Com o intuito de avaliar os polimorfismos de mtDNA e a diversidade genética na população brasileira, foram estudados 84 indivíduos não aparentados: 49 caucasóides e 35 negróides da região sudeste do Brasil. As amostras de sangue obtidas por punção da polpa digital foram colocadas em papel de filtro e o mtDNA extraído pelo método orgânico. Foram amplificadas as regiões hipervariáveis HV1 a partir do nucleotídeo 16.051 até 16.365 e HV2 entre os nucleotídeos 71 e 340. O fragmento foi purificado e após a reação de seqüenciamento, as fitas sense e anti-sense foram alinhadas com a seqüência de Anderson e sobrepostas para confirmação. Foram encontradas 108 posições contendo transições, 15 transversões, 11 deleções e 4 inserções. Nove regiões apresentaram duas variantes de seqüência polimórfica. A maioria das seqüências foi observada uma única vez e em 84 indivíduos foram observados 80 haplótipos distintos. O índice de diversidade genética e a probabilidade de semelhança entre duas seqüências escolhidas ao acaso foram respectivamente de 0,9714 e 0,0286 para os negróides e de 0,9788 e 0,0212 para os caucasóides. Ao realizar análise pareada dos haplótipos, a média de nucleotídeos diferentes entre as seqüências foi de 14,36 ± 5,68 bases em um total de 3.486 pares comparados, indicando uma alta diversidade entre haplótipos nesta população. Os resultados demonstraram que o mtDNA é informativo para identificação humana e o conhecimento da freqüência dos haplótipos na população de interesse tem utilidade significativa na aplicação Forense, principalmente para se avaliar estatisticamente os resultados, fornecendo maior precisão, exatidão e dados contundentes nas investigações. / In order to evaluate the mtDNA polymorphism and demonstrate the sequence diversity in Brazilians, we established a database of 84 unrelated individuals, 49 Caucasians and 35 negroids from the southeast of Brazil. The samples were collected on a whatman paper by finger punction, the mtDNA was extracted by organic method and hipervariable regions, HV1 from 16.051 to 16.365 bp and HV2 from 71 to 340 bp were amplified. Both sense and anti-sense strands were sequenced. When compared to Anderson sequence, 108 transitions, 15 transversions, 11 deletions and 4 insertions were found. Nine positions exhibited two variants of polymorphic sequence. The majority of the sequences were observed once, and in 84 sequences, 80 haplotypes were observed. The sequence diversity and the probability for two individuals randomly matching over two hypervariable regions were 0.9714 and 0.0286 for persons of color and 0.9788 and 0.0212 for Caucasians. In pair wise comparison, the mean sequence difference of 14,36 ± 5,68 nucleotides over 3,486 pairs compared, indicates a high diversity in this population. The data demonstrates that mtDNA sequencing can be informative in forensic cases, but it is of crucial importance to know the frequency of the mtDNA haplotypes to statistically evaluate the results.

Com o intuito de avaliar os polimorfismos de mtDNA e a diversidade genética na população brasileira, foram estudados 84 indivíduos não aparentados: 49 caucasóides e 35 negróides da região sudeste do Brasil. As amostras de sangue obtidas por punção da polpa digital foram colocadas em papel de filtro e o mtDNA extraído pelo método orgânico. Foram amplificadas as regiões hipervariáveis HV1 a partir do nucleotídeo 16.051 até 16.365 e HV2 entre os nucleotídeos 71 e 340. O fragmento foi purificado e após a reação de seqüenciamento, as fitas sense e anti-sense foram alinhadas com a seqüência de Anderson e sobrepostas para confirmação. Foram encontradas 108 posições contendo transições, 15 transversões, 11 deleções e 4 inserções. Nove regiões apresentaram duas variantes de seqüência polimórfica. A maioria das seqüências foi observada uma única vez e em 84 indivíduos foram observados 80 haplótipos distintos. O índice de diversidade genética e a probabilidade de semelhança entre duas seqüências escolhidas ao acaso foram respectivamente de 0,9714 e 0,0286 para os negróides e de 0,9788 e 0,0212 para os caucasóides. Ao realizar análise pareada dos haplótipos, a média de nucleotídeos diferentes entre as seqüências foi de 14,36 ± 5,68 bases em um total de 3.486 pares comparados, indicando uma alta diversidade entre haplótipos nesta população. Os resultados demonstraram que o mtDNA é informativo para identificação humana e o conhecimento da freqüência dos haplótipos na população de interesse tem utilidade significativa na aplicação Forense, principalmente para se avaliar estatisticamente os resultados, fornecendo maior precisão, exatidão e dados contundentes nas investigações. / In order to evaluate the mtDNA polymorphism and demonstrate the sequence diversity in Brazilians, we established a database of 84 unrelated individuals, 49 Caucasians and 35 negroids from the southeast of Brazil. The samples were collected on a whatman paper by finger punction, the mtDNA was extracted by organic method and hipervariable regions, HV1 from 16.051 to 16.365 bp and HV2 from 71 to 340 bp were amplified. Both sense and anti-sense strands were sequenced. When compared to Anderson sequence, 108 transitions, 15 transversions, 11 deletions and 4 insertions were found. Nine positions exhibited two variants of polymorphic sequence. The majority of the sequences were observed once, and in 84 sequences, 80 haplotypes were observed. The sequence diversity and the probability for two individuals randomly matching over two hypervariable regions were 0.9714 and 0.0286 for persons of color and 0.9788 and 0.0212 for Caucasians. In pair wise comparison, the mean sequence difference of 14,36 ± 5,68 nucleotides over 3,486 pairs compared, indicates a high diversity in this population. The data demonstrates that mtDNA sequencing can be informative in forensic cases, but it is of crucial importance to know the frequency of the mtDNA haplotypes to statistically evaluate the results.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / The recently- created Arizona Groundwater Management Study Commission is mandated to propose a reform of Arizona's groundwater laws. A number of issues must be addressed by this Commission in order to deal with urban problems with present groundwater law. These include: a comprehensive set of regulations on groundwater use to enhance the public interest and benefit in scarce groundwater resources; a permanent mechanism to permit transfer of water rights away from specific parcels of land; an effective system of management which considers differing types of water problems in various parts of the state; a method of quantifying existing rights and measuring use of groundwater; an extraction tax to recognize public costs associated with groundwater mining and the need for replenishment; a reevaluation of existing preferences and subsidies which encourage the mining of groundwater. Failure by Arizona to reform its groundwater laws threatens future funding for the Central Arizona Project and increases the possibility of federal intervention in state water management.

From the Proceedings of the 1978 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 14-15, 1978, Flagstaff, Arizona / The relationships between the separate disciplines of hydrology and law are analysed in this study into how water law and its strictures may impose upon the development of urban runoff in the metropolitan Tucson area. Brief descriptions of the doctrine of appropriation, diffuse surface waters and developed waters are presented to illustrate the complexities of the problem of urban runoff development. It is suggested that planners must not only be aware of the legal issues involved but also must understand the philosophy and principles of water law.

Labour legislation was introduced into agriculture in the early 1990s with the Basic Conditions of Employment Act (BCEA) being gazetted in 1992. Since the mid-1990s "new" labour legislation pertaining to agriculture has been implemented in South Africa, and includes the Basic Conditions of Employment Act 75 of 1997 (amended), the Unemployment Insurance Act 63 of 2001 (amended), the Labour Relations Act (LRA) 66 of 1995, the Land Reform (Labour Tenants) Act 3 of 1996, the Extension of Security of Tenure Act 62 of 1997, the Employment Equity Act 55 of 1998, the Skills Development Levies Act 9 of 1999, and the Sectoral Determination (an amendment of the BCEA 75 of 1997) which includes the imposition of minimum wages. This study examines the legislation in detail as well as the implications of this legislation for agricultural labour employment in South Africa. A relative increase in the cost (transaction and wage) and risk associated with labour motivates farmers to replace labour with machinery, machinery contractors, labour contractors or new technologies that are labour-saving. This results in a decrease in the demand for unskilled workers and higher levels of poverty and unemployment in South Africa. This study estimates long-run price elasticities of demand for regular labour in South African (SA) agriculture using both Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression and a Two-stage Least Squares (2SLS) simultaneous equations model. The 2SLS model includes a labour supply equation. Secondary data obtained over a 43 year period (1960-2002) from Statistics South Africa and the Abstract of Agricultural Statistics were used in this study. Both models were estimated for the period 1960-2002, and included a piecewise slope dummy variable for wages with the threshold year taken as 1991 to reflect expected changes in farm labour legislation. Study results show that the estimated long-run price elasticity of demand for labour for the pre-1991 (i.e., 1960-1990) period was -0,25 for the OLS model and -0,23 for the 2SLS model suggesting that the demand for regular labour was jnelastic during this period. For the post-1991 period (1991-2002), the long-run elasticity was estimated as -1,32 for the OLS model and -1,34 for the 2SLS model. This shows a structural change in demand that questions the appropriateness of minimum wage and other labour legislation that has raised the cost of regular farm labour in South Africa. Labour legislation introduced in the early 1990s encouraged farmers to substitute casual workers for regular workers. However, the inclusion of all casual workers in minimum wage legislation from 2006 is expected to slow the casualisation of agricultural labour as farmers turn to labour contractors, chemicals and machinery as the next best substitutes. The study found that an increase (decrease) in the price of chemicals (pesticides and herbicides for crops, and labour saving dips and sprays for animals) result in an increase (decrease) in the demand for regular labour. The demand for labour is also sensitive to changes in real interest rates (used as a proxy for machinery costs). The cost of capital would decrease (increase) as interest rates fall (rise), resulting in farmers adopting more (less) machinery and equipment, causing a decrease (increase) in the demand for regular labour, ceteris paribus. In order to reverse the regular labour unemployment trend in SA agriculture, government could choose to adopt more flexible labour market regulations (i.e., legislation regarding the hiring and dismissing of farm workers, and increases in wages and benefits for the farm worker could be based on the individual performance of each worker as opposed to increasing the wages of the entire workforce through minimum wages) which would reduce labour costs and encourage farmers to employ more labour. / Thesis (M.Agric.Man.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.

The purpose of this study is to explore the EAP environment and provide a better understanding of the related roles of the Employee Assistant Practitioners/Professionals (EAPs) in respect of their treatment of various forms of illnesses in the workplace – particularly HIV and AIDS. The EAP role is not aligned to any individual profession, as it is designed to match employees’ holistic needs. It is in this context that the repertoire of EAP roles would include caring, psycho-social, therapeutic and technical skills. The EAP role is therefore endowed with the potential to meet a range of inter-departmental and multi-disciplinary needs – such as Nursing, Allied Health Professions, and Healthcare Sciences. A generic Assistant Practitioners Performance Management system (scorecard) had to be developed and agreed to with the City of Johannesburg’s (CoJ) Management in order to maintain consistency when developing APE programmes and roles. Notwithstanding the fact that the Employee Assistant Practitioners do also address the growing HIV/AIDS concerns in the workplace – including psycho-social problems of employees and their families – there is minimal acknowledgment of the EAPs’ roles, and little recognition of their welfare and well-being programmes. Drawing eclectically from various inter-related disciplinary terrains, the study centripetally explores the roles of EAPs as well as HIV/AIDS frameworks in the workplace. Quantitative and qualitative descriptive research methods were employed to assess challenges encountered by the City of Johannesburg (C.o.J) employees and their dependants. Questionnaires were used for the data collection of this study. The repertoire of participants in the study (n=55) comprised of doctors, social workers, nurses, HR officers, and other CoJ employees themselves. vi The questionnaire became the pivotal quantitative data analysis reference point ias it focused on numbers or quantities, and less on the qualitative analysis, which focused on differences in quality. The results of the study are based on numeric analysis and statistics to quantify the qualitative analysis. The prevalence of fewer participants was largely influenced by the depth of the data collection process, which did not allow for large numbers of research participants. The findings of the study revealed, amongst other factors, that there was an unsurpassed need to integrate different HIV/AIDS frameworks in order that the roles of EAPs becomes more effectively and efficiently defined and executed. The roles of EAPs were hitherto not well defined, resulting in duplication and confusion of service delivery to some employees utilising the EAP services. However, some of the EAP roles are highly appreciated and increasingly supported by managers and employees. Based on the findings of the study, recommendations were made for clarifying and extending the criticality of EAP roles and functions. / Health Studies / Ph. D. (Health Studies)

The subject of my dissertation is fraud in clinical trials in terms of ethics and law. The aim of my research was to analyze the frequency of fraud in clinical trials of a given sample of data collected, identify the main fraudsters and to analyze the causes that led participants in clinical trials to commit fraud. In the theoretical part of my dissertation I defined the concepts of clinical trials, deception, ethical issues and the relevant legal framework. The practical part contains the results of the data analysis of the incidence and causes of fraud, the main actors of fraud and conception of recommendations, which appears to be essential for the prevention of fraud in clinical trials. The data analysis and participant observation show that during 107 GCP (Good Glinical Practice) audits conducted during the period of 2008-2013 in 22 countries, 14 revelations of fraud in clinical trials were identified, which represents 13.1 %. Most often fraud was committed by investigators, a total of 47.6 % of all observed groups of cheating clinical trial participants. The main causes that led investigators to commit fraud represent a lack of eligible patients, financial gain and personality traits. Based on the results obtained during my research I highlighted in the practical part of my dissertation the ethical...

The subject of my dissertation is fraud in clinical trials in terms of ethics and law. The aim of my research was to analyze the frequency of fraud in clinical trials of a given sample of data collected, identify the main fraudsters and to analyze the causes that led participants in clinical trials to commit fraud. In the theoretical part of my dissertation I defined the concepts of clinical trials, deception, ethical issues and the relevant legal framework. The practical part contains the results of the data analysis of the incidence and causes of fraud, the main actors of fraud and conception of recommendations, which appears to be essential for the prevention of fraud in clinical trials. The data analysis and participant observation show that during 107 GCP (Good Glinical Practice) audits conducted during the period of 2008-2013 in 22 countries, 14 revelations of fraud in clinical trials were identified, which represents 13.1 %. Most often fraud was committed by investigators, a total of 47.6 % of all observed groups of cheating clinical trial participants. The main causes that led investigators to commit fraud represent a lack of eligible patients, financial gain and personality traits. Based on the results obtained during my research I highlighted in the practical part of my dissertation the ethical...

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The Colorado River is the only major stream in the U.S. whose water supply is fully utilized. This distinction has brought the Colorado more than its share of controversy, within states, between states and between nations. The Colorado River compact, whose purpose was to equitably apportion the waters between the upper and lower basins and to provide protection for the upper basin through water reservation, was ratified by all states except Arizona, in 1923. Arizona finally ratified it in 1944. The history of controversies and negotiation concerning the compact are outlined through the supreme court decision on march 9, 1964, which entitled California to 4.4 maf, Nevada to 0.3 maf and Arizona to 2.8 maf, of the first 7.5 maf available in the lower Colorado. Unfortunately, the court did not attempt to establish priorities in the event of shortage. The problem is complicated by an international treaty of 1944, guaranteeing Mexico 1.5 maf annually, except in years of unusual circumstances. Because Senator Connally of Texas was then chairman of the senate foreign relations committee and because the treaty allocated twice as much Colorado River water to Mexico as it was then using, it was argued that this treaty represented a tradeoff to Mexico, giving it less water from the Rio Grande in exchange for more water from the overburdened Colorado. Problems of inter-basin water transfer studies, uniform Colorado basin water quality standards and central Arizona project planning are discussed.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / Pressure is being brought to bear on national resources of air, earth, and water in the growing cities in the arid southwest. Legal questions involved in capturing urban runoff and putting it to a beneficial use are examined. Urbanization of a watershed results in a 3 to 5 fold increase in runoff amounts. Legal aspects include tort liability from floods, water rights to the increased flows, land use restrictions along banks and flood plains, condemnation of land for park development and flowage easements, financing problems, zoning applications, and coordination of governmental bodies responsible for parks, storm drainage and related services. Urban runoff is the most obvious legal problem in the tort liability area. It appears feasible to divert small quantities of water from urban wastes for recreational uses which provide flood control benefits. It appears that municipalities could appropriate increased flows caused by urbanization. The ultimate legal questions remain to be resolved by legislation, litigation or extension of the appropriative system.