The analysis of non-discrimination under Article III of GATT has shown weakness or flaws throughout more than fifty years. The language used by GATT/WTO panels and the Appellate Body in interpreting the two prongs of non-discrimination in the national treatment clause, namely, likeness and protection, lagged behind economic reality. The critical legal analysis carried out in here reveals, to some extent, this while offering a clearer and sounder analysis to non-discrimination based more on market analysis and its economic indicators.

Magister Pharmaceuticae - MPharm / The growing resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to currently prescribed drugs has resulted in the failure of prevention and treatment of different infections caused by the superbug. Therefore, to keep pace with the resistance, there is a pressing need for novel antimicrobial agents, especially from non-conventional sources. Several natural products (NPs) have displayed varying in vitro activities against the pathogen but few of these natural compounds have been studied for their prospects to be potential antimicrobial drug candidates. This may be due to the high cost, tedious, and time-consuming process of conducting the important preclinical tests on these compounds. Hence, there is a need for cost-effective strategies for mining the available data on these natural compounds. This would help to get the knowledge that may guide rational prioritization of “likely to succeed” natural compounds to be developed into potential antimicrobial drug candidates.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Tana French’s work has been the subject of a number of recent scholars. Scholarship on French ranges from theories of liminality, to meditations on how French’s work explores the “Celtic Tiger” phenomenon in Ireland, to looking at her stories as new takes on old fairy tales. French’s work straddles the line between popular detective fiction and literary fiction, upending popular tropes and creating something wholly new. One issue that has not been explored is how French’s work fits into a Lacanian framework. The six novels in her Dublin Murder Squad detective stories are rife with issues of psychological mirroring, or doubling. As such, they take the typical mystery trope of pairing a detective with a case that alters and reflects back their own psychological traumas, and takes them to a new level. This work will address issues of French’s characters and how they fit into the theories of Lacan’s Mirror Stage, as well as the “Real,” “Symbolic,” and “Imaginary” realms that we human beings unconsciously construct for ourselves. This writing examines the first two novels of the series, In the Woods, and The Likeness, and analyzes them in light of these theories, showing how mirroring exists in nearly every aspect of each text.

Tout ce qui compte pour Giacometti c’est la « ressemblance ». Cette « ressemblance » n’est pour lui ni définissable ni « parfaite ». Elle est juste « une masse » qui n’est visible que dans un instant extrêmement tendu de la mise en mouvements continuels, altérants et interrogatifs, de la forme à la forme, de l’« être » au « non-être », du « connu » à l’« inconnu ». Elle se voue au défaut et à l’échec. À cet égard, cette « ressemblance » se lie essentiellement à l’« informe » de Bataille. Notre étude consiste en ce lien, originel, historique et esthétique, entre cette « ressemblance » et cet « informe ». Cependant, notre étude n’est pas d’une étude comparative : elle est plutôt une recherche afin de mieux appréhender cette « ressemblance » grâce à cet « informe ». Elle se limite à la période de 1927 à 1947 : une période à partir du jour où Giacometti découvre les signes de l’« informe » de Bataille, jusqu’à la date où l’artiste illustre Histoire de rats de l’écrivain et réalise Le Nez matérialisant merveilleusement l’instant fulgurant de la vérité qui se confond avec l’échec et le défaut. / All which counts for Giacometti it is the "resemblance". This "resemblance" is for him neither definable nor "completed". It’s just "a mass" which is visible only directly extremely tightened by the stake in continual movements, alternating and inquiring, from the shape to the shape, from the "being" to the "non-being", of the "known" to the "stranger". It dedicates itself to the defect and to the failure. In this respect, this "resemblance" is essentially bound in the "formless" of Bataille. Our study consists of this link, original, historic and aesthetic, between this "resemblance" and this "formless". However, our study is not of a comparative study: it is rather a research to dread better this "resemblance" thanks to this "formless". It limits itself to the period from 1927 till 1947: a period from the days when Giacometti discovers the sign of the "formless" of Bataille, until the time when the artist illustrates Story of rats of the writer and realizes The Nose realizing magnificently the lightning moment of the truth which becomes confused with the failure and the defect.

The minimalist state of the national treatment provision in the investment treaties has provided limited guidance for the tribunals for interpretation. As a result, there were inconsistencies in the interpretation of national treatment, in particular the question of likeness. This thesis aims to develop the doctrinal understanding of the determination of appropriate comparator guided by the underlying philosophies, historical evolution and relevant investment decisions. The methods applied in this thesis are doctrinal and comparative studies of international investment law and the compared jurisprudences. A major part of this thesis is dedicated to examine the comparison and relevance of the GATT/WTO, EU and international human rights law in the interpretation of discrimination based on nationality. The interpretative methods applied by the respective jurisprudences in determining likeness and related questions of legitimate regulatory measures are examined to see whether there are lessons that could be learnt in the interpretation of national treatment in investment law. The finding of this thesis confirms that there is potentially a range of insightful guidance from the jurisprudences under comparison which could provide a structured understanding of national treatment in international investment law. The observations put forth highlight the underlying philosophies and values of the national treatment principle in protecting the investors and addressing the host states’ regulatory needs. It reflects the contemporaneous development in international investment law and provides a positive response to public administrative principles benefited by way of international comparative administration law.

Combining three major facets of Alfonso's final and most personal work, this holistic study utilizes a philological approach involving codicology, hermeneutics, history of art, iconology, paleography, and philosophy. Like his Cantigas de Santa María, with its vast musical, poetic and artistic dimensions, the Book of Games is a largely unexplored multi-media treasure trove of knowledge about thirteenth-century games, art and symbolism as well as personal information about the Wise King himself. Chapter I explains the historical chess, dice, backgammon and mill games ands offers the first complete English translation of the Book. Descriptions and diagrams of all 144 games, including PowerPoint presentations of all 103 chess problems using a font specially designed to match the original manuscript exactly, are presented in an international format which brings these challenging and entertaining games to life. Chapter II surveys all 151 illuminations, exploring their cultural value and identifying portraits of Alfonso, his wife, his lover, his children, his friends and his sources. Alongside traditional medieval iconography, these may represent some of the earliest known likenesses in medieval portraiture and some of the first private, non-iconographic images of a Spanish king. Chapter III interprets the literal, allegorical, tropological and anagogical meanings of each game according to the Hermetic principle "As above, so below" as well as the numerological symbolism and didactic structure reflected in the book's Scholastic structure. Each game in the Libro de los juegos contains a clue "pora los entendudos e mayormientre pora aquellos que saben la Arte de Astronomia" (fol. 95r) for understanding the connection between astrology and human affairs. At the end of his ill-starred life Alfonso saw reflected in the microcosm of these games, the determinism inherent in the workings of the universe. By studying the patterns in these games, Alfonso hoped to discover how best to play the game of life using both his "seso," or skill, and his lucky number seven. The numerological and astrological significance of the numbers seven and twelve, present in the entire work's structure and especially the concluding games, relate the Book of Games to the Alfonsine legal, scientific and religious corpus.

Doctor Pharmaceuticae - DPharm / The central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and the spinal cord, is responsible for integrating sensory information and influencing most bodily functions . The CNS is protected from toxic and pathogenic agents in the blood by permeability barrier mechanisms. These barrier mechanisms, specifically the blood brain barrier (BBB) presents a challenge for the discovery of CNS active drugs as it is requirement for these drugs to permeate the BBB to reach their target site in the CNS. The conventional processes of drug design and discovery from natural products are time consuming, tedious, expensive and have a high failure rate. It has been reported from various studies that the use of computational modelling and simulations in drug design and discovery is less costly and less time-consuming with a greater chance of success than the conventional processes. The process of drug discovery and design can, therefore, be easily carried out using proven computer models, software, and web-based tools . / 2023

Thesis advisor: Stephen F. Brown / The dissertation explores Bonaventure’s understanding of the doctrine of image and likeness in terms of analogy, spirituality and the beatific enjoyment of God. The concept had a patristic background, and there were two trends in interpreting the concepts of image and likeness: one which distinguished the concepts of image and likeness, and one which identified both. Irenaeus made a distinction between the image and likeness of God, whereas Augustine identified them. The monastic authors such as Bernard of Clairvaux, Hugh of St. Victor, and Richard of St. Victor contributed to develop the doctrine of image and likeness. In this period, monastic theologians constructed the idea that the image is a natural and inseparable endowment from God, while likeness is a supernatural gift. In his De sacramentis, Hugh articulates an important and influential statement: Imago pertinet ad figuram, similitudo ad naturam. Many of the medieval theologians, including Bonaventure, considered Hugh’s concept useful to interpret the distinction between image and likeness. Also, the affective reading of Dionysius by Hugh and Richard inspired Bonaventure to construct the spiritual theology in terms of affective ideology: Assimilation to God is more a matter of love than knowledge. Peter Lombard’s composition of The Book of the Sentences opened the possibility to talk about the image-likeness doctrine in terms of ‘uti’ and ‘frui,’ and of ‘res’ and ‘signa.’ Bonaventure further developed Lombard’s ideas, and he explicitly connected the idea of uti and frui, i.e., fruitio Dei, with the doctrine of image and likeness, i.e., the doctrine of analogy. In the scholastic era, the doctrine of image and likeness of God nuanced a new tone in that the schoolmen discussed the doctrine in terms of causal similarity between Creator and creatures, or of the metaphysics of causation. In this theological atmosphere, Bonaventure now relates visio beatifica to the theological argument of whether there is any convenientia between radically unlike things, such as God and creatures. According to Bonaventure, there is a convenientia between God and human beings in terms of comparatio duorum ad invicem. God as the formal object of the human soul “expressed/imprinted” God’s divine nature in the created order, that is, similitudo expressa. This divine likeness is the efficient cause for the human beings’ aspiration/capacity for God. It is important to notice that Bonaventure’s doctrine of analogy is a ‘theological instrument’ that plays between the doctrine of analogy and the spiritual life. Itinerarium is a fine theological and spiritual treatise that shows how Bonaventure sketches the course of the soul’s journey in terms of the godlikeness in the order of creation: vestige, image and likeness. For Bonaventure, St. Francis, a vir hierarchicus, is an ‘exemplar’ of a person who completes this assimilative/ascending process of the journey into God, and he becomes a ‘divine exemplar’ or a ‘similitudo expressa,’ benefiting others to ascend the ladder into the enjoyment of God. As an angelic person, Francis “descends” to the created order reality and participates in God’s providential care for the well beings of creatures including human beings. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Theology.

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This dissertation focuses on how the theme of the image of God (Gen 1 :26-27) is seen and developed in the Pentateuch. The image of God in man (Gen 1 :26-27) has been interpreted in various ways. Predominant opinions have changed over time from the Early Jewish interpretation to the present period. Today there is a wider range of opinion regarding the image of God than ever. This dissertation follows a biblical-theological approach from a Reformed tradition of Genesis 1 :26-27, thus starting with an examination of 1 :26-27 in the context of Genesis 1 where the key words, pronouns and the Ancient Near Eastern concept of the image of God are examined. Genesis 1 :26-27 is examined in the context of Genesis 2-11 and we discover that the image of God in Genesis 1:26-27 is both moral and relational in perspective: it involves moral likeness to God and a relationship between God and man like that between parent and child. The theme of the image of God is traced in both narrative and legal material of the law; certain features of the law suggest that defining God-likeness is at least one goal of the law. Some laws are based on moral God-likeness and others are not based on inherent morality. but on the relational aspect of sonship. The theme image of God is also seen in the New Testament, where Christ is the perfect expression of the image of God. He is the Son of God and morally, he is like the Father. Through his death on the cross, believers are individually adopted in God's family and they become his children. They are to be morally like him. Through sanctification, the Church is being renewed into the image of God. Believers are called to be like Christ. They are to imitate Christ's moral-likeness and submission to the Father. / Thesis (M.A. (Old Testament))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.