Thesis (Ph. D.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2004. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 12, 2006). Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Daniel Goodman. Includes bibliographical references (p. 189-207).

In my diploma thesis I deal with symbolism of the representation of lion in current marketing. My thesis follows the conviction that animals have been playing the important role since the beginning of human history. On the grounds of this persuasion I suppose that the animal symbolism is very easy to decode for people because of their previous experience. In the first instance I define the relationship between semiotics and marketing in my thesis. After mentioning several types of prior texts I maintain the position that the image of lion and its symbolism are identically perceived on the basis of and according with the symbolism of lion in those prior texts in current marketing as well. During the studying of the "lion" symbolism I use the terminology of some important authors and theoreticians of semiotics - particularly Roland Barthes's levels of denotation and connotation and distinction of a sign to icon, index and symbol according to Charles Sanders Peirce's theory. I also employ the theory of visual rhetorical figures. I end my thesis with a simple questionnaire which is supposed to complete and confirm my assumptions of the comprehension of the image of lion in marketing - hence the lion usually appears as a patriotic symbol, secondly as a protector, thirdly as a strong and fighting animal.

A founder population of lion (Panthera Leo) was introduced into a 70 km² privately-owned, wildlife reserve in the Waterberg area of South Africa. The lion and prey species' populations were monitored between 2001 and 2004. In this period, 452 kills were recorded at a mean kill rate of one kill every 2.43 days. The lions killed 11 common prey species. Eland, warthog, kudu, wildebeest and zebra comprised 75 % of the lion's diet. The lions consumed an average of 8 % of the available common prey species population per annum. Initially, the mean ungulate population growth rate was 30.9 %, but this rate declined to -0.8 % during the study period. Significantly more animals were killed in open habitats than in closed habitats. The loss in game value for the study period was over one million Rand. A formula was compiled to quantify the cost versus return aspects of introducing lion. / Nature Conservation / M. Tech. (Nature Conservation)

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Department of Homepathy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / Introduction This study was a double-blind, placebo controlled proving of Panthera leo 30CH (claw of a African lioness); the aim being to determine the effect of this substance induces on healthy persons and in doing do explore the homoeopathic therapeutic potential thereof, in addition a subsequent comparison with the provings of Lac leoninum (milk of a lioness) (Sankaran,1998) (Herrick,1998) was performed. Objectives The primary objective of this proving was to determine the effect that Panthera leo 30 CH on healthy provers so that the therapeutic potential of the substance could be determined. The secondary objective was to compare the Materia medica of Panthera leo with that of Lac leoninum (Herrick, 1998) and Sankaran (1998). Lastly, the third objective was to further develop the homoeopathic Materia medica by adding the remedy picture of Panthera leo. Methodology The drug proving of Panthera leo was conducted as a randomized, exploratory, double blind placebo controlled study. Thirty participants (healthy volunteers) who met the inclusion criteria (Appendix B) participated in the proving, twenty – four were given the verum and the remaining six placebo. Upon obtaining written informed consent the researcher performed a full case history and comprehensive physical examination on each prover before commencement of the proving. A subsequent follow up case history and physical examination at the end of the proving was also performed to establish whether provers had returned to their respective healthy states. The provers took their first dose of the proving remedy at a dosage of 1 dose three times daily for 2 days and recorded all symptoms they experienced in their respective journals according to the guidelines in Appendix C. On completion of the proving, all provers handed in their journals which were then transcribed, assessed and analyzed. An extensive comparison between the proving of Panthera leo and the two provings of Lac leoninum (Herrick, 1998) (Sankaran, 1998) followed. The respective remedies were compared and contrasted with respect to Materia medica and repertory and similarities and differences highlighted. Results A total of 1255 rubrics were obtained of which the mind section of the Materia medica weighed heavily comprising 35 % (435 rubrics) of the proving symptoms, the generals section (11% = 135 rubrics) and head section (9% = 109 rubrics) respectively. Therefore it can be suggested that this remedy’s sphere of action is limited largely to the mind (emotional state) however unique physical indications specifically regarding headaches are also within its sphere of action. Of the total, 1255 rubrics that were obtained only 11% (138 rubrics) where shared with the two other provings of the African lion (Herrick 1998 & Sankaran 1998); as suggested by Naude (2011) one can speculate that these shared symptoms may represent the unique mammalian component of the animal the differences however considerably outweigh the similarities between these provings and for this reason one can conclude that factors in addition to the species of animal from which the remedy is sourced further influence the resultant proving symptoms. Conclusion It can be concluded that Panthera leo 30CH produced clearly observable symptoms in healthy provers who participated in this proving, furthermore there was clear congruency between certain aspects of this proving and that of Herrick and Sankaran however such similarities were limited.

Submitted in partial compliance with the requirements of the Master’s Degree in Technology: Homoeopathy, Department of Homeopathy, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2015. / INTRODUCTION A homoeopathic drug proving was conducted by Master’s students at the Durban University of Technology (DUT). The proving substance was nail shavings obtained from an African lioness (Panthera leo). The primary objective of this study was to identify the symptoms produced by healthy individuals in response to Panthera leo 30CH; this was done by administering the proving remedy (Panthera leo 30CH) to healthy individuals, who recorded the symptoms they experienced after taking the remedy. The secondary objective was to compare the symptoms produced to the ethology of the African lion. The final objective was to further develop the materia medica by adding the remedy picture of Panthera leo. METHODOLOGY This study was qualitative and exploratory in nature. The study took the form of a randomised, double-blind and placebo controlled trial. A total of 30 provers, who met the inclusion criteria (Appendix C), participated in this study. The provers were randomly assigned to either a verum or placebo group, such that 24 received verum (Panthera leo) and 6 received placebo. Neither provers nor researchers had knowledge of which provers were in each group until the study was complete, and provers did not have any knowledge regarding the nature of the proving substance. Before commencing the study all provers signed relevant information and consent documents. The researcher then took a full case history and performed a physical examination. Provers recorded their baseline state for 7 days in a journal, prior to taking the verum or placebo, as administered to them. After recording their baseline state for 7 days, they took their remedies and continued to record their symptoms for a minimum of 2 weeks, or until the proving symptoms ceased. Once they had completed recording in their journals, a post-proving case history was taken and a physical examination was performed. All journals were collected and analysed by the researcher. The remedy was manufactured by triturating the crude substance up to the 3rd centesimal potency. This was then converted to a liquid potency and further diluted up to the 30th centesimal potency. Neutral granules were impregnated with Panthera leo 30CH, and dispensed as 10 granules in 500mg of lactose powder. The placebo was dispensed as 10 granules, which were impregnated with 96% ethanol, in 500mg lactose powder. Each prover received 6 lactose powders, containing either verum or placebo. The manufacture of Panthera leo was done according to the methods and guidelines stipulated in the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (Benyunes, 2005) RESULTS The proving of Panthera leo 30CH produced a total of 1234 rubrics, which represent a wide variety of mental, emotional and physical symptoms. The main themes that emerged from the mental and emotional symptoms included anger, aggression, irritability, poor concentration and fear. Physical symptoms included catarrh, constipation, diarrhoea, diminished appetite, fatigue, insomnia, thirstiness and headaches. A comparison was made between the symptomatology of Panthera leo and the ethology of the lion. Some of the themes of symptoms which corresponded with the ethology of the lion included ‘anger’, ‘audacity’, ‘ennui’, ‘increased appetite and thirst’, ‘responsibilities’ and ‘children’. CONCLUSION The objectives of this study were fulfilled, as the proving of Panthera leo produced a wide variety of clearly identifiable and observable symptoms amongst the healthy individuals recruited. There was a remarkable correlation of a portion of the materia medica with the ethological features of the African lion. As a result of this study, the materia medica of Panthera leo was well outlined and will be added to the existing body of homoeopathic materia medica for application and utilization in clinical practice

Let's Rap: An Artist Statement It is not enough for me to cite music solely as a source of inspiration. Hip-Hop, R&B, and, particularly, rap music has as much to do with my upbringing as does the public school system. According to Wikipedia, the components of rap include “content”, “flow” and “delivery”, which are vaguely reminiscent of the visual art terms “concept,” “sequence” and “presentation.” Growing up, music provided a forum to explore and analyze, as award-winning journalist Ta-Nehisi Coates might put it, the necessities for surviving problems of everyday life within and outside the Black American experience. Today, my interest lies in the formality of these art forms and how best to translate them visually. An aesthetic, being ostensibly subjective, offers sight as a material to be used as one uses color, texture or form. As sight is to the visual arts, sound is to music – materials to manipulate and respond to. Furthermore, I am intrigued by the practical similarities of both music and visual art, in their ability to speak to and for their audiences. Sounds formulated into songs often become portals into yesteryear or soundscapes for an extensive but evanescent summer. What can sight formulate into? How can sight be used as a medium to spark thoughtful conversation? Can Picasso's Guernica be repeated at will, or must the visual artist wait for social uproar to amass a lasting impact? Deeply rooted in creative expression, poetry is a means to get beyond conventional reasoning just as concept provides the sublimity necessary to suspend belief. Visual artists have been doing this for years: Marcel Duchamp's urinal or Vik Muniz's depiction of (waste worker) Jardim Gramacho as radical journalist Jean-Paul Marat in Jasques-Louis David's The Death of Marat. As with David Hammons' Higher Goals my approach to object making is comparable to that of a digital recording device, perceptibly replaying discourses between Black America and its audience. Visually weaving the aura of an object with its basic function is synonymous to lyrical play and, too, possesses similar impact. Conceptual and poetic play of the two genres offers the work of the artist to transcend beyond object or record. Therefore, my efforts at object making are to reveal and discover various testimonies within and surrounding Black America.

New Zealand sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri) is a pinniped endemic to New Zealand and is among the rarest of sea lion species. New Zealand sea lions are incidentally caught in the trawl fishery for squid around the Auckland Islands, and a sea lion catch-limit or Fishing Related Mortality Limit (FRML) is used to manage this interaction. Since 2003 such limits have been calculated using an age-structured Bayesian population model. One problem with this approach is that several key demographic parameters have had to be assumed, or are based on very few data. Archaeological and other historical records demonstrate that New Zealand sea lions were substantially more widespread before the arrival of humans to New Zealand than they are today (Chapter 2 published as Childerhouse & Gales 1998). The present population size is clearly reduced, with subsistence and commercial hunting the most likely cause of historical changes in distribution and abundance. Campbell Island, the only significant breeding site outside the Auckland Islands, was thoroughly surveyed for New Zealand sea lions for the first time in 2003. An estimated 385 pups were born there, comprising 13% of the total pup production for the species for 2003 (Chapter 3 published as Childerhouse et al. 2005). This thesis provides the first robust estimates of several demographic parameters for New Zealand sea lions. These data were gained via the capture, tagging and ageing of 865 individual females, which had come ashore to pup between 1999 and 2001. This research was underpinned by the development of a novel and robust ageing technique for live New Zealand sea lions (Chapter 5 published as Childerhouse et al. 2004). Chapters 6, 7 and 8 used analyses of the age structure of these females, and of subsequent resightings of them, and of known-age females between 1998 and 2005, provided the first estimates of individual growth, mean reproductive rate (0.67, SE = 0.01), mean adult survival (0.81, SE = 0.04), and maximum age (28 years) for females. These data show that New Zealand sea lions are among the slowest growing, slowest reproducing, and longest lived sea lion species. Significant differences in the age structure of the two largest breeding colonies highlight flawed assumptions of the current management approach. The application of this new demographic information has the potential to significantly alter the existing management advice relating to the setting of FRMLs and the impact of the squid fishery on the New Zealand sea lion population. Taken alone, these results suggest a dim outlook for an already threatened species. In the context that pup production is in significant decline (e.g. 32% since 1998 Chilvers et al. 2007), the species� foraging environment is thought to be marginal (Costa & Gales 2000), and that resource competition may also be impacting on the population (Chapter 4 published as Childerhouse et al. 2001a), the picture darkens further. Taken as a whole, these data suggest that current management is insufficient to ensure population stasis, let alone meet the Government�s statutory goal of recovery.

Sequence variation of a 238 bp segment of the mitochondrial control region was analyzed for 1,568 Steller sea lions (2.8% of the estimated species population) sampled from 50 rookeries representing nearly every locality at which Steller sea lions are known to breed in significant numbers. Haplotype diversity (H = 0.9164 ± 0.0035) was high and nucleotide diversity (π = 0.00967 ± 0.00586) was moderate. No evidence was observed for significant genetic bottleneck effects. Rookeries were grouped into regions and stocks to examine structure at different spatial scales. F- and Φ-statistics were computed for all pairwise comparisons of rookeries, regions and stocks. Significant (P<0.05) divergence of eastern stock (southeastern Alaska to California) animals from western stock animals was supported in analyses at all spatial scales. Likewise, rookeries and regions from Asia were found to be significantly different from all other western stock rookeries. This was most clearly demonstrated using Φ-statistics at the regional level. The Commander Islands clearly associate with Alaskan western stock rookeries, not with the Asian rookeries. Within each of the three stocks there is significant isolation by distance among rookeries. This relationship does not hold for inter-stock comparisons indicating that there are important barriers to gene flow among stocks. Mitochondrial DNA analysis supports the recognition of three stocks for appropriate conservation of the species. The currently recognized eastern stock is unaffected, but the western stock is now partitioned west of the Commander Islands yielding a western stock which ranges from Prince William Sound west to the Commander Islands, and an Asian stock including rookeries from the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril Islands, and Sea of Okhtosk.

La présence chronique de visiteurs dans les zoos est susceptible d'entraîner chez les animaux différentes modifications comportementales et physiologiques nuisibles aux efforts de conservation. L'étude de ces modifications ne s'est concentrée que sur la réaction globale des groupes. L'influence des différences individuelles dans la réaction des animaux aux visiteurs a jusqu'à maintenant été négligée. En plus de la variabilité comportementale attribuable au sexe et à l'âge, les individus peuvent se distinguer selon leurs différences comportementales constantes à travers le temps et les situations (personnalité) et/ou selon leurs patrons de réponse aux changements environnementaux (plasticité comportementale). Toutefois, les approches subjectives communément employées dans l'étude de la variation interindividuelle de comportement chez les primates ne permettent pas d'évaluer la plasticité comportementale dans un contexte environnemental variable. Le premier objectif de ce mémoire est de proposer une approche par normes de réaction pour mesurer la constance des différences individuelles de comportement chez le macaque à queue de lion (Macaca silenus) et comparer leur réponse aux variations de quantité de visiteurs dans les zoos. Le second objectif vise à déterminer l'impact du public sur la réaction globale des animaux et à distinguer si celui-ci est modulé par le sexe et l'âge. Des observations comportementales ont été amassées dans trois zoos d'Amérique du Nord. Une analyse en composante principale a permis de regrouper les comportements en cinq traits (activité, tension, sociabilité, réactivité et agressivité). La constance des différences comportementales entre individus et le degré de variation interindividuelle de réponse aux visiteurs ont été évalués sur chacun des traits à l'aide de modèles linéaires mixtes incluant d'une part les individus et les zoos comme effets aléatoires, et d'autre part le sexe, l'âge et la température comme effets fixes. Une augmentation de visiteurs a entraîné une hausse de sociabilité et une baisse d'activité chez les jeunes macaques, mais l'inverse'a été observé chez les macaques plus âgés. À basse température, une forte présence de visiteur a accru la tension, mais a provoqué une diminution de l'agressivité. Des variations individuelles stables ont été observées pour les traits d'activité, de tension, de sociabilité et d'agressivité. Par contre, les macaques n'ont montré aucune différence individuelle de plasticité comportementale en réponse aux visiteurs. Les résultats appuient un effet stressant du public, sans pouvoir le confirmer clairement. Néanmoins, ils suggèrent que l'âge et la température devraient être considérés dans l'étude de l'impact du public sur les primates et que les enclos devraient être conçus en fonction des besoins relatifs à l'âge des animaux. Notre étude a permis d'identifier une variation individuelle significative sur plusieurs traits comportementaux qui pourraient potentiellement être soumis à des pressions de sélection spécifiques aux conditions de captivité. L'approche par norme de réaction utilisée présente plusieurs avantages sur l'approche subjective et constitue une méthode efficace d'étude des variations comportementales individuelles dans une perspective évolutive et écologique.

Recent studies indicate a 70% decrease in the Alaskan Steller sea lion (SSL) population (ca. 5% per year) since the early 1980's. In accordance with a 1997 status classification of the Western Steller sea lion (WSSL) stock as endangered, the "critical habitat" for the species was to be defined. This habitat has now been designated to include 10-20 nautical mile buffer zones around most rookeries and haulouts in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and Aleutian Islands. However, these zones were based on limited, summer, foraging data. The primary objective of this study was to characterize juvenile SSL diving behavior and habitat use along the Kenai Peninsula and Prince William Sound (PWS) from winter to spring. Fifteen free ranging, subadult SSL of both sexes were captured and equipped with satellite telemeters at five haulout sites in PWS and Resurrection Bay, Alaska. Telemeters transmitted for an average of 122 days (range 38-181 days). A total of 11,692 locations were received and 217,419 dives recorded. All sea lions exhibited localized movements parallel or close to shore (3-15 km offshore). Young of the year (YOY) exhibited high site fidelity. Older juvenile sea lion lions were less restricted in their movements and traveled greater distances (200-400km) visiting a variety of islands, buoys, and other locations in PWS. Most dives were short (mean duration = 1.1 min) and shallow (mean depth = 10.8 m), with animals diving to an average maximum depth of 193 m. During winter (January and February), many dives (>40%) occurred during the daytime (0900-1500 LT). However, by April and May this pattern shifted and the animals made most of their dives (>40%) during the night (2100-0300 LT). This relationship was more pronounced for dives deeper than 20 m and coincided with the seasonal increase in photoperiod. Subadult SSL, especially YOY, remained within the 20 nautical mile coastal zone during winter and spring. Shallow, nearshore waters provide important habitat during this critical period of transition to nutritional independence. However, more conclusive data on SSL foraging ecology is necessary to better understand locations and depths preferred by the species.