O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar a relação profissional/paciente na área da Ortodontia. Foram estudados os aspectos éticos e legais que permeiam o tratamento ortodôntico. A literatura estudada permite afirmar que a busca de auxílio legal por pacientes descontentes aumentou significativamente nos últimos anos. E que a ortodontia é uma especialidade em que os tratamentos são de longa duração e onde se estabelece uma estreita relação profissional/paciente, envolvendo uma grande expectativa em relação aos resultados. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de dois questionários, o primeiro dirigido a 10 profissionais da área de ortodontia e o segundo a 100 pacientes em tratamento ortodôntico dos respectivos profissionais. A análise das respostas obtidas demonstrou que a preocupação estética é a principal motivação que leva os pacientes aos consultórios ortodônticos (61%) Todos os profissionais acreditam existir fatores imprevisíveis que podem interferir no desenvolvimento e no resultado do tratamento ortodôntico (100%). Apesar deste fato, 40% dos profissionais asseguram ao paciente o sucesso do tratamento. Os profissionais afirmam fornecer esclarecimentos sobre o tratamento e seus possíveis desdobramentos, porém de forma verbal. Para ambos, profissional e paciente, o mais importante nesta relação é a capacidade técnica do profissional. Para os profissionais, o principal meio de defesa do ortodontista frente a um processo de responsabilidade civil é o prontuário completo. Porém, a grande maioria dos entrevistados (90%) não possui em seu prontuário a ficha de procedimentos executados com as intercorrências anotadas e com a assinatura do paciente. Concluiu-se que a principal motivação que leva o paciente ao consultório ortodôntico é a preocupação estética e que o bom relacionamento profissional/paciente com atitudes como fornecer esclarecimentos sobre o tratamento e seus desdobramentos e possuir um prontuário completo são condutas prudentes a fim de evitar que o profissional venha a ser objeto de uma ação civil indenizatória impetrada pelo paciente. / The major objective of the present research work was to investigate the relationship between the dentistry professional and his/her patient in the orthodontics area. Ethical and legal aspects involved in the orthodontics treatment were profoundly analyzed. In the last years the searching for legal aid by unsatisfied patients has significantly increased. The orthodontics area is normally characterized by long term treatments. At any orthodontic treatment a much closed professional/ patient relationship is established together with a huge expectation on results. This research was developed using two questionnaires. The first one was submitted to ten orthodontics professionals and the second questionnaire to one hundred patients treated by those ten professionals. The percentile analysis of the patients' reply (61%) has demonstrated that the aesthetic aspects are the main reason that impels the patients to the orthodontics doctor's office. All the interviewed professionals (100%) believe in the existence of unexpected factors that intervene in both the development and the results of the treatment. Despite the aforementioned fact 40% of the professionals assure to the patient a successful treatment. About 20% of those 40% professionals cited guarantee to the patients a treatment according to their expectations. Although orally mentioned only, all the professionals affirm to provide to the patients the necessary information about the development of the treatment and its eventual implications. For both, professional and patient, the most important aspect to attain a successful treatment is the technical knowledge of the orthodontics professional. For the majority of the orthodontics professionals the main means against any civil prosecution is the complete and detailed treatment documentation. However, the great majority (90%) of the professionals interviewed do not possess in their files the executed treatment procedures with the signature of the patient on them. Any sort of misunderstanding relationship among the orthodontics professional and his/her patient on keeping a well understood treatment may lead to legal problems. It is also very important to remark that the patient can carry out an indemnity question against the professional if he/she does not have a good understanding on the legislation.

Estudaram-se as perdas fetais ocorridas no distri to de São Paulo, no período de dois anos (1 de junho de 1968 a 31 de maio de 1970) e cuja residência da mãe se localizasse também no distrito de São Paulo. O trabalho objetivou o estudo das mesmas segundo as variáveis fornecidas pelos atestados dos nascidos mortos, que se constituiram em seu material básico. O ponto de vista social foi focalizado através dos aspectos referentes à cor, filiação, naturalidade e profissão dos pais. Os itens relativos a sexo, duração da gestação, local onde ocorreu o evento, história obstétrica, idade da mãe e causa da perda constituiram o conjunto de dados para análise do ponto de vista médico-estatístico. Quanto ao problema da causa, é de se destacar que esta é a primeira vez que tal aspecto é analisado entre nós. Utilizando dados obtidos atravês da \"Investigação Interamericana de Mortalidade na Infância\", foi possível obter o coeficiente corrigido de mortalidade perinatal. A pesquisa visou ainda ao estudo das implicações que as perdas fetais acarretam no campo Jurídico. Quanto aos resultados, devem ser destacados o problema do registro de perdas por local de ocorrência e não de residência, a maior proporção de ilegitimidade nas perdas fetais precoces e a maior proporção de pais naturais da região leste do Brasil. A razão de masculinidade se mostrou maior quanto menor fosse o tempo de gestação. Alguns dados permitiram inferir que existe uma sub-enumeração de perdas precoces e intermediárias. Verificou-se ainda que, aproximadamente, 86% das perdas ocorreram em hospitais,que a quarta parte dos casos estudados foi produto de primeira gestação e que em 85% das perdas o parto foi normal. Relativamente à idade da mãe, foi verificado que o risco de vir a ter uma perda - excetuando-se o grupo de mulheres de menos de vinte anos - aumenta com a idade materna. Em face de erros e imperfeições quanto ao preenchimento do atestado e da ausência de alguns dados de grande interesse para a Saúde Pública, foi sugerida a adoção de novo modelo de atestado de óbitos perinatais. / Foetal loss of resident women of the district of Sao Paulo that occurred in this area, were studied for a two years period, from June 1st, 1968 to May 31st, 1970. The objectives of this study were: - analysis of the foetal mortality differentials according to the available information in the certificates of stillbirths; - analysis of legal involvements pertinent to the foetal deaths. The variables considered were: - social: color, legitimacy, parents birth place and their occupation; - medical-demographic: sex, lenght of pregnancy, birth-order, single or plural deliveries, age of mother, and cause of death. Data available in the Inter American Investigation in Childhood permitted the calculation of the Perinatal Mortality rate. The conclusions were: - a large proportion of illegitimacy observed among the early foetal deaths - the sex-ratio (x 1000 women) was higher in the early pregnancy\'s foetal loss; - there is an under-registration of foetal loss occurred before 28 weeks of gestation; - 86% of the foetal loss occurred in hospitals; - 25% of foetal loss occurred in women pregnant for the first time; - 11% of the foetal loss were delivered by Caesarean section; - the risk of having a foetal loss increases with the increasing of the mother\'s age. The recommendations were: - the tabulation of the stillbirth certificate data should be done by local of residence instead of by occurrence; - a new model of Perinatal death certificate was proposed in order to provide more complete data that are important from the point of view of Public Health.

The aim of the thesis is to map the progress of work required to implement an enterprise content management system with a focus on design and legal aspects. The work will also be focusing on possible legal scenarios of the IS implementation including project management aspects of IS implementation. The outcome of the thesis is a summary of the most common problems related to implementation of the Enterprise Content Management System implementation and recommendations for its successful implementation.

Estudaram-se as perdas fetais ocorridas no distri to de São Paulo, no período de dois anos (1 de junho de 1968 a 31 de maio de 1970) e cuja residência da mãe se localizasse também no distrito de São Paulo. O trabalho objetivou o estudo das mesmas segundo as variáveis fornecidas pelos atestados dos nascidos mortos, que se constituiram em seu material básico. O ponto de vista social foi focalizado através dos aspectos referentes à cor, filiação, naturalidade e profissão dos pais. Os itens relativos a sexo, duração da gestação, local onde ocorreu o evento, história obstétrica, idade da mãe e causa da perda constituiram o conjunto de dados para análise do ponto de vista médico-estatístico. Quanto ao problema da causa, é de se destacar que esta é a primeira vez que tal aspecto é analisado entre nós. Utilizando dados obtidos atravês da \"Investigação Interamericana de Mortalidade na Infância\", foi possível obter o coeficiente corrigido de mortalidade perinatal. A pesquisa visou ainda ao estudo das implicações que as perdas fetais acarretam no campo Jurídico. Quanto aos resultados, devem ser destacados o problema do registro de perdas por local de ocorrência e não de residência, a maior proporção de ilegitimidade nas perdas fetais precoces e a maior proporção de pais naturais da região leste do Brasil. A razão de masculinidade se mostrou maior quanto menor fosse o tempo de gestação. Alguns dados permitiram inferir que existe uma sub-enumeração de perdas precoces e intermediárias. Verificou-se ainda que, aproximadamente, 86% das perdas ocorreram em hospitais,que a quarta parte dos casos estudados foi produto de primeira gestação e que em 85% das perdas o parto foi normal. Relativamente à idade da mãe, foi verificado que o risco de vir a ter uma perda - excetuando-se o grupo de mulheres de menos de vinte anos - aumenta com a idade materna. Em face de erros e imperfeições quanto ao preenchimento do atestado e da ausência de alguns dados de grande interesse para a Saúde Pública, foi sugerida a adoção de novo modelo de atestado de óbitos perinatais. / Foetal loss of resident women of the district of Sao Paulo that occurred in this area, were studied for a two years period, from June 1st, 1968 to May 31st, 1970. The objectives of this study were: - analysis of the foetal mortality differentials according to the available information in the certificates of stillbirths; - analysis of legal involvements pertinent to the foetal deaths. The variables considered were: - social: color, legitimacy, parents birth place and their occupation; - medical-demographic: sex, lenght of pregnancy, birth-order, single or plural deliveries, age of mother, and cause of death. Data available in the Inter American Investigation in Childhood permitted the calculation of the Perinatal Mortality rate. The conclusions were: - a large proportion of illegitimacy observed among the early foetal deaths - the sex-ratio (x 1000 women) was higher in the early pregnancy\'s foetal loss; - there is an under-registration of foetal loss occurred before 28 weeks of gestation; - 86% of the foetal loss occurred in hospitals; - 25% of foetal loss occurred in women pregnant for the first time; - 11% of the foetal loss were delivered by Caesarean section; - the risk of having a foetal loss increases with the increasing of the mother\'s age. The recommendations were: - the tabulation of the stillbirth certificate data should be done by local of residence instead of by occurrence; - a new model of Perinatal death certificate was proposed in order to provide more complete data that are important from the point of view of Public Health.

Lobbing - economic and legal aspects Abstract This thesis sets to explore lobbying from an economic and juridical standpoint. The main objective is to analyse various methods of regulating lobbying. The analysis is focused on the legal framework for lobbying and its wider implication for the society. It also aims to answer further questions: what lobbying methods are being practiced, who the key players are and what economic and juridical tools are available for the regulation of lobbying. In order to address the last of these questions, it was essential to explore both the latest and historical legal alterations of lobbying. The author also focuses on the juridical and economic consequences derived from the latest lobbying laws and regulation abroad and impacts of the juridical and economic tools that are currently in use. This thesis further explores the current juridical state of lobbying within the Czech Republic and its potential development. All of these materials are analysed in order to identify which methods and tools are ideal to establish the right regulatory conditions for lobbying in the Czech Republic and which methods and tools should be avoided. The thesis is divided into 9 sections, starting with a basic explanation of the lobbying fundamentals. The second section is dedicated to the...

Lobbing - economic and legal aspects Abstract This thesis sets to explore lobbying from an economic and juridical standpoint. The main objective is to analyse various methods of regulating lobbying. The analysis is focused on the legal framework for lobbying and its wider implication for the society. It also aims to answer further questions: what lobbying methods are being practiced, who the key players are and what economic and juridical tools are available for the regulation of lobbying. In order to address the last of these questions, it was essential to explore both the latest and historical legal alterations of lobbying. The author also focuses on the juridical and economic consequences derived from the latest lobbying laws and regulation abroad and impacts of the juridical and economic tools that are currently in use. This thesis further explores the current juridical state of lobbying within the Czech Republic and its potential development. All of these materials are analysed in order to identify which methods and tools are ideal to establish the right regulatory conditions for lobbying in the Czech Republic and which methods and tools should be avoided. The thesis is divided into 9 sections, starting with a basic explanation of the lobbying fundamentals. The second section is dedicated to the...

Magistro baigiamojo darbo pavadinimas „Tranzitinio krovinių gabenimo antžeminėmis transporto priemonėmis teisiniai aspektai (Lietuvos Respublikos pavyzdžiu)“. Minėta darbą sudaro įvadas, trys pagrindinės dalys ir išvados bei pasiūlymai. Analizuojant tranzitinio kroviniu gabenimo teisinius aspektus autorė remiasi teisės normomis, įtvirtintomis tarptautiniuose, ES ir Lietuvos nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose. / In the introduction of the master thesis named „Legal aspects of goods’ transit carriage by overland means of transport (on the example of Republic of Lithuania)“ author points on main problems, aims of the work and main methods, which were used while writing the thesis, also the hypothesis is being put forward. In the first part author analyses the specificity of goods transportation by overland transport. The features of overland means of transport are being pointed, also author gives the statistic data, which were used while analysing volumes of goods, transported by overland transport. In the second part – attention is being pointed on transit carriage of goods, their features are being discussed. The statistic data help to trace tendencies on change of volumes of transit carriage of goods in Lithuania. In the third part legal documents, which regulate transit carriage of goods by road and railway transport are being discussed. The main part of analysed documents are international conventions, while international conventions unify the rules of behaviour, applied to certain public relations. The final master thesis finishes with conclusions and propositions.

Magistro baigiamąjame darbe nagrinėjama asmens tapatybės nustatymo Internete samprata bei praktinis realizavimas, analizuojama ar pakankamai teisiškai reglamentuota, taip pat ar yra būtinumas kriminalizuoti asmens tapatybės klastotę Internete, atribojant ją nuo paprasto sukčiavimo. Pagrindinis tyrimo tikslas - išanalizuoti teisinius ir praktinius asmens tapatybės Internete buvimo, slėpimo ir klastojimo aspektus, nurodyti pagrindines teisines problemas, su kuriomis susiduriama siekiant išlikti anonimiškam, o taip pat pateikti išvadas ir siūlymus kaip tobulinti teisinį reguliavimą. Darbe iškelta hipotezė, kad asmens tapatybės nustatymo internete samprata bei praktinis realizavimas yra neaiški ir nepakankamai teisiškai reglamentuota, taip pat reiktų kriminalizuoti asmens tapatybės klastotę elektroninėje erdvėje, atribojant ją nuo paprasto sukčiavimo, nepasitvirtino šiais aspektais: Lietuvoje nėra atskirai išskirta ir kriminalizuota asmens tapatybės klastotė Internete, tačiau to ir nereikia, kadangi visiškai užtenka šiuo metu galiojančių teisės aktų. Lietuvoje teisinė bazė pilnai reglamentuota ir pakankama, kad tinkamai kvalifikuoti nusikalstamas veikas, padaromas elektroninėje erdvėje. Dabartinis Lietuvoje veikiantis teisinis reguliavimas nėra pritaikytas anonimiškumui elektroninėje erdvėje, todėl siūlytina derinti šiuo metu galiojančias prekybos ir paslaugų taisykles prie elektroninės komercijos keliamų poreikių. Didžiausią dėmesį skirti anonimiškų vartotojų, ypatingai tų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Master work examines the concept of online identity and the practical implementation, analysis, or enough legally regulated, including whether there is the need to criminalize identity fraud in the Internet banned it from a simple fraud. The main purpose of the study - to examine the legal and practical identity online presence, evasion and fraud aspects of major legal problems encountered in order to survive in anonymous, as well as the conclusions and proposals for improving the legal regulations. The paper put forward a hypothesis that a person's identity online and practical realization of the concept is unclear and not legally regulated, should also be criminalize identity fraud in cyberspace banned it from a mere fraud, failed the following aspects: Lithuania does not separately distinguished, and criminalized identity forgery Internet, however, and it is not necessary, because sufficient current legislation. Lithuania legal basis for a fully regulated and sufficient suitably qualified criminal acts committed in cyberspace. Current Lithuania acting regulation is not adapted to the anonymity of cyberspace, and therefore propose to combine the existing marketing and service rules for electronic commerce needs are. Focus on the anonymity of users, particularly those using electronic means, protection of the rights. It is also proposed to create an entirely new regulatory framework to govern completely anonymous transactions for the needs, but also specify the rights... [to full text]

Providing a socio-legal analysis of the issues, expert evidence and judgment in Reay and Hope v BNFL plc., the thesis offers an insight into the complexity of the toxic tort. Starting with an overview of the history of Sellafield, the thesis reflects on the scientific and epidemiological concerns surrounding the link between childhood cancer and nuclear installations. Drawing on scientific knowledge and epistemological considerations, the thesis moves on to the difficulties of verifying causation in science and the problems of establishing causation in law. Outlining the role of the expert witness and scientific expert evidence, the thesis proceeds with a case analysis, before broaching the thorny issue of judicial decision making and in particular, the difference between the 'discovery' and 'justification' process. Moving on to the Judgment in Reay and Hope, attention is given to the potential application of probability theory to the judicial decision making process. Lasting just short of one hundred days and including the testimony of numerous scientific experts, Reay and Hope marked new ground in a number of ways; it was the first personal injury claim to test the concept of genetic damage from radiation; the only time that a Queen's Bench Division Judge had been allocated a full-time judicial assistant; and one of the first trials to endorse a satellite video link for examination of international expert witnesses. As far as judicial management is concerned, the case was a forerunner in having Counsels' Opening Statements in writing in advance of the trial, as well as having written daily submissions of key issues from plaintiffs and defendants upon conclusion of oral evidence. The circumstances that led to the trial relate to events in excess of thirty to forty years ago when the fathers of Dorothy Reay and Viven Hope were employed by the Defendants and their predecessors (the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority) as fitters for the Sellafield Plant. Intrinsic to the litigation was whether paternal preconception irradiation caused or materially contributed to a predisposition to cancer leading to Dorothy's death from leukaemia and Vivien Hope's non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. As a consequence of the various statutory provisions, the Plaintiffs did not need to prove negligence on the part of the Defendants. In order to succeed the Plaintiffs had to prove on the balance of probabilities that radiation from Sellafield was a material contributory cause of the Plaintiffs' disease. The fundamental issue therefore was causation. In addition to the case analysis, two pieces of empirical research were conducted for the purposes of this thesis. The first, a Social Survey (consisting of thirty four questions) was circulated to 160 members of the Academy of Experts (quantitative research); the second, a letter, involved written communication with sixty five judges from the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court (qualitative research). Underlying this socio-legal case analysis are fundamental questions with regard to existing legal principles, liability and judicial decision making.

The reformation was a very complicated process which coffected all spheres of social and personal life. Its research can be carriet out in many scietific studies and its importance can be reflected upon from different points of view. The trend of the reformation which developed in Switzerland is colled differently in different historical sources: helvetian after the old name of Switzerland (Helvetia); Calvinizm, after the name of a famous religions reformer J.Calvin. The Calvinist church in the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania was colled the Evangelical Reformed Church, in short-the reformed Church. Since its establishment in 1555 the Evangelical reformed Church was independent. The activities and the relationship of the Evangelical reformed Church with Lithuanian state during the period of independence in 1918-1940 is analized in this thesis, the main part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the self-govermment of the Evangelical reformed Church, which is the fundamental thing in the reformed Church. The reformed Church has never been governed by a hierarchic structure. Its higest self-governing institution was the Synod. The analysis shovs how the Synod of the Reformed Church independently, without direct interference of the state and without demand for special conditions managed to reorganize its administration and territorial network, retaining self-governing, real property and cult buildings under the changed political circumstances 9after Vilnius, the... [to full text]