In 2006, the reconstruction of the canalization lane and paving at Malé náměstí of Hradec Králové induced a salvage excavation of such an extent that has not been surpassed so far. Trenches discovered evidence of the development and changes in the function of the explored space during the High Middle Ages. There were found several phases in the surface reinforcement of the main street that connects the town with the Slezské suburb. The oldest surface treatment of the street can be dated as far back as the 13th century. In the second half of the 13th century, a build-up area developed alongside the road and it ceased to exist during the first half of the following century, at the latest. The cleared-up area was later transformed into a public space. Its historical development is reflected in a series of layers of reinforced surfaces. The research results confirm and refine the previously stated hypothesis concerning the development of the eastern part of the town.

À la fin du Moyen Âge, la parenté constitue une structure sociale, cellule de base sur laquelle s’édifie la société. Dans ce contexte, quelle place trouvent les personnes seules, parfois isolées ? Qui sont ces personnes seules, comment vivent-elles leur solitude dans le cadre urbain de Montpellier ? Comment leur situation est-elle perçue par les autres ? C’est à travers une étude sociodémographique des personnes seules et l’analyse de leurs réseaux de sociabilité que l’on parvient à comprendre la manière dont elles s’insèrent dans la société aux XIVe et XVe siècles. Différentes formes de solitude se manifestent dans la ville, des solitudes spécifiques à l’âge et au sexe des individus, qui entraînent des réponses et réactions adaptées au cas de chaque personne. Souvent pauvres et vulnérables, les personnes seules de Montpellier sont des acteurs importants de la société urbaine tardomédiévale souvent oubliés par l’historiographie. / At the end of the Middle Ages, kinship is a social structure, the basic unit on which society is built. In this context, how people living alone, sometimes isolated, fit in the urban society? Who are these people and how do they live their loneliness in the city of Montpellier? How is their situation perceived by others? It is through a sociodemographic approach and an analysis of their social networks that we are able to understand how they fit into the urban society, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Loneliness occurs in different ways in the city, ways that depend on age and gender of the individuals. Identifying those lonelinesses lead us to understand the responses and reactions toward each situation. Often poor and vulnerable, people living alone take an important part in the late medieval urban society of Montpellier, a part often forgotten by historians.

The thesis analyses a previously untreated and unexplored treatise entitled De modulo studendi. It is located in ms. M I 357, kept in the Research Library in Olomouc, formerly from the Carthusian monastery in Olomouc. In the first part the problem of dating the treatise and the manuscript is discussed by analyzing the physical characteristics of the manuscript and its content. It seems likely that the manuscript was written sometime in 1450-1460's. The treatise itself seems to be written after 1456. In this section is also shown, how the medical part of the treaties depends directly on a set of medical prescriptions, called Recepta ac consila medica, which precede the treatise in the manuscript. In the second part the content of each chapter of De modulo studendi is summarized and commented. The treatise provides special advices on schoolbooks at the university level as well as the general advices for successful study. An edition of the selected parts of the treatise is also included in this work.

The subject of the thesis are testaments conserved in Kolín municipal books dating to the period of 1376 and 1401. The last wills are analysed from the juridical and administrative point of view as well as the perspective of the studies of medieval religiosity. The aim of the thesis is to show the role and function of the testament in hereditary practices in the royal town od Kolín at the end of the 14th century. The list of the testaments with the date, reference and a brief characteristic plays an integral part of the study.

The cathar heresy in southern France Abstract: This master's degree work deals the history of the cathar heresy in the area of southern France from the mid-12th century to the 1st third of the 14th century. It supplies the minute description of the historic events, that influenced the development of the cathar church and trace the changes in the political, religious and social sphere that accompanied it. The work sketches out the base of the cathar doctrine along with the structures of the cathar ecclesiastic hierarchy. On the base of the accessible sources and literature, it takes aim in charting the fates of the cathar heresy from the point where it first emerges in the historical sources, through the period of its development in the space of Occitania and the crusade against cathars, as far as its slow destruction during the activity of the papal inquisition. The work tries to handle the social and political phenomena, which partook in the development of the heresy and describe the change they undertook in the era of its persecution. This works brings new impulse for the study of the issue of the history of the cathar heresy and its relation with other heretical groups into the Czech academic sphere. Key words: cathars, heresy, Middle Ages, history of France, crusade, inquisition

HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF CZECH - HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE ABSTRAKT V ANGLICKÉM JAZZYCE JMÉNO ŘEŠITELE (PISATEL PRÁCE): JAN KONŮPEK NÁVEZ PRÁCE: DĚJINY STŘEDOVĚKÉHO OSÍDLENÍ V KONTEXTU ČESKÉ HISTORIOGRAFIE - MINULOST A PERSPEKTIVA NÁVEZ PRÁCE V ANGLIČTINĚ: HISTORY OF MEDIEVAL SETTLEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF CZECH - HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE OBOR STUDIA: HISTORIE - (JEDNOOBOROVÁ - NAVAZUJÍCÍ MGR. STUDIUM) EMAIL NA ŘEŠITELE: KONUPEK@LOKET.NPU.CZ JMÉNO VEDOUCÍHO PRACÁCE: prof. PhDr. ZDENĚK BENEŠ, CSc. The thesis intends to affect changes within the studies of medieval settlement in context with Czech historiography. It is going to focus on the relationship between the character of historiographical discourse and applied methods of research. Particularly the wider area of historical Cheb will be accounted in the thesis. It should be used as a model example of changes of historical questioning, depending on changes in the knowledge of historical and social context. Pursuant the data found, perspectives for future research ought to be outlined together with optimal ways of presentations of the results.

The thesis "Clothing as Manifestation of Power and Hierarchy from the End of the 14th Century to the End of the 15th Century. Comparison of the Developement in the Czech Lands and Burgundy" describes the evolution of clothing style in both countries. It is based mainly on iconographic resources, with some additional information from written sources and literature. On this base the approach and means to this kind of representation of secular higher class in given areas are compared. The original basis of the 14th century French court culture was further developed by the Burgundian society, with emphasis on the shaped silhouette. On the other hand, the Czech lands departed from this way and adopted a new direction to the German area. The transalpine impulses are reflected as late as in the last quarter of the 15 th century. The material of the clothes is assessed as a more important aspect of representation than the shape. The text outlines also the way of further development as well as points out some unclear articles of the topic.

(in English): The main goal of this thesis is to explain settlement development and its dynamics in mountain and piedmonts regions of Kugitang and Baysuntau ranges, southern Uzbekistan, in the High Middle Ages, as well as to evaluate archaeological material gathered by Czech- Uzbek expedition in 2014-2018. The data in question is set in historical and archaeological framework. The thesis contains evaluation of methods and of informative value of the given material. Furthermore, the previous research in region is evaluated and its results thoroughly revised. The complete list of both formerly and newly known sites in researched region has been created. Finally, settlement dynamics and factors that could influenced it are discussed and evaluated.

Tre skelett från en kyrkogård daterad till Gotlands sen-vikingatid till tidig medeltid har analyserats avseende aktivitetsspår. Metoden som användes innebar observation av muskelutvecklingen tillsammans med förändringar i entesiterna som är fästen för muskler och ligament. Hittills har forskningen ägnat sig åt att studera dessa förändringar på ett kvantitativt sätt, genom att tilldela poäng till de olika förändringarna enligt hur utvecklade de är och sedan skapa en statistik. Men dessa metoder har fortfarande många begränsningar, eftersom det är väldigt få av dessa entesiter som har studerats. Syftet med studien har varit att undersöka vilka muskler var utvecklade och utröna hur dessa rörde sig tillsammans för att återskapa ett rörelsemönster som kan hjälpa att skapa en teori om vilka aktiviteter individerna sysslade med (arbetsuppgifter, fritidssysslor, m.m.). Analysen har gjorts med hjälp av litteratur om aktivitetsspår, paleopatologi, fysioterapi och med referensmaterialet från Osteologilaboratoriet vid Uppsala Universitet, Campus Gotland.

La prédation – pillages, prises de captifs et prélèvements tributaires – est un aspect important de la pratique guerrière dans les sociétés du haut Moyen Âge. Elle met en circulation de grandes quantités de richesses qui viennent alimenter les trésors des rois et des potentes. Cette étude vise à en dégager le rôle dans le fonctionnement et la reproduction des pouvoirs, dans le monde franc du VIe au Xe siècle.Les enjeux sont nombreux. L'appropriation de biens par la guerre est déterminante dans la capacité des grands à mobiliser des combattants, qui bénéficient d'une part de ces richesses. En outre, elle leur permet d'accumuler des biens de prestige essentiels dans la praxis aristocratique : objets précieux, armes, chevaux… Ces biens alimentent les échanges matériels entre les élites. Ils peuvent être distribués aux fidèles ou donnés à d'autres princes. La prédation est également facteur de gloire. Le butin fait parfois l'objet de pratiques ostentatoires illustrant la victoire des chefs de guerre.Si elle est facteur de cohésion, la prédation est aussi au centre de concurrences. La royauté franque impose une domination tributaire aux gentes voisines, ce qui apparaît aussi bien comme un moyen de stabiliser l'espace frontalier que d'institutionnaliser à son profit exclusif l'appropriation prédatrice. Les grands en charge des espaces frontaliers tendent au contraire à multiplier les confrontations guerrières afin d'en retirer les bénéfices. Parallèlement, l'expansion franque se traduit par une forte compétition entre les acteurs pour le contrôle des ressources foncières. Cette étude montre ainsi comment la question de la prédation éclaire sous un angle nouveau le rapport entre élites et richesse dans le monde franc. / Predation – looting, taking of captives, pressing of tributes – is an important aspect of early medieval warrior activity. Large amounts of wealth circulate and supply kings' and potentes' treasures. This study aims at exposing the role of related practices in the context of the establishment and functioning of power in sixth to tenth century Frankish society.There is a lot at stake. Appropriation of material goods by war allows the magnates to mobilize warriors, who often receive a share of wealth. What is more, these practices enable the accumulation of prestige goods, that are essential in aristocratic praxis : alongside precious objects, they include weapons, horses… These goods are central to material exchanges within the elite. They can be distributed to the fideles or given to other princes. Predation also represents glory. War leaders willingly exhibit booty to illustrate a recent victory.Being a means to cohesion, predatory practices also are at the center of competition. Frankish kings impose tributary domination to neighboring gentes, which appears at the same time as a means to stabilizing the border area, and as a way to institutionalize to its own account predatory profits. Instead, magnates in charge of border areas tend to seek warlike confrontations in order to reap the benefits. At the same time, the Frankish expansion results in a strong competition between magnates to control land resources. This study thus exposes to what extense these practices shed new light on the link between the elite and wealth in the Frankish world.