O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a relação profissional/paciente na área da Ortodontia. Foram estudados os aspectos éticos e legais que permeiam o tratamento ortodôntico. A literatura estudada permite afirmar que a busca de auxílio legal por pacientes descontentes aumentou significativamente nos últimos anos. E que a ortodontia é uma especialidade em que os tratamentos são de longa duração e onde se estabelece uma estreita relação profissional/paciente, envolvendo uma grande expectativa em relação aos resultados. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de dois questionários, o primeiro dirigido a 10 profissionais da área de ortodontia e o segundo a 100 pacientes em tratamento ortodôntico dos respectivos profissionais. A análise das respostas obtidas demonstrou que a preocupação estética é a principal motivação que leva os pacientes aos consultórios ortodônticos (61%) Todos os profissionais acreditam existir fatores imprevisíveis que podem interferir no desenvolvimento e no resultado do tratamento ortodôntico (100%). Apesar deste fato, 40% dos profissionais asseguram ao paciente o sucesso do tratamento. Os profissionais afirmam fornecer esclarecimentos sobre o tratamento e seus possíveis desdobramentos, porém de forma verbal. Para ambos, profissional e paciente, o mais importante nesta relação é a capacidade técnica do profissional. Para os profissionais, o principal meio de defesa do ortodontista frente a um processo de responsabilidade civil é o prontuário completo. Porém, a grande maioria dos entrevistados (90%) não possui em seu prontuário a ficha de procedimentos executados com as intercorrências anotadas e com a assinatura do paciente. Concluiu-se que a principal motivação que leva o paciente ao consultório ortodôntico é a preocupação estética e que o bom relacionamento profissional/paciente com atitudes como fornecer esclarecimentos sobre o tratamento e seus desdobramentos e possuir um prontuário completo são condutas prudentes a fim de evitar que o profissional venha a ser objeto de uma ação civil indenizatória impetrada pelo paciente. / The major objective of the present research work was to investigate the relationship between the dentistry professional and his/her patient in the orthodontics area. Ethical and legal aspects involved in the orthodontics treatment were profoundly analyzed. In the last years the searching for legal aid by unsatisfied patients has significantly increased. The orthodontics area is normally characterized by long term treatments. At any orthodontic treatment a much closed professional/ patient relationship is established together with a huge expectation on results. This research was developed using two questionnaires. The first one was submitted to ten orthodontics professionals and the second questionnaire to one hundred patients treated by those ten professionals. The percentile analysis of the patients' reply (61%) has demonstrated that the aesthetic aspects are the main reason that impels the patients to the orthodontics doctor's office. All the interviewed professionals (100%) believe in the existence of unexpected factors that intervene in both the development and the results of the treatment. Despite the aforementioned fact 40% of the professionals assure to the patient a successful treatment. About 20% of those 40% professionals cited guarantee to the patients a treatment according to their expectations. Although orally mentioned only, all the professionals affirm to provide to the patients the necessary information about the development of the treatment and its eventual implications. For both, professional and patient, the most important aspect to attain a successful treatment is the technical knowledge of the orthodontics professional. For the majority of the orthodontics professionals the main means against any civil prosecution is the complete and detailed treatment documentation. However, the great majority (90%) of the professionals interviewed do not possess in their files the executed treatment procedures with the signature of the patient on them. Any sort of misunderstanding relationship among the orthodontics professional and his/her patient on keeping a well understood treatment may lead to legal problems. It is also very important to remark that the patient can carry out an indemnity question against the professional if he/she does not have a good understanding on the legislation.

The diploma thesis describes the position of partner (member) in the limited liability company in the Czech Republic. First of all I analyzed the basic characteristics of the limited liability company including the historical development. Then I focused on its partners (members), I described who can become a partner, how and under what circumstances. Special attention was paid to the capital contribution and the business share. The most important part of the diploma thesis focuses on the legal aspects of partner's rights and obligations. I pointed out the advantages of being a partner (such as not being liable for the company's debts) as well as disadvantages. Various ways of leaving the company are briefly covered in the last chapter.

Alea Iacta Est - Starting Points of The Current Regulation of Gambling with Emphasis on Financial and Legal Aspects of Its Regulation Abstract The thesis deals with the general starting points of the current legal regulation of gambling in the Czech Republic, both from the national and international perspective. In addition to a detailed examination of the fundamentals of the legislation, attention is also paid to selected financial and legal aspects of gambling regulation, especially the area of gambling tax, the tax on winnings, and the matter of use of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology in the gambling field. The thesis consists of three complementary interconnected parts. In the first, interdisciplinary part, the phenomenon of gambling is examined first from the perspective of non-legal disciplines. There are findings from sociology, economics, philosophy, ethics, psychology and there is also a brief look into the history and future of gambling. Interdisciplinary overlap and taking into consideration scientific knowledge from related disciplines is a prerequisite for such a creation of legislation that could achieve the objectives pursued. Harm reduction gambling policy is examined in the second part of this thesis. This part analyses in detail issues related to problem gambling and the tools...

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de natureza histórico-social e ético-legal, desenvolvido a partir da análise documental como parte do método histórico. As bases de dados nacionais e internacionais pesquisadas foram CINAHL, LILACS, MEDLINE, PeriEnf e PubMed, com os descritores: enfermagem, atendimento pré-hospitalar e aspectos ético-legais, publicados nos últimos 10 anos. O método histórico estuda os fatos sociais e suas relações, a partir de documentos, surgidos de fontes, contextos e momentos distintos, e envolve a reconstrução do conhecimento e novas interpretações dos fatos. A escassez de literatura específica, sobre os aspectos ético-legais no atendimento pré-hospitalar (APH) e a inserção do enfermeiro nesta modalidade de serviço, motivou a realização deste estudo. Igualmente, a experiência profissional como enfermeiro e a vivência de situações críticas no Grupo de Resgate e Atendimento de Urgências (GRAU - RESGATE 193), despertaram o interesse pelo tema e as bases para a incursão no campo do Direito. Com este estudo pretendeu-se fazer um resgate histórico do surgimento do APH e a inserção do enfermeiro com os objetivos de levantar a legislação e as funções do enfermeiro no atendimento pré-hospitalar; identificar os desafios éticos e legais do enfermeiro no exercício profissional nesse atendimento; e, traçar o tipo de enfermeiro profissional necessário para o atendimento pré-hospitalar / This is a descriptive, exploratory study of historical-social and ethical-legal nature, developed through a documentary analysis as part of the historical method. National and international data basis were searched at CINAHL, LILACS, MEDLINE, PeriEnf e PubMed utilizing the following descriptors: nursing, pre-hospital care, and ethical-legal aspects, published in the last ten years. The historical method studies social facts and its relations, from documents found in sources, contexts and distinct moments, and involve the knowledge reconstruction and new interpretation of facts. Lack of specific literature on ethical-legal aspects within pre-hospital care and the nurse´s insertion into this kind of service, has motivated this study. Also, the professional experience as nurse and having lived critical situations within the Rescue Group for Urgent Care (GRAU-Resgate 193), has created the interest on the theme and the basis for this into the Law field. This study aimed at making an historical rescue about the emergence of pre-hospital care and the nurse´s insertion in it with the objectives: to survey the legislation and the nurses´ functions in this service; to identify the nurses´ ethical and legal challenges at professional practice; and, to outline the kind of nurse needed for pre-hospital care

<p>I den digitala världen är elektroniska signaturer motsvarigheten till traditionella namnunderskrifter. Många lagregler innehåller ett krav på egenhändig underskrift. Frågan är om elektroniska signaturer kan anses uppfylla det kravet och på så sätt godtas istället för en namnunderskrift. Om inte, måste lagändringar till för att elektroniska signaturer skall accepteras. I förarbeten och doktrin finns skilda meningar om elektroniska signaturers rättsverkan och vad som krävs för att de skall godtas. Vissa anser att det krävs lagändringar medan några säger att elektroniska signaturer kan godtas redan idag, om man ser till syftena bakom kravet på underskrift i de lagrum där kravet är uppställt. Kan syftena med kravet på underskrift uppfyllas lika väl med en elektronisk signatur?</p> / <p>In the digital world a electronic signature can be compared with a signature written with a pencil on a paper. The problem is that many rules of law say that a signature should be handmade. Can an electronic signatures be seen as handmade? This is being disputed in doctrine, some think that legal changes must take place. Others see no reason why electronic signatures cannotbe used today, having a teleologic point of view. Can the purpose to use a handmade signature be fulfilled with an electronic signature?</p>

I den digitala världen är elektroniska signaturer motsvarigheten till traditionella namnunderskrifter. Många lagregler innehåller ett krav på egenhändig underskrift. Frågan är om elektroniska signaturer kan anses uppfylla det kravet och på så sätt godtas istället för en namnunderskrift. Om inte, måste lagändringar till för att elektroniska signaturer skall accepteras. I förarbeten och doktrin finns skilda meningar om elektroniska signaturers rättsverkan och vad som krävs för att de skall godtas. Vissa anser att det krävs lagändringar medan några säger att elektroniska signaturer kan godtas redan idag, om man ser till syftena bakom kravet på underskrift i de lagrum där kravet är uppställt. Kan syftena med kravet på underskrift uppfyllas lika väl med en elektronisk signatur? / In the digital world a electronic signature can be compared with a signature written with a pencil on a paper. The problem is that many rules of law say that a signature should be handmade. Can an electronic signatures be seen as handmade? This is being disputed in doctrine, some think that legal changes must take place. Others see no reason why electronic signatures cannotbe used today, having a teleologic point of view. Can the purpose to use a handmade signature be fulfilled with an electronic signature?

This thesis is focused on the assessment of the legal, tax and accounting aspects of the tax optimization and using of tax havens. There were chosen the following tax havens: the Netherlands, Cyprus, Malta, Belize, the Seychelles. The choice of these states was based on statistics made by the company Bisnode (2015). In these states there were compared legal conditions and costs connected with establishing of company, tax aspects which were focused on the corporate income tax (with and without existence of the permanent establishment) and accounting aspects. Because of the better illustration of these aspects there was made a case study. This study was focused on the fictive small Czech entrepreneur who wanted to reduce the costs through using of tax havens. Tax havens and also the Czech Republic were compared in each chosen aspect. At the end there was determined a final order of selected states (each aspect had the same value on the final order). For the comparison there was used a scoring method (exactly in comparison of legal and accounting aspects). Tax aspects were evaluated according to the amount of tax duty. The final order was based on arithmetic mean of partial orders. It was found out that the best country for our small entrepreneur is the Czech Republic (with and also without establishing of permanent establishment). However, this result is affected by the chosen aspects and also by the size and main aim (reduce costs) of the entrepreneur. So we can´t say that these tax havens are disadvantageous for everyone all the time.

O patrimônio natural é um bem ambiental tutelado pelo Direito. A paisagem cênica, uma das formas em que se apresenta esse patrimônio, oferece inúmeros serviços ambientais, como ecológicos, estéticos e culturais, e é considerada um direito difuso. Entretanto, para que possa oferecer serviços imprescindíveis, se faz necessária a proteção de sua integralidade. Nos destinos turísticos, a paisagem desempenha uma função elementar, pois, além de manter a composição da imagem que o visitante tem e espera do local, também garante a sustentabilidade econômica da atividade turística. Historicamente, o Estado tem incentivado a exploração insustentável dos recursos naturais. Cabe salientar que a própria legislação brasileira criou alguns passivos ambientais no decorrer do tempo. O ordenamento jurídico brasileiro respalda a paisagem como bem jurídico integrante do conceito de meio ambiente, e a previsão legal de proteção jurídica se encontra em convenções internacionais, revelando-se em leis federais, estaduais e legislações esparsas brasileiras. Apesar de a paisagem natural ser tutelada pelo arcabouço jurídico brasileiro e ser imprescindível para o desenvolvimento sustentável, principalmente dos destinos turísticos, dada a íntima identificação do local com a paisagem, esta entra em conflito com os interesses econômicos dos proprietários de áreas, que proporcionam esse serviço ambiental, mas não recebem qualquer incentivo para fazê-lo. O PSA representa um mecanismo econômico que visa a operacionalizar a arrecadação de fundos, com os beneficiários da preservação dos serviços ambientais, bem como à alocação de recursos com os provedores de tais serviços, no caso, a conservação do patrimônio paisagístico. Uma vez percebida a importância dos serviços ambientais proporcionados pela paisagem, resta traçar estratégias para a preservação dos mesmos, capazes de orientar novos modelos de desenvolvimento. Os pagamentos por serviços ambientais têm como principal objetivo transferir recursos, monetários ou não, àqueles que voluntariamente ajudam a preservar, conservar ou a produzir tais serviços. / Submitted by Ana Guimarães Pereira (agpereir@ucs.br) on 2015-07-10T14:49:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Karina Zago.pdf: 1326223 bytes, checksum: 162d644d12e81baa930b564b88cc7daa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T14:49:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Ana Karina Zago.pdf: 1326223 bytes, checksum: 162d644d12e81baa930b564b88cc7daa (MD5) / The natural patrimony is an environmental good which is protected by the law. The landscape, one of the ways in which this patrimony is presented, offers innumerable environmental services, such as ecological, aesthetic and cultural, and it is considered a diffuse right. However, in order to provide essential services, it is necessary to protect its integrity. In tourist destinations, the landscape performs an elementary function, and beyond keeping the composition of the image that the visitor has and expects from the place, it also guarantees the economic support of the tourism. Historically, the state has encouraged the unsustainable exploration of natural resources. It should be point out that Brazilian legislation itself has created some environmental liabilities in the course of time. The Brazilian legal system supports the landscape as a legally integrant to the concept of environment, and the provision of legal protection is under international conventions, revealing itself in federal, state, and sparse laws. Although the natural landscape be protected by Brazilians laws and be essential for the sustainable development, especially in tourist destinations, due to the close identification with the local landscape, it conflicts with the economic interests of the owners of the areas, who provide this environmental service, even though receive no incentive to do so. The PSA represents an economic mechanism that aims to collect funds with the beneficiaries of the conservation of the environmental services, as well as the allocation of resources with the suppliers of such services, in this case, the conservation of the natural patrimony. Once detected the importance of the environmental services provided by the landscape, it remains to devise strategies for their preservation that can be able to guide new development models. Payments for environmental services have as main objective to transfer resources, monetary or not, to those who voluntarily help to preserve, conserve or produce such services.

In pursuit of sustainable development there is a growing concern over solid waste policies to promote an integrated and participatory management system and activities that maximize the reuse and recovery, incorporating recycling and composting of waste and reintroducing them in productive chain. This research aims to demonstrate and assess the legal aspects and environmental management of municipal solid waste (MSW) in the metropolitan area of Aracaju (MRA), comprising the cities of Aracaju, Nossa Senhora do Socorro, São Cristóvão and the Barra dos Coqueiros within a holistic view and under the legal and rational approach of environment. To reach it was to raise the MSW regulations in Brazil and actions technical, legal and social control of MSW management in the MRA. For this, besides the documentary research, interviews were effective with the involved segments and visits to places of disposal of MSW and treatment of MRA. As a result, besides the compilation of the MSW legal system and environmental in Brazil and the retrospective of MSW management in the MRA in the past decades, observed that there is a legal sustainability as a rule of norms in the MRA and the municipalities of Sergipe, referring to the legal-ambient microsystems of RSU in the scope of these federative spheres. About MSW management, it was found that while sustainability is the rule, there are initial actions and even consolidated, as in the common collection and transportation of MSW, for the search of the sustainability of the system. / Na busca do desenvolvimento sustentável verifica-se uma preocupação crescente com as políticas de resíduos sólidos para que promovam um sistema integrado e participativo de gestão e gerenciamento, que maximize a reutilização e a recuperação, incorporando a reciclagem e a compostagem destes resíduos e reintroduzindo-os na cadeia produtiva. O presente trabalho pretende demonstrar e avaliar os aspectos jurídicos e ambientais da gestão e do gerenciamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) na Região Metropolitana de Aracaju (RMA), composta pelos municípios de Aracaju, Nossa Senhora do Socorro, São Cristóvão e Barra dos Coqueiros, dentro de uma visão holística e sob o enfoque jurídico e racional de meio ambiente. Para alcançar este objetivo, foi feito levantamento das normas que disciplinam RSU no Brasil e dos encaminhamentos técnicos, jurídicos e de controle social da gestão de RSU na RMA. Para isto, além da pesquisa documental, foram efetivas entrevistas com os segmentos envolvidos e visitas aos locais de disposição final de RSU e de tratamento da RMA. Como resultados, além da compilação do sistema jurídico-ambiental de RSU no Brasil e da retrospectiva da gestão de RSU na RMA nas últimas décadas, observou-se a sustentabilidade jurídica, como regra, das normas vigentes nos municípios da RMA e do Estado de Sergipe, referentes aos microssistemas jurídico-ambientais de RSU no âmbito destas esferas federativas. Sobre a gestão de RSU, verificou-se que embora a insustentabilidade seja a regra, há ações iniciais e até consolidadas, como no caso da coleta e transporte comum de RSU, para a busca da sustentabilidade do sistema.

Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, de natureza histórico-social e ético-legal, desenvolvido a partir da análise documental como parte do método histórico. As bases de dados nacionais e internacionais pesquisadas foram CINAHL, LILACS, MEDLINE, PeriEnf e PubMed, com os descritores: enfermagem, atendimento pré-hospitalar e aspectos ético-legais, publicados nos últimos 10 anos. O método histórico estuda os fatos sociais e suas relações, a partir de documentos, surgidos de fontes, contextos e momentos distintos, e envolve a reconstrução do conhecimento e novas interpretações dos fatos. A escassez de literatura específica, sobre os aspectos ético-legais no atendimento pré-hospitalar (APH) e a inserção do enfermeiro nesta modalidade de serviço, motivou a realização deste estudo. Igualmente, a experiência profissional como enfermeiro e a vivência de situações críticas no Grupo de Resgate e Atendimento de Urgências (GRAU - RESGATE 193), despertaram o interesse pelo tema e as bases para a incursão no campo do Direito. Com este estudo pretendeu-se fazer um resgate histórico do surgimento do APH e a inserção do enfermeiro com os objetivos de levantar a legislação e as funções do enfermeiro no atendimento pré-hospitalar; identificar os desafios éticos e legais do enfermeiro no exercício profissional nesse atendimento; e, traçar o tipo de enfermeiro profissional necessário para o atendimento pré-hospitalar / This is a descriptive, exploratory study of historical-social and ethical-legal nature, developed through a documentary analysis as part of the historical method. National and international data basis were searched at CINAHL, LILACS, MEDLINE, PeriEnf e PubMed utilizing the following descriptors: nursing, pre-hospital care, and ethical-legal aspects, published in the last ten years. The historical method studies social facts and its relations, from documents found in sources, contexts and distinct moments, and involve the knowledge reconstruction and new interpretation of facts. Lack of specific literature on ethical-legal aspects within pre-hospital care and the nurse´s insertion into this kind of service, has motivated this study. Also, the professional experience as nurse and having lived critical situations within the Rescue Group for Urgent Care (GRAU-Resgate 193), has created the interest on the theme and the basis for this into the Law field. This study aimed at making an historical rescue about the emergence of pre-hospital care and the nurse´s insertion in it with the objectives: to survey the legislation and the nurses´ functions in this service; to identify the nurses´ ethical and legal challenges at professional practice; and, to outline the kind of nurse needed for pre-hospital care