<p> </p><p>The regulation of egg temperature requires the transfer of heat from the brood patch. Thus, the brood patch needs the presence of thermo receptors as well as an appropriate vasomotor response. During the incubation an exact detection of the egg’s temperature is essential. So, in this study we attempted to detect the presence and regulation of the expressionof  thermoTRP channels (thermo Transient Receptor Potential channels) (TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8 and TRPA1) during egg incubation. Six incubating Jungle fowl hens, and five non incubating jungle fowl hens and one jungle fowl cock were used as main samples and controls. Total RNA was extracted from liver, kidney, heart, blood, White Blood Cell, Dorsal Root Ganglion and skin. The samples from the skin were taken from the brood patch and inter scapular region. PCR investigation showed that different thermo TRP channels were expressed in different tissues. TRPV1, V3, V4 and M8 mRNA were detected in the skin of brood patch. However, V1 and V3 expression in the brood patch skin did not differ between broody and non broody hens. In conclusion, although considerable morphological changes in the skin of brood patch could be seen, the expression of TRPV1 and V3 channels did not change significantly, but this cannot exclude the alteration in the expression of TRP channels in different stages of broodiness or specific parts of skin like AVAs (Arteriovenous anastomosis) which will be the subject for more studies.</p>

The regulation of egg temperature requires the transfer of heat from the brood patch. Thus, the brood patch needs the presence of thermo receptors as well as an appropriate vasomotor response. During the incubation an exact detection of the egg’s temperature is essential. So, in this study we attempted to detect the presence and regulation of the expressionof  thermoTRP channels (thermo Transient Receptor Potential channels) (TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8 and TRPA1) during egg incubation. Six incubating Jungle fowl hens, and five non incubating jungle fowl hens and one jungle fowl cock were used as main samples and controls. Total RNA was extracted from liver, kidney, heart, blood, White Blood Cell, Dorsal Root Ganglion and skin. The samples from the skin were taken from the brood patch and inter scapular region. PCR investigation showed that different thermo TRP channels were expressed in different tissues. TRPV1, V3, V4 and M8 mRNA were detected in the skin of brood patch. However, V1 and V3 expression in the brood patch skin did not differ between broody and non broody hens. In conclusion, although considerable morphological changes in the skin of brood patch could be seen, the expression of TRPV1 and V3 channels did not change significantly, but this cannot exclude the alteration in the expression of TRP channels in different stages of broodiness or specific parts of skin like AVAs (Arteriovenous anastomosis) which will be the subject for more studies.

<p>The development of the avian embryo is dependent of heat provisioning from the parents. To increase the heat transfer to a cooled egg the Zebra finch females develop a brood patch. Mild cooling generally constricts the blood vessels but the Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA) in the brood patch in birds dilate. This is called cold-induced vasodilation CIVD. The Zebra finches were anesthetized with isoflurane and the brood patch was stimulated with a cooling probe set at 20-21 °C. Differences in the vascular changes to cooling in broody and non- broody birds were studied by comparing males and broody females. The brood patch skin was cooled, but no cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) was documented for the males or the broody females. Isoflurane anesthesia depresses the sympathetic nervous system activity and the results support that the mechanism for CIVD in the brood patch of Zebra finches depends on a neural pathway, but does not exclude a local non-neural mechanism.</p>

<p>During the breeding season Zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, females develops a brood patch on the ventral surface which facilitates heat exchange between the incubating bird and the egg. The brood patch has to be sensitive to changes in temperature, so that the eggs can be kept at an optimal temperature for embryo development. If the egg temperature drops it has to be re-warmed. Mild cooling of the brood patch has been shown to cause cold induced vasodilation, but the responsible mechanism for this is not known. In this study we investigated if known thermoreceptors, TRPV3 and TRPV4, could be involved in the alteration of blood flow. To activate TRPV3 and TRPV4 two agonists, carvacrol and 4α-PDD respectively, were applied on the brood patch. Changes in skin temperature and vascularity were then examined. The results obtained did not reveal any changes in the vascularity. Temperature changes in the skin that could be caused by an alteration in blood flow did not significantly change either. Still, a role of these channels in the brood patch cannot be excluded.</p>

During the breeding season Zebra finch, Taeniopygia guttata, females develops a brood patch on the ventral surface which facilitates heat exchange between the incubating bird and the egg. The brood patch has to be sensitive to changes in temperature, so that the eggs can be kept at an optimal temperature for embryo development. If the egg temperature drops it has to be re-warmed. Mild cooling of the brood patch has been shown to cause cold induced vasodilation, but the responsible mechanism for this is not known. In this study we investigated if known thermoreceptors, TRPV3 and TRPV4, could be involved in the alteration of blood flow. To activate TRPV3 and TRPV4 two agonists, carvacrol and 4α-PDD respectively, were applied on the brood patch. Changes in skin temperature and vascularity were then examined. The results obtained did not reveal any changes in the vascularity. Temperature changes in the skin that could be caused by an alteration in blood flow did not significantly change either. Still, a role of these channels in the brood patch cannot be excluded.

The development of the avian embryo is dependent of heat provisioning from the parents. To increase the heat transfer to a cooled egg the Zebra finch females develop a brood patch. Mild cooling generally constricts the blood vessels but the Arterio-venous anastomoses (AVA) in the brood patch in birds dilate. This is called cold-induced vasodilation CIVD. The Zebra finches were anesthetized with isoflurane and the brood patch was stimulated with a cooling probe set at 20-21 °C. Differences in the vascular changes to cooling in broody and non- broody birds were studied by comparing males and broody females. The brood patch skin was cooled, but no cold-induced vasodilation (CIVD) was documented for the males or the broody females. Isoflurane anesthesia depresses the sympathetic nervous system activity and the results support that the mechanism for CIVD in the brood patch of Zebra finches depends on a neural pathway, but does not exclude a local non-neural mechanism.

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-03-23T20:53:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LianaMPC_DISSERT.pdf: 2474434 bytes, checksum: f2bb5ffb379f9469038f03a2e7fdd955 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T14:58:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LianaMPC_DISSERT.pdf: 2474434 bytes, checksum: f2bb5ffb379f9469038f03a2e7fdd955 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-04-13T14:58:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LianaMPC_DISSERT.pdf: 2474434 bytes, checksum: f2bb5ffb379f9469038f03a2e7fdd955 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-13T14:58:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LianaMPC_DISSERT.pdf: 2474434 bytes, checksum: f2bb5ffb379f9469038f03a2e7fdd955 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In semiarid regions, as the Caatinga, the rains distribution can determine the food availability and the intensity of hydric stress. This, with frequency, affects breeding aspects of birds, as time, length and reproduction intensity. In this study we have tested the hypothesis: (1) The breeding of the sampled species is restricted to the rainy season characteristic of the region; (2) Intra-annual variations in the rains’ volume and frequency are correlated with the quantity of individuals and species reproducing; (3) the species of the community reproducing in a way temporally jointly, independent of the feeding guilds. The study was accomplished in Caatinga’s region, with assessments every 14 days of brood patch occurrence. Three reproductive cycles was studied between september-2012 and october-2015. It was utilized the Cross-Correlation Function – CCF to verify the relation existing between the rains and the breeding birds. Altogether, 46 species (377 records) were observed with patches. The reproduction occurred in a seasonal way between february and july, with 94% of the records of patches restricted to the period. The intensity and duration of the breeding (total of individuals and species) was significantly correlated with the rains, when considered the time lag of 14 days. The length (140, 168, and 154 days) and time (march/02 to july/20, February/01 to july/19, February/12 to july/18) of breeding differed between three reproductive cycles. The analysis by feeding guild (insectivore-restrictive, insectivore-frugivorous, insectivore-granivorous and omnivorous) resulted in a similar pattern to general, mainly when it’s considered the correlation and time lag with the rains. Our study indicates that the breeding birds in the Caatinga’s area studied it was not just, generally, related to rainy seasons, as it was break out via answer of short deadline to the rainfall intensity. Including having it period, length and intensity regulated by this climatic factor or by other factors correlated to rains (g.e. food availability) / Em regiões semiáridas, como a Caatinga, a distribuição das chuvas pode determinar a disponibilidade do alimento e a intensidade do estresse hídrico. Isso, com frequência, afeta aspectos reprodutivos das aves, tais como época, comprimento e intensidade da reprodução. Neste estudo, testamos as hipóteses: (1) A reprodução das espécies amostradas é restrita ao período chuvoso característico da região; (2) variações intra-anuais no volume e na frequência das chuvas estão correlacionadas com a quantidade de indivíduos e espécies se reproduzindo; (3) as espécies da comunidade se reproduzem de forma temporalmente conjunta, independentemente da guilda alimentar. O estudo foi realizado em uma região de Caatinga, com avaliações a cada 14 dias de ocorrência de placa de incubação. Três ciclos reprodutivos foram estudados entre set-2012 e out-2015. Foi utilizada a Função de Correlação Cruzada (Cross-correlation Function – CCF) para verificar a existência de relação entre as chuvas e a reprodução das aves. Ao todo, 46 espécies (377 registros) foram observadas com placas. A reprodução ocorreu de forma sazonal entre fevereiro e julho, com 94% dos registros de placas restritos ao período. A intensidade e a duração da reprodução (total de indivíduos e de espécies) foram significativamente correlacionadas com as chuvas, quando considerado o time lag de 14 dias. O comprimento (140, 168 e 154 dias) e a época (02/mar a 20/jul, 01/fev a 19/jul, 13/fev a 18/jul) da reprodução diferiram entre os três ciclos reprodutivos. As análises por guilda alimentar (insetívoro-restritivo, insetívoro-frugívoro, insetívoro-granívoros e onívoros) resultaram em padrão semelhante ao geral, principalmente quando considerada a correlação e time lag com as chuvas. Nosso estudo indica que a reprodução das aves na área de Caatinga estudada não só esteve, de modo geral, relacionada às épocas chuvosas, como foi deflagrada via resposta de curto prazo à intensidade da precipitação. Inclusive, tendo seus períodos, comprimentos e intensidades regulados por este fator climático ou por outros fatores correlacionados às chuvas (e.g. disponibilidade de alimento) / 2017-03-23

<p>In birds like the Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) the female, but not the male develop a brood patch upon incubation of eggs. The brood patch functions to increase heat exchange between the bird and the eggs. Development of the brood patch includes de-feathering, increased vascularization and edema formation. The increased vascularization is due to the development of arteriovenous anastomoses, AVA. The AVA are thermoregulatory vessels involved in cold induced vasodilation, CIVD, demonstrated to occur in the brood patch. Nitric oxide, NO, which is a well known vasodilator is a candidate substance for involvement in CIVD. In this study a NO-generating gel was applied to the brood patch of male and female zebra finches. Vasodilation was found to be markedly larger in females than in males. The larger vasodilation in the female brood patch is probably because NO vasodilate AVA selectively more than any other vessels. The study also investigated whether vasodilation would cause an increase in brood patch temperature. No definite changes in brood patch temperature could be observed and no conclusions could be drawn in the matter.</p>

In birds like the Zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) the female, but not the male develop a brood patch upon incubation of eggs. The brood patch functions to increase heat exchange between the bird and the eggs. Development of the brood patch includes de-feathering, increased vascularization and edema formation. The increased vascularization is due to the development of arteriovenous anastomoses, AVA. The AVA are thermoregulatory vessels involved in cold induced vasodilation, CIVD, demonstrated to occur in the brood patch. Nitric oxide, NO, which is a well known vasodilator is a candidate substance for involvement in CIVD. In this study a NO-generating gel was applied to the brood patch of male and female zebra finches. Vasodilation was found to be markedly larger in females than in males. The larger vasodilation in the female brood patch is probably because NO vasodilate AVA selectively more than any other vessels. The study also investigated whether vasodilation would cause an increase in brood patch temperature. No definite changes in brood patch temperature could be observed and no conclusions could be drawn in the matter.