Thesis advisor: Marilyn J. Matelski / Sports and broadcasting have enjoyed a profitable and advantageous co-existence since television's inception. Television manufacturers depended upon the popularity of baseball, boxing, and roller derby, for instance to initially boost their products' popularity. Today, sports and media are major players in some of the most profitable unions in entertainment economics. These profitable deals have become a mainstay in our society, but what is to be said about the criticism levied at the institutions that profit off of what was once simple and pleasurable sport? These broadcasting/sport unions grant the sports markets and the networks involved distinct and noteworthy advantages worthy of critical analysis. What is to be said about this co-evolution of sports and media, its overwhelming presence in American society, and the more than profitable monetary implications and consequences for all involved? Alongside this line of investigation, one has to wonder whether sports and television as we know them today would maintain their present distinctions in the absence of a half-century of codependency. Would we have split screen, instant replays, or elaborate graphics and effects if the demand for TV sports had not escalated to its present status? Would sports occupy its present reign of superiority in our society if they did not have access to the dominating voice of television? And would sports have evolved into the sometimes glamorous and showy, sometimes evocative stage of statement that we have come to know without television's vast reach? In developing this thesis, I relied on resources such as critical articles, books, and internet sources in addition to sports and media commentary to create a historical-critical research project addressing the status of the sports and media codependency in American society today. The finished project includes: A brief historical overview of the main factors in the development of the sports and broadcasting links that have evolved over the past half century. Subsequent sections address the many areas of sports broadcasting from broadcast networks, to the cable universe and new media. Following this historical approach comes a more critical examination of sport evolution through media dependency. Here we note the many changes that have taken place in American competitive sports through the increasing exposure, popularity and revenue linked with media usage. Major League Baseball then becomes the specific case study for this historical-critical investigation. This section includes a look at Major League Baseball's storied history in relation to television and an investigation of the criticism presently levied at the organization for its multi-billion dollar profit linked with media deals. Further investigations of baseball's much-publicized strikes provide proof of the pitfalls of the sports/media relationship. The examination and line of questioning employed in this thesis have been relevant through half a century, and continue to be considered today. Furthermore, research employed provides definite proof of the media/sports dependency and predictions for the future if such relationships persist. We as a media-consuming public and nation of sports fans are left to weigh the options and enact our fate. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2003. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Communication. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

Submitted by PPG Comunica??o Social (famecos-pg@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-03T11:10:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA_AMORIM_DIS.pdf: 1864621 bytes, checksum: 8e8e9a4203ea314c0f7e98377441b3f3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lopes (tatiana.lopes@pucrs.br) on 2018-04-13T14:20:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA_AMORIM_DIS.pdf: 1864621 bytes, checksum: 8e8e9a4203ea314c0f7e98377441b3f3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-13T14:24:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILA_AMORIM_DIS.pdf: 1864621 bytes, checksum: 8e8e9a4203ea314c0f7e98377441b3f3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-23 / With the professionalization of electronic sports (e-sports) and the exponential growth of this market, many companies are investing in create unique experiences for their spectators. This research aims to understand how a computer game, especially the League of Legends, can be designed to be played and watched by many people as a sportive manifestation, turning a local reception into a global and connected activity. Based on the Grounded Theory, a methodology that supports the qualitative and quantitative data analyzes, favoring the multidisciplinary view on a given event. This work consists in three distinct phases: data collection and analysis, coding, memoing and theory writing. Where in the first phase, bibliographical surveys on games and esports were carried out, as well as analyzes of the media related to electronic sports. In the second phase, all the data obtained were codified and separated into categories and subcategories, where it was possible to understand that e-sports are a phenomenon formed from different social perceptions, relating games, sports entertainment and media. In the third phase, the memoing presents as inferences from the research for the work, to finally be possible a writing of a platform on a construction of e-sport and how its transformations in different transmissions. / Com a profissionaliza??o dos esportes eletr?nicos (e-sports) e o crescimento exponencial desse mercado, muitas empresas t?m investido em criar experi?ncias ?nicas para seus espectadores. Com isso em mente, este trabalho tem o objetivo de entender como um jogo de computador, especialmente o League of Legends, pode ser projetado para ser jogado e assistido como uma manifesta??o esportiva por diversas pessoas, transformando a recep??o local em um ato global e conectado. Para isso, ? utilizada a Grounded Theory, uma metodologia que permite o uso de an?lises qualitativas e quantitativas, favorecendo o olhar multidisciplinar sobre um determinado evento. Assim, este trabalho ? formado por tr?s fases distintas: coleta e an?lise de dados, codifica??o, memorando e escrita da teoria. Onde, na primeira fase, foram realizados levantamentos bibliogr?ficos sobre jogos e e-sports, al?m de an?lises das m?dias relacionadas ao esporte eletr?nico. Na segunda fase, todos os dados obtidos foram codificados e separados em categorias e subcategorias, no qual foi poss?vel entender que os e-sports s?o um fen?meno formado a partir de diferentes percep??es sociais, relacionando os jogos, o entretenimento esportivo e as m?dias. Na terceira fase, o memorando apresentou as infer?ncias da pesquisadora ao longo deste trabalho, para, por fim, ser poss?vel a escrita de uma teoria sobre a constru??o do e-sport e as suas transforma??es em diferentes transmiss?es.

Pays meurtri par les premières guerres de Religion, le Cotentin est partagé entre la nécessité de panser ses plaies et celle d'en finir avec le péril huguenot. Loin de tout et enclin à la panique, le pays s'imagine menacé par une nouvelle invasion anglaise et l'érection d'une république protestante à Carentan. Éreintée par les guerres, privée très vite de ses chefs, la mobilisation de la noblesse locale doit composer avec ces officiers de bailliage et ce bas-clergé, qui ont leurs entrées à Paris, cultivent la rancune à l'égard de la Couronne, et considèrent que l'ancienne aristocratie n'est plus à la hauteur des enjeux.Ce travail prosopographique s'attache à lever le voile sur les composantes populaires de la Ligue rurale. Petits curés du Val de Saire avec hallebardes, chanoines coutançais portant arquebuses, seigneurs pillards, pirates et naufrageurs, contrebandiers et fermiers d'impôts, sergents véreux, potiers-défricheurs et gentilshommes-verriers de la Forêt de Brix, marchands de drap, foulons et teinturiers de Valognes, soit près d'un millier de fauteurs d'émeutes, composant une faune méconnue, picaresque et souvent interlope dont le dénominateur commun ne se réduit pas à l'anglophobie et l'anti-protestantisme primaires. Mais au lieu de se contenter d'une prosopographie passive, cette recherche se fait histoire politique, persuadée qu'au plus bas de l'échelle sociale, il y a aussi une opinion. dans une presqu'île où rien n'est plus compliqué que de prendre position publiquement et de s'entretuer entre gens de connaissance. Quitte à oublier le passé ou le travestir. / Harmed by the first Wars of Religion, the Cotentin region is torn between the need to mend its wounds and the need to put an end to the huguenot threat. Far away from everything and prone to panic, the region believes that it is threatened by a new english invasion or even worse, by the erection of a Protestant Republic in Carentan. However, the nobility is not leading the fight: exhausted by wars, quickly deprived from its leaders, it must deal with a small circle of bailiffs and lower clergymen with their own contacts in Paris, a small world which nurtures a rancor against the Crown and thinks that the aristocracy will not measure up to the issues at stake.This work focuses on the popular components of the rural League. Priests wielding halberds, canons carrying arquebuses, robber lords, pirates and shipwrecks looters, smugglers and farmer-generals taxing salt and beverages, corrupt sergeants, woodcutter-potters and glassmakers from the Brix forest, drapers, fullers and dyers, that make up to a thousand leaders and troublemakers, part of a an unknown, picaresque and often suspicious fauna whose common denominator is not reduced to primary anglophobia and anti-protestantism.This research is also a political story, convinced that at the bottom of the social scale, there is an opinion, even in Normandy. Hence the necessity to find new documents and confront the individual to the group, his words to his actions, his present to his past, in a peninsula where nothing is more complicated than taking a public stance and killing each other among acquaintances, Then forget about it or lie.

This dissertation examines second order network formation on India's large and rapidly expanding mobile phone networks. It does so by examining a particular second order network - the Indian Premier League (IPL) mobile network. Using a case study approach and a mix of ethnographic methods and textual analysis, I explore the history that preceded the IPL mobile network, the intentions of its creators, the processes by which users participate on the network, and the outcomes of network expansion and evolution. I deploy the space of flows concept of Manuel Castells, to draw attention to continuity and change in Indian communication networks, and to highlight the new spatial dynamics at work in mass mobile telephony. This dissertation emphasizes the transformative nature of second order networks and identifies the ways that masses of users can disrupt and alter communication networks, especially in contexts of informal economics and power structures.

The aim of the research is to identify and apprehend all the factors in terms of administration, economy, culture, and ideas within and without Taiwan that influenced drugs control there in the early twentieth century. The means is to explore narcotics control on the island with special consideration to international conferences on opium. The period covers the late Qing dynasty (1850-1895), early Japanese period (1895-1920), and late Japanese period (1920-1940). The conclusion will discuss the relationship between narcotics control and the conferences, compare practical measures and cultures of drugs, and compare abstract ideas that defined the practical side. The research is original because it studies previously unexplored cultural and intellectual history. It is also a synthesis of a rarely researched topic: namely: the international conferences angle on drugs control on the island during Japanese rule (hence its emphasis in the thesis title). The main findings regarding the Qing dynasty is that the administration was weak and opium culture was acceptable, fashionable and useful. The administration was weak because officials were undermined by informal administrators who were gentry. The gentry occupied a privileged socio-legal position and were relied upon by officials for implementing policy. It was also weak because it could not enforce the law: edicts stipulating prohibition of opium smoking and emigration to Taiwan were ignored. Opium culture was rendered fashionable and acceptable by the literati who smoked it. Opium also served as a treatment for many illnesses. It was popular especially among professional men in Taiwan. Opium was largely available since the treaty ports were opened in 1858. A favourable balance of trade meant the Chinese could afford opium. The early Japanese period had a strong administration and definitive new ideas. The administration was strong because of its army, Law 63, and the hokō and police systems. It successfully established the opium monopoly system. It was a licensing and rationing system that was on the whole effective, but it was flawed because of its recording and commission on sales system. Biological principles and economic warfare defined the opium policy. The former meant that the Taiwanese would be made fitter over time by gradually suppressing opium. The latter referred to selling opium as a means to enhance national survival in the newly perceived protracted war where resources were crucial for victory. Fear of national destruction through Japanese adopting the smoking habit triggered the formulation of an opium policy. Occasional and habitual smokers were homogenised through media. Opium smokers were presented negatively. Iwai Tatsumi had opium revenue become Government-General revenue. It was important until 1930. A black market of opium for secret smokers flourished possibly with the approval of the administration for profit or social stability. The late Japanese period was marked by introduction of powerful foreign ideas and cultural change. The ideas were self-determination and humanitarianism. The former incited anti-colonialism. That forced the administration to adopt a concessionary attitude towards the Chinese in order to maintain peaceful rule. It promoted accelerated assimilation that undermined the discriminatory biological principles that was the bedrock of the gradual suppression policy. Humanitarianism put opium on the international public and national government agendas. It stimulated reform such as the 1928 Taiwan Opium Ordinance, 1929 Addict Registration Campaign and expedited the 1930 Rehabilitation Programme. Du Congming established the first rehabilitation centre after administration funded research into opium. Cultural change is expressed in the ambiguous attitude towards opium crystallizing into a fiercely anti-opium one held by Chinese. Opium was rendered unacceptable and traitorous. The Japanese viewed opium addiction as a disease; hence addicts were medicalised. Allegedly Japanese officials and businessmen respectively approved of and engaged in the export of crude morphine and cocaine from Taiwan. The opium monopoly system allegedly provided cover for the import of excessive quantities of opium. Weak regulations in Japan meant exporting cocaine was not problematic. Increasingly opium businesses became unprofitable or were closed excepting wholesalers. Revenue from opium was minute but still useful. The main points of the international conferences concern their aims, origins, results, the League of Nations and Japanese policy. The aims were to eliminate opium smoking and suppress narcotics. They originated from American President Theodore Roosevelt who was prompted by American missionary Charles Brent. British diplomat Sir Malcolm Delevingne was instrumental in calling for the 1924-25 Geneva conferences. The results are vast and complex. The sound ideas were: a) licensing; b) rationing; c) recording; d) government monopoly; e) standardised import and export certificates; f) independent body to handle estimates from consumer countries and orders to supplier countries; g) education. The main problems were: a) the agreements were only obligatory; b) diplomatic language afforded the ability to neglect reforms; c) there was not a timetable for limiting supply. The League of Nations was established in order to avert war. It was revolutionary because it provided a platform for open and multilateral diplomacy, and redefined acceptable behaviour of nations. It added a new dimension to traditional closed and bilateral diplomacy where states had freedom of action. The League was a phenomenal propaganda machine because it was admirable, authoritative and hence held global media attention. The Japanese view was originally typified by indifference and strategic interest. The latter is regarding the Anglo-Japanese alliance. It developed to become morally concerned and concerned as per foreign pressure over the illicit traffic of narcotics from Japan. Indifference was due to the fact that in Japan drugs were not an electoral issue. Moreover, the government was dominated by businesses which had an economic interest in the trade. Lastly it was offensive to undermine business in Japanese culture. Moral concern arose in terms of humanitarianism under the League of Nations. Additionally social hygiene viewing opium as a treatable threat to survival was applied to the eradication of opium. The conclusion reveals the relationship between conferences and narcotics control on the island to be mutual, direct, indirect and significant. The Chinese and Foreign Powers created and surmounted the opium crisis in Taiwan. Japanese rule provided for suitable conditions for the Chinese to resist opium. Administration and culture are the most influential factors in narcotics control. Foreign ideas of self-determination and humanitarianism defeated Japanese ideas and compelled reform of the opium system. Mobilisation of public opinion is vital for cultural change. The opium monopoly system was on the whole efficacious. Lastly, the statistics on opium are dubious as they are provided by Kaku Sagatarō who may have been involved in the illicit traffic of narcotics.

Thesis (M.A.)--Ohio State University, 1981. / Includes bibliographical references.

Fighting has been a centerpiece of the National Hockey League since it was formed in 1917. Although rules have been introduced regulating the physicality of play in the NHL, fighting is demanded—and encouraged—by fans and players alike. Fans have long been attracted to the violence of professional hockey; previous studies have documented that professional hockey is a “blood sport” that generates revenues with violence. This research investigates the effect of fighting on player salaries in the NHL, examining the way in which fighting has become a strategic element of the game, describing the way players enforce their own “Code” of hockey rules and police the ice in ways referees cannot, and comparing the salaries of fighters and skilled players to determine how players in different roles are valued.

The Boy Scout Movement is one of the most influential youth movements of the twentieth century. Begun in the context of Edwardian imperialism as a foil to fears of racial decline, the movement’s militarism became a liability following the First World War, when Scouting’s widespread, trans-national popularity forced it to enter the political sphere that dominates international relations. Based on extensive archival research in both the United Kingdom and Canada, this thesis traces the evolution of the Scout Movement from a British imperial institution into an international brotherhood in the 1920s and 1930s. It reveals a tense relationship between the worldwide membership and the central administration of the movement. Despite efforts by founder Robert Baden-Powell to create an image of unity, Scouting proved ungovernable from a single ideological source, and local conditions dictated the form that it took in each domestic situation. Scouting therefore both deeply influenced, and was influenced by, the cultures and communities into which it was transplanted.

Background: An increased load on the European elite football players is seen; both physically, with more matches with the national teams and the club teams, but also mentally. To play football on the highest level induce a high injury risk with injury incidences very high, both in the national team and in the club teams. Objective: To investigate the injury risk among elite football players in UEFA Champions League when playing in their clubs compared to international matches with their national team respectively. Further the objective also was to study the injury incidence and injury pattern differences between national team players and non national team players. Materials and methods: In this study 3233 player seasons were registered for 6141 injuries from 134 UEFA Champions League team seasons, during the seasons 2001/2002 to 2009/2010. Existing data from UEFA research group consisted of injuries, exposure, anthropometric data etc. The author collected data regarding national team exposure. Definitions of injury severity, injury categorization, injury incidence are standard definitions and the definition of being national team player or not were given by the author. Results: The baseline data showed that the national team players played more matches, had more match injuries, had a higher match exposure and were younger. No large differences are seen in injury incidence in the type of injuries. Some specific injuries as Achilles tendon, low back pain and ACL are more common in matches whit the non national team players, while knee MCL injuries are more common among the national team players. The non national team players had more absence from injuries. When comparing the both groups in injury incidence in total, there were no differences. Discussion: The results of this study can be compared to other similar studies, because of the same procedure regarding injury incidence etc. as consensus. The figures in this study show the same figures as other studies in the same subject. Conclusions: The injury incidence and injury pattern do not diverge from one another or from earlier studies on the same topic. The noteworthy finding is that the players who play for the national team have not a higher injury incidence than the players who do not play for the national team.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Bryn Mawr college. / Bibliography; p. 145-152.