, and five non incubating jungle fowl hens and one jungle fowl cock were used as main samples and controls. Total RNA was extracted from liver, kidney, heart, blood, White Blood Cell, Dorsal Root Ganglion and skin. The samples from the skin were taken from the brood patch and inter scapular region. PCR investigation showed that different thermo TRP channels were expressed in different tissues. TRPV1, V3, V4 and M8 mRNA were detected in the skin of brood patch. However, V1 and V3 expression in the brood patch skin did not differ between broody and non broody hens. In conclusion, although considerable morphological changes in the skin of brood patch could be seen, the expression of TRPV1 and V3 channels did not change significantly, but this cannot exclude the alteration in the expression of TRP channels in different stages of broodiness or specific parts of skin like AVAs (Arteriovenous anastomosis) which will be the subject for more studies.

Domestication has taken place over thousands of years and during that time we have bred animals on different traits. The red jungle fowl is the ancestor to all domesticated chicks, including the white leghorn which is used in egg production. The domestication of the red jungle fowl has resulted in behavioral changes between itself and domesticated breeds, such as white leghorn. In this study we examine how these two breeds handle stress and whether or not they use social support when coping and recovering from a stress experience. The study took place in a built arena with two stimuli animals on each side. There the animal was studied for 5 minutes, stressed for 3 minutes and studied again for 5 minutes. We found that the red jungle fowl males spent more time in the unfamiliar zone before stress than males of the white leghorn. Our results also showed that the females of white leghorn and red jungle fowl spent more time in the familiar zone than males after being stressed. This is an indication that they are more dependent on social support from familiar animals after stress than the males are. Aggressive behavior was also observed among the males. Red jungle fowl males acted aggressively towards the unfamiliar stimuli animals and the white leghorn towards the familiar stimuli animals. In conclusion, we found that the females where in greater need of social support than the males. / Biologi

Este trabalho pretende mostrar como Literatura, História, Memória e Testemunho se cruzam no percurso de Euclides da Cunha e Ferreira de Castro na Amazônia. A \"terra sem história\" e os homens sem voz se fazem presentes nos Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) e n\'A selva (1930); mais do que assuntos, são motivos da produção textual. Procura-se demonstrar como os dois autores, movidos por objetivos distintos acabam por apresentar semelhanças de abordagem. / This paper discusses the way Literature, History, Memory, and testimony intertwine as Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro explore the Amazon. The \"land with no history\" and the voiceless men feature prominently in Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) and in Jungle (1930). More than themes, these are motifs for textual production. This paper examines how Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro, aiming at different objectives, end up choosing similar approaches.

Background: The infection caused by Mayaro virus (MAYV), which presents as an acute febrile illness, is considered a neglected tropical disease. The virus is an endemic and emerging pathogen in South America and the Caribbean, responsible for occasional and poorly characterized outbreaks. Currently there is limited information about its expansion and risk areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 10 urban primary care health centers in the Cajamarca region of Peru from January to June 2017. A total of 359 patients with suspected febrile illness were assessed. RNA was extracted from serum samples, following which MAYV real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) for the detection of the nsP1 gene was performed. Results: MAYV was detected in 11.1% (40/359) of samples after RT-PCR amplification and confirmatory DNA sequencing. Most infections were detected in the adult population aged 18–39 years (40%) and 40–59 years (32.5%). Headache was the most frequent symptom in patients with MAYV infection (77.5%), followed by fever (72.5%), myalgia (55.0%), and arthralgia (50.0%). During the study, most of the MAYV cases were seen in May (47.5%) and April (35.0%), corresponding to the dry season (months without rain). Conclusions: This study is novel in describing the presence of MAYV in Cajamarca, an Andean region of Peru. Symptoms are non-specific and can be confused with those of other arbovirus or bacterial infections. Molecular biology methods such as RT-PCR allow the timely and accurate detection of MAYV and could thus be considered as a tool for surveillance in endemic areas. / This research was supported by the Bio & Medical Technology Development Program of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT) (No. 2015M3A9B6073666 ). This study was supported by CONCYTEC Peru , under the contract No 164-2016-FONDECYT, Lima, Peru. Incentive for Research of the Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (No. UPC-C-01-2019), Lima, Peru. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. / Revisión por pares

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