James Fenimore Cooper’s 1826 novel The Last of the Mohicans has had a remarkable impact on American culture and modern critics have often viewed it as a myth of America itself. Cooper’s highly romanticized narrative has partly been seen as the less-than-historical “wish-fulfillment” (D.H. Lawrence) of an author who socialized in the salons of New York and Paris but dreamt of noble savages in the untamed American landscape but also as an expression of America’s difficulties in coming to terms with its conquest of the Indians. As a complement to these views, this essay attempts to show that the character Natty Bumppo, or Hawkeye, represents the new nation’s ambivalent relationship with the surrounding wilderness and therefore helplessly torn between vastly different ideals. On one hand, Hawkeye appears to show us a less confrontational way of relating to the wilderness: one that implies the possibility for man to transform himself and live in spiritual unity with nature—a notion that would make Hawkeye the forerunner of the ideals put forth in Ralph Waldo Emerson’s 1836 essay “Nature”. But Hawkeye’s relationship with the woods and the Indians is complex, self-contradictory and filled with deep inner struggles, and he is at other times a merciless figure who divides Indians into good and bad. As such, his very character seems to be the embodiment of an American identity that is highly conflicted. In addition to examining the novel’s depiction of Hawkeye, the Indians and the forest, the essay offers a wide historical perspective of the ideas of nature that were present or just emerging in Cooper’s time, including those expressed by Emerson, as well as their Romantic and Christian influences. By understanding how Americans struggled to deal with feelings of guilt and sorrow in the face of the perceived decline of the wilderness in the 19th century, we might better understand the persisting importance of Cooper’s work.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:55:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo_ Smaha.pdf: 2405444 bytes, checksum: ad2d42c8f1bc791be757498717913f5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Several images enshrined in American History written by Europeans that not always corroborated with the reality of the time and much less with the contemporaneity were also immortalized into the romantic literature. However, the literary art sought, in many of its expressions, bring to society other images of natives not only those stereotyped ones presented in historical documents produced by the conquerors, such as those reported in the Journal of Columbus (1492) and in Caminha s Letter (1500). Within a vast number of historical novels that address the issue of characterization of the native, we decided to examine the following works: The Last of the Mohicans (1826), by James Fenimore Cooper, Xicoténcatl (1826), written anonymously and O Guarani (1857), by José de Alencar. This corpus includes settings of Amerindians from the realities of Northern Anglo-Saxon, the Spanish-American universe and also Brazil and all of them are designed within the period of American Romanticism. These works depict the figure the native and thus indicate a desire to build up American identities. Thus, we asked ourselves about what are the literary devices employed in their settings; how these settings conducted in different geocultural spaces of the continent move toward or away from each other; among others, in order to understand how romantic writers portrayed the natives during the formation of a national identity, confirming, or not, the integration of this group as part of the society. To support this work, we will use concepts of Alexis Márquez Rodríguez (1991), García Gual (2002), Mata Indurain (1995), Fernández Prieto (2003), Aínsa (1991, 2003, 2008), Trouche (2006), Fleck (2005, 2007, 2008, 2013), Lukács (1977), Milton (1992), Leenhardt (1998), Hutcheon (1991) Bernd (1998), among others that may be helpful. We hope thus enable literary scholars, specifically those who are dedicated to the reading of historical novel, by analyzing the works, a significant characterization of the natives in the romantic era, as well as strengthen the studies on the historical novel area and on comparative studies / Várias imagens consagradas na história das Américas escrita pelos europeus que nem sempre corroboravam com a realidade da época e muito menos com a da contemporaneidade , foram, também, imortalizadas pela literatura romântica. Contudo, a arte literária buscou, em várias de suas expressões, trazer à sociedade outras imagens dos nativos que não apenas aquelas estereotipadas nos documentos históricos produzidos pelos conquistadores, como aquelas relatadas no Diário de Colombo (1492) e n A Carta de Caminha (1500). Em um vasto número de romances históricos que abordam a questão da representação do nativo, decidimos examinar as seguintes obras: The last of the Mohicans (1826), de James Fenimore Cooper, Xicoténcatl (1826), de autoria anônima, e O Guarani (1857), de José de Alencar. Esse corpus engloba configurações dos ameríndios nas realidades do norte anglo-saxônico, no universo hispano-americano e também no Brasil, todas elas concebidas dentro do período do Romantismo. Tais obras retratam a figura do nativo e apontam para um desejo de construção de identidades americanas. Frente a elas, indagamo-nos sobre quais são os recursos literários empregados em suas configurações; como estas configurações, realizadas em diferentes espaços geoculturais do continente, aproximam-se ou se distanciam; entre outros, a fim de entender como os escritores românticos retrataram os nativos no período da formação de uma identidade nacional, corroborando, ou não, para a integração desse grupo na sociedade. Para respaldar o trabalho, utilizaremos conceitos de Márquez Rodríguez (1991), García Gual (2002), Mata Induráin (1995), Fernández Prieto (2003), Aínsa (1991, 2003, 2008), Trouche (2006), Fleck (2005, 2007, 2008, 2013), Lukács (1977), Milton (1992), Leenhardt (1998), Hutcheon (1991), Bernd (1998), entre outros que se façam necessários. Esperamos, dessa forma, possibilitar aos estudiosos de literatura, mais especificamente àqueles que se dedicam à leitura do romance histórico, por meio da análise das obras, uma caracterização significativa dos nativos na época romântica, bem como fortalecer as pesquisas na área do romance histórico e dos estudos comparados

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-10T14:30:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EVANDRO ROSA DE ARAUJO.pdf: 576411 bytes, checksum: edd9e1f33489babdc95a6264aab5377b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-10T14:30:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EVANDRO ROSA DE ARAUJO.pdf: 576411 bytes, checksum: edd9e1f33489babdc95a6264aab5377b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-08-01 / This thesis, a study of the evolution of the novel, reflects on the changes that literary narrative underwent over time, until it reached more evolved forms of writing. In traditional narrative the theme, space, time and characters were externally developed and the plot was linear. The models were pre-established, inspired by Walter Scott's narratives and by various historical novels which had been developing in Europe. But the different changes in the behavior of the post-Industrial Revolutionary urban man influenced the manner of writing novels. So, in order to show a little of the process of change in the way narratives were written, this study uses José de Alencar’s O Guarani and James F. Cooper’s The Last of the Mohicans, both historical narratives which provide a little of the early demonstrations of the genre, in an artistic setting with idealized characters and linearity of events, where the narrator is omniscient. James Joyce’s Ulysses was also used to show some aspects of the evolution of novelistic narrative, in which the artist developed a story which completely abandons the moulds pre-defined by the early idealized, romantic phase. Written in the interwar period, Ulysses focuses on the strains and uncertainties of modern life. In the pages of his book, Joyce presents the daily life of the citizens of contemporary Dublin, breaks with linearity and uses innovative techniques to show that time is far more complex than one could imagine. Theorists of the novel, such as Rosenthal (1974), Rosenfeld (1969), Humphrey (1976), D'Onofrio (1982), served as a basis for this study. / Esta dissertação desenvolve um estudo sobre a evolução do romance, refletindo sobre as mudanças que se processaram na narrativa literária ao longo do tempo, até chegar a formas mais evoluídas de escrita. Nas narrativas tradicionais, a temática, o espaço, as personagens e o tempo eram desenvolvidos de forma exterior, e o enredo primava pela linearidade. Os modelos eram pré-estabelecidos, inspirados nas narrativas de Walter Scott e nos muitos romances de tendência histórica que vinham sendo desenvolvidos na Europa. Mas as diversas mudanças ocorridas no comportamento do homem citadino pós-Revolução Industrial influenciaram também a maneira de produzir romances. Desse modo, para mostrar um pouco dessa mudança na maneira de se construir narrativas, processada ao longo do tempo, foram utilizadas nesta dissertação as obras O Guarani, de José de Alencar, e O Último dos Moicanos, de James F. Cooper, que são narrativas históricas que trazem um pouco das primeiras manifestações desse gênero, em um cenário plástico, com personagens idealizadas e uma preocupação com a linearidade dos acontecimentos, e cujo narrador é onisciente. Foi usado também na pesquisa o livro Ulisses, de James Joyce, para mostrar alguns aspectos da evolução da narrativa romanesca, em que o artista conseguiu desenvolver uma história que foge completamente aos moldes pré-definidos pela primeira fase romântico-idealista. Produzida no período entreguerras, o livro Ulisses focaliza, em muitos momentos da narrativa, as mazelas e incertezas da vida moderna. Joyce representa nas páginas do seu livro o cotidiano do cidadão da Dublin contemporânea, rompe com a linearidade e utiliza técnicas inovadoras para mostrar que o tempo é muito mais complexo do que se imagina. Serviram de lastro para este estudo as reflexões dos teóricos do romance Rosenthal (1974), Rosenfeld (1969), Humphrey (1976), D’Onofrio (1982) entre outros.

This thesis starts with an overview of the historical record tied to the birth of a new nation studied by Alexis de Tocqueville and Henry Steele Commager. It singles out the works of Henry Nash Smith and Eugene D. Genovese for an understanding, respectively, of the "myth of the frontier" tied to the conquest of the American West and the "plantation myth" that sustained slavery in the American South. Both myths underlie the concept of hybridity or cross-cultural relations in America. This thesis is concerned with the representation or lack of representation of hybridity and the roles played by female characters in connection with the land in two seminal American novels and their film versions---James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans, and Margaret Mitchell's Gone With the Wind---and Alice Randall's rewriting of Mitchell's novel, The Wind Done Gone , as a point of contrast. Hybridity is represented in the mixed-race bodies of these characters.

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